1
|
Sneddon LU, Wolfenden DC, Leach MC, Valentim AM, Steenbergen PJ, Bardine N, Broom DM, Brown C. Ample evidence for fish sentience and pain. Animal Sentience 2018. [DOI: 10.51291/2377-7478.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
2
|
Sneddon LU, Lopez-Luna J, Wolfenden DC, Leach MC, Valentim AM, Steenbergen PJ, Bardine N, Currie AD, Broom DM, Brown C. Fish sentience denial: Muddying the waters. Animal Sentience 2018. [DOI: 10.51291/2377-7478.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
3
|
Sneddon LU, Lopez-Luna J, Wolfenden DCC, Leach MC, Valentim AM, Steenbergen PJ, Bardine N, Currie AD, Broom DM, Brown C. Response to: Responses of larval zebrafish to low pH immersion assay. Comment on Lopez-Luna et al. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:3192-3194. [PMID: 28855325 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.163451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Lopez-Luna
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, The BioScience Building, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | | | - Matthew C Leach
- School of Agriculture, Food & Rural Development, Agriculture Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ana M Valentim
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Peter J Steenbergen
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital, University of Heidelberg, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Amanda D Currie
- Macalester College, Psychology, 1600 Grand Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55105-1899, USA
| | - Donald M Broom
- Centre for Animal Welfare and Anthrozoology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Culum Brown
- Macquarie University, Department of Biological Sciences, Level 2, Building E8B, NSW 2109, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Steenbergen PJ, Bardine N, Sharif F. Kinetics of glucocorticoid exposure in developing zebrafish: A tracer study. Chemosphere 2017; 183:147-155. [PMID: 28544900 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the current study the dynamics of glucocorticoid uptake by zebrafish chorionated embryos from the surrounding medium were studied, using 2.5 μM cortisol or dexamethasone solutions complemented with their tritiated variant. We measured the uptake of radioactive cortisol by embryos during a 1 h submersion. Interestingly, the signal in chorionated embryos was 85% (exposure: 1-2 hpf) or 78% (exposure: 48-49 hpf) of the signal present in an equal volume medium. By comparing embryos measured without chorion, we found that 18-20% of the radioactivity present in chorionated embryos is actually bound to the chorion or located in the perivitelline space. Consequently, embryonic tissue contains radioactivity levels of 60% of a similar volume of medium after 1 h incubation. During early developmental stages (1-48 hpf) exposure of more than 24 h in cortisol was needed to achieve radioactivity levels similar to an equal volume of medium within the embryonic tissue and more than 48 h for dexamethasone. In glucocorticoid-free medium, radioactivity dropped rapidly below 10% for both glucocorticoids, suggesting that the major portion of the embryonic radioactivity was a result of simple diffusion. During later developmental stages (48-96 hpf) initial uptake dynamics were similar, but showed a decrease of tissue radioactivity to 20% of an equal volume of medium after hatching, probably due to development and activation of the hypothalamic pituitary interrenal axis. Uptake is dependent on the developmental stage of the embryo. Furthermore, the presence of the chorion during exposure should be taken into account even when small lipophilic molecules are being tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Johannes Steenbergen
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nabila Bardine
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Faiza Sharif
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands; Interdisciplinary Reseach Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Lahore, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The vertebrate A-P axis is a time axis. The head is made first and more and more posterior levels are made at later and later stages. This is different to the situation in most other animals, for example, in Drosophila. Central to this timing is Hox temporal collinearity (see below). This occurs rarely in the animal kingdom but is characteristic of vertebrates and is used to generate the primary axial Hox pattern using time space translation and to integrate successive derived patterns (see below). This is thus a different situation than in Drosophila, where the primary pattern guiding Hox spatial collinearity is generated externally, by the gap and segmentation genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aj Durston
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Wassenaarseweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
We present an evolutionary approach to dissecting conserved developmental mechanisms. We reason that important mechanisms for making the bodyplan will act early, to generate the major features of the body and that they will be conserved in evolution across many metazoa, and thus, that they will be available in very different animals. This led to our specific approach of microarrays to screen for very early conserved developmental regulators in parallel in an insect, Drosophila and a vertebrate, Xenopus. We screened for the earliest conserved targets of the ectopically expressed hox gene Hoxc6/Antennapedia in both species and followed these targets up, using in situ hybridization, in the Xenopus system. The results indicate that relatively few of the early Hox target genes are conserved: these are mainly involved in the specification of the antero-posterior body axis and in gastrulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Michaut
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schuff M, Siegel D, Bardine N, Oswald F, Donow C, Knöchel W. FoxO genes are dispensable during gastrulation but required for late embryogenesis in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 2009; 337:259-73. [PMID: 19895805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box (Fox) transcription factors of subclass O are involved in cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, cell metabolism and prevention of oxidative stress. FoxO genes are highly conserved throughout evolution and their functions were analyzed in several vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. We here report on the identification of FoxO4 and FoxO6 genes in Xenopus laevis and analyze their expression patterns in comparison with the previously described FoxO1 and FoxO3 genes. We demonstrate significant differences in their temporal and spatial expression during embryogenesis and in their relative expression within adult tissues. Overexpression of FoxO1, FoxO4 or FoxO6 results in severe gastrulation defects, while overexpression of FoxO3 reveals this defect only in a constitutively active form containing mutations of Akt-1 target sites. Injections of FoxO antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MO) did not influence gastrulation, but, later onwards, the embryos showed a delay of development, severe body axis reduction and, finally, a high rate of lethality. Injection of FoxO4MO leads to specific defects in eye formation, neural crest migration and heart development, the latter being accompanied by loss of myocardin expression. Our observations suggest that FoxO genes in X. laevis are dispensable until blastopore closure but are required for tissue differentiation and organogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schuff
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bardine N, Donow C, Korte B, Durston AJ, Knöchel W, Wacker SA. Two Hoxc6 transcripts are differentially expressed and regulate primary neurogenesis in Xenopus laevis. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:755-65. [PMID: 19235717 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox genes are key players in defining positional information along the main body axis of vertebrate embryos. In Xenopus laevis, Hoxc6 was the first homeobox gene isolated. It encodes two isoforms. We analyzed in detail their spatial and temporal expression pattern during early development. One major expression domain of both isoforms is the spinal cord portion of the neural tube. Within the spinal cord and its populations of primary neurons, Hox genes have been found to play a crucial role for defining positional information. Here we report that a loss-of-function of either one of the Hoxc6 products does not affect neural induction, the expression of general neural markers is not modified. However, Hoxc6 does widely affect the formation of primary neurons within the developing neural tissue. Manipulations of Hoxc6 expression severly changes the expression of the neuronal markers N-tubulin and Islet-1. Formation of primary neurons and formation of cranial nerves are affected. Hence, Hoxc6 functions are not restricted to the expected role in anterior-posterior pattern formation, but they also regulate N-tubulin, thereby having an effect on the initial formation of primary neurons in Xenopus laevis embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Bardine
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Woltering JM, Vonk FJ, Müller H, Bardine N, Tuduce IL, de Bakker MAG, Knöchel W, Sirbu IO, Durston AJ, Richardson MK. Axial patterning in snakes and caecilians: evidence for an alternative interpretation of the Hox code. Dev Biol 2009; 332:82-9. [PMID: 19409887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is generally assumed that the characteristic deregionalized body plan of species with a snake-like morphology evolved through a corresponding homogenization of Hox gene expression domains along the primary axis. Here, we examine the expression of Hox genes in snake embryos and show that a collinear pattern of Hox expression is retained within the paraxial mesoderm of the trunk. Genes expressed at the anterior and most posterior, regionalized, parts of the skeleton correspond to the expected anatomical boundaries. Unexpectedly however, also the dorsal (thoracic), homogenous rib-bearing region of trunk, is regionalized by unconventional gradual anterior limits of Hox expression that are not obviously reflected in the skeletal anatomy. In the lateral plate mesoderm we also detect regionalized Hox expression yet the forelimb marker Tbx5 is not restricted to a rudimentary forelimb domain but is expressed throughout the entire flank region. Analysis of several Hox genes in a caecilian amphibian, which convergently evolved a deregionalized body plan, reveals a similar global collinear pattern of Hox expression. The differential expression of posterior, vertebra-modifying or even rib-suppressing Hox genes within the dorsal region is inconsistent with the homogeneity in vertebral identity. Our results suggest that the evolution of a deregionalized, snake-like body involved not only alterations in Hox gene cis-regulation but also a different downstream interpretation of the Hox code.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joost M Woltering
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 AL, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jansen HJ, Wacker SA, Bardine N, Durston AJ. The role of the Spemann organizer in anterior-posterior patterning of the trunk. Mech Dev 2007; 124:668-81. [PMID: 17703924 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the vertebrate body axis during gastrulation strongly depends on a dorsal signaling centre, the Spemann organizer as it is called in amphibians. This organizer affects embryonic development by self-differentiation, regulation of morphogenesis and secretion of inducing signals. Whereas many molecular signals and mechanisms of the organizer have been clarified, its function in anterior-posterior pattern formation remains unclear. We dissected the organizer functions by generally blocking organizer formation and then restoring a single function. In experiments using a dominant inhibitory BMP receptor construct (tBr) we find evidence that neural activation by antagonism of the BMP pathway is the organizer function that enables the establishment of a detailed anterior-posterior pattern along the trunk. Conversely, the exclusive inhibition of neural activation by expressing a constitutive active BMP receptor (hAlk-6) in the ectoderm prohibits the establishment of an anterior-posterior pattern, even though the organizer itself is still intact. Thus, apart from the formerly described separation into a head and a trunk/tail organizer, the organizer does not deliver positional information for anterior-posterior patterning. Rather, by inducing neurectoderm, it makes ectodermal cells competent to receive patterning signals from the non-organizer mesoderm and thereby enable the formation of a complete and stable AP pattern along the trunk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans J Jansen
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
McNulty CL, Peres JN, Bardine N, van den Akker WMR, Durston AJ. Knockdown of the complete Hox paralogous group 1 leads to dramatic hindbrain and neural crest defects. Development 2005; 132:2861-71. [PMID: 15930115 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Hox paralogous group 1 (PG1) genes are the first and initially most anterior Hox genes expressed in the embryo. In Xenopus, the three PG1 genes, Hoxa1, Hoxb1 and Hoxd1, are expressed in a widely overlapping domain, which includes the region of the future hindbrain and its associated neural crest. We used morpholinos to achieve a complete knockdown of PG1 function. When Hoxa1, Hoxb1 and Hoxd1 are knocked down in combination, the hindbrain patterning phenotype is more severe than in the single or double knockdowns, indicating a degree of redundancy for these genes. In the triple PG1 knockdown embryos the hindbrain is reduced and lacks segmentation. The patterning of rhombomeres 2 to 7 is lost, with a concurrent posterior expansion of the rhombomere 1 marker, Gbx2. This effect could be via the downregulation of other Hox genes, as we show that PG1 function is necessary for the hindbrain expression of Hox genes from paralogous groups 2 to 4. Furthermore, in the absence of PG1 function, the cranial neural crest is correctly specified but does not migrate into the pharyngeal arches. Embryos with no active PG1 genes have defects in derivatives of the pharyngeal arches and, most strikingly, the gill cartilages are completely missing. These results show that the complete abrogation of PG1 function in Xenopus has a much wider scope of effect than would be predicted from the single and double PG1 knockouts in other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire L McNulty
- Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|