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Mu N, Li J, Zeng L, You J, Li R, Qin A, Liu X, Yan F, Zhou Z. Plant-Derived Exosome-Like Nanovesicles: Current Progress and Prospects. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4987-5009. [PMID: 37693885 PMCID: PMC10492547 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s420748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles, ranging in size from 30-150nm, which can be derived from various types of cells. In recent years, mammalian-derived exosomes have been extensively studied and found to play a crucial role in regulating intercellular communication, thereby influencing the development and progression of numerous diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine has employed plant-based remedies for thousands of years, and an increasing body of evidence suggests that plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (PELNs) share similarities with mammalian-derived exosomes in terms of their structure and function. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in the study of PELNs and their potential implications for human health. Specifically, we summarize the roles of PELNs in respiratory, digestive, circulatory, and other diseases. Furthermore, we have extensively investigated the potential shortcomings and challenges in current research regarding the mechanism of action, safety, administration routes, isolation and extraction methods, characterization and identification techniques, as well as drug-loading capabilities. Based on these considerations, we propose recommendations for future research directions. Overall, our review highlights the potential of PELNs as a promising area of research, with broad implications for the treatment of human diseases. We anticipate continued interest in this area and hope that our summary of recent findings will stimulate further exploration into the implications of PELNs for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai Mu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Medicine Research and Translation, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan You
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anquan Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueping Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Yan
- Center for Medicine Research and Translation, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Department of Geriatrics, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
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Mu N, Rezaeitaleshmahalleh M, Lyu Z, Wang M, Tang J, Strother CM, Gemmete JJ, Pandey AS, Jiang J. Can we explain machine learning-based prediction for rupture status assessments of intracranial aneurysms? Biomed Phys Eng Express 2023; 9:037001. [PMID: 36626819 PMCID: PMC9999353 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/acb1b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although applying machine learning (ML) algorithms to rupture status assessment of intracranial aneurysms (IA) has yielded promising results, the opaqueness of some ML methods has limited their clinical translation. We presented the first explainability comparison of six commonly used ML algorithms: multivariate logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLPNN), and Bayesian additive regression trees (BART). A total of 112 IAs with known rupture status were selected for this study. The ML-based classification used two anatomical features, nine hemodynamic parameters, and thirteen morphologic variables. We utilized permutation feature importance, local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME), and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) algorithms to explain and analyze 6 Ml algorithms. All models performed comparably: LR area under the curve (AUC) was 0.71; SVM AUC was 0.76; RF AUC was 0.73; XGBoost AUC was 0.78; MLPNN AUC was 0.73; BART AUC was 0.73. Our interpretability analysis demonstrated consistent results across all the methods; i.e., the utility of the top 12 features was broadly consistent. Furthermore, contributions of 9 important features (aneurysm area, aneurysm location, aneurysm type, wall shear stress maximum during systole, ostium area, the size ratio between aneurysm width, (parent) vessel diameter, one standard deviation among time-averaged low shear area, and one standard deviation of temporally averaged low shear area less than 0.4 Pa) were nearly the same. This research suggested that ML classifiers can provide explainable predictions consistent with general domain knowledge concerning IA rupture. With the improved understanding of ML algorithms, clinicians' trust in ML algorithms will be enhanced, accelerating their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mu
- Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States of America
| | - M Rezaeitaleshmahalleh
- Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States of America
| | - Z Lyu
- Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States of America
| | - M Wang
- Department of Management Science and Statistics, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonino, TX, United States of America
| | - J Tang
- Department of Health Administration and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States of America
| | - C M Strother
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - J J Gemmete
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - A S Pandey
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - J Jiang
- Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States of America
- Center for Biocomputing and Digital Health, Health Research Institute and Institute of Computing and Cybernetics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States of America
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Martins JPN, Wang D, Mu N, Rossi GF, Martini AP, Martins VR, Pursley JR. Level of circulating concentrations of progesterone during ovulatory follicle development affects timing of pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10505-10525. [PMID: 30197145 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of high versus low progesterone (P4) during the pre-dominance or dominance phase (or both) of ovulatory follicle development on follicular dynamics and fertility of lactating dairy cows. Progesterone (P4) was manipulated to reach high (H) or low (L) serum concentrations during the pre-dominance phase (d 0 to 4 of the wave) and dominance phase (d 5 to 7 of the wave) of a second follicular wave ovulatory follicle, creating 4 treatments: H/H, H/L, L/H, and L/L. Luteolysis was induced with PGF2α on d 7 of the wave and ovulation was induced with GnRH 56 h after PGF2α. Cows (n = 558) received artificial insemination (AI) 16 h following GnRH. Pregnancy was determined at 6 intervals during gestation and at calving to quantify pregnancy loss beginning at d 23 post-AI utilizing pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB) in novel within-cow comparisons. Cows with single ovulations assigned to the L/L treatment had greater pre-ovulatory follicle diameter compared with cows assigned to the L/H or H/L treatments. Cows with single ovulations had greater pre-ovulatory follicle diameter compared with cows with double ovulations. Low P4 in H/L, L/H, and L/L increased double ovulation rate compared with H/H. Cows with double ovulations had greater pregnancies per AI (P/AI) on d 23 post-AI compared with cows with single ovulations but had greater losses if ovulations were unilateral. Cows with low P4 during the entire period of the ovulatory follicle development also had greater P/AI on d 23 post-AI compared with cows with high P4 during both phases. However, full-term P/AI was not different between treatments. This was a result of the greater incidence of pregnancy losses between d 35 and 56 of gestation for cows with unilateral double ovulations compared with bilateral double ovulations and single ovulatory cows. Cows with single ovulation and low circulating P4 during the dominance period of follicle development had increased pregnancy losses between d 35 and 56 of gestation compared with cows with single ovulations and high P4. The PSPB measurements on d 16 and 23 post-AI were highly accurate in the prediction of pregnancy at d 28. The PSPB differed on d 23 and 28 between cows that had versus cows that did not have pregnancy losses between d 28 and 35 of gestation. In summary, circulating concentrations of P4 during ovulatory follicle development affected numbers of follicles ovulated and timing of subsequent pregnancy losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P N Martins
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - D Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - N Mu
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - G F Rossi
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - A P Martini
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - V R Martins
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - J R Pursley
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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Chen TN, Yin XT, Li XG, Zhao J, Wang L, Mu N, Ma K, Huo K, Liu D, Gao BY, Feng H, Li F. [Application of 3D virtual reality technology with multi-modality fusion in resection of glioma located in central sulcus region]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2018; 98:1302-1305. [PMID: 29764028 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2018.17.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the clinical and teaching application value of virtual reality technology in preoperative planning and intraoperative guide of glioma located in central sulcus region. Method: Ten patients with glioma in the central sulcus region were proposed to surgical treatment. The neuro-imaging data, including CT, CTA, DSA, MRI, fMRI were input to 3dgo sczhry workstation for image fusion and 3D reconstruction. Spatial relationships between the lesions and the surrounding structures on the virtual reality image were obtained. These images were applied to the operative approach design, operation process simulation, intraoperative auxiliary decision and the training of specialist physician. Results: Intraoperative founding of 10 patients were highly consistent with preoperative simulation with virtual reality technology. Preoperative 3D reconstruction virtual reality images improved the feasibility of operation planning and operation accuracy. This technology had not only shown the advantages for neurological function protection and lesion resection during surgery, but also improved the training efficiency and effectiveness of dedicated physician by turning the abstract comprehension to virtual reality. Conclusion: Image fusion and 3D reconstruction based virtual reality technology in glioma resection is helpful for formulating the operation plan, improving the operation safety, increasing the total resection rate, and facilitating the teaching and training of the specialist physician.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Wu L, Mu N, Yang F, Zang J, Zheng JP. A study of the non-motor symptoms in early Parkinson's disease with olfactory deficits. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2016; 20:3857-3862. [PMID: 27735030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine characteristics of non-motor symptoms (NMS) in early Parkinson's disease (PD) with olfactory deficits and to analyze the feasibility of diagnosing PD based on olfactory deficits. PATIENTS AND METHODS 62 patients without olfactory deficits in early PD (PD group), 58 patients with olfactory deficits in early PD (olfactory deficits group) and 60 healthy examined people (control group) were selected successively. RESULTS It was found that there was no statistical significance in the difference in ages and courses of disease among the three groups (p > 0.05). The percentage of males in the olfactory deficits group markedly increased, the NM-Quest score rose, the rate of cases complicated with a sleep disorder and constipation also increased significantly (p < 0.05). The comparison of depression occurrence rates and other NMS, as well as BUA levels in olfactory deficits group and PD group, showed no significant difference (p > 0.05). According to the relevant analysis, olfactory deficits were positively correlated with the occurrence of cpRBD and constipation (p < 0.05), while they showed no obvious correlation with depression, other NMS or the BUA level (p > 0.05). The degree of olfactory deficits was also positively correlated with the occurrence of cpRBD and constipation (p < 0.05). The prevalence rate of postural instability/gait difficulty (PIGD) in olfactory deficits group was noticeably higher than that in PD group, and olfactory deficits showed a positive correlation with the occurrence of PIGD (p > 0.05). A combination of NMS-Quest and Sniffin's Sticks was applied to the diagnosis of PD, and it yielded an AUC of 0.795 (sensitivity of 79.3%, specificity of 89.6%, with cutoff scores of 13.5 and 25.5 respectively). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy all increased markedly. CONCLUSIONS The early PD may emerge with olfactory deficits and multiple other non-motor symptoms, and a joint application of NMS-Quest and olfactory rating can serve as a reference for the diagnosis of early PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wu
- Department of Neurology, People Hospital of Rizhao City, Rizhao, China.
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Martins JPN, Wang D, Mu N, Martini AP, Rossi GF, Martins VR, Pursley JR. 330 Effect of inducing high or low progesterone concentrations during ovulatory follicle development on double ovulation and fertility of lactating dairy cows. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/msasas2016-330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Luo X, Shi H, Hou L, Zhong X, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zheng D, Tan Y, Hu G, Mu N, Chen J, Fang Y, He H, Ning Y. Different cerebrospinal fluid levels of Alzheimer-type biomarker Aβ42 between general paresis and asymptomatic neurosyphilis. Eur J Neurol 2015; 22:853-8. [PMID: 25707998 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Luo
- Department of Neurology; Guangzhou Brain Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - H. Shi
- Department of Neurology; Guangzhou Brain Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - L. Hou
- Department of Neurology; Guangzhou Brain Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - X. Zhong
- Department of Neurology; Guangzhou Brain Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - X. Chen
- Department of Neurology; Guangzhou Brain Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Y. Zhang
- Department of Neurology; Guangzhou Brain Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - D. Zheng
- Department of Neurology; Guangzhou Brain Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Y. Tan
- Department of Neurology; Guangzhou Brain Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - G. Hu
- Clinical Laboratory; Guangzhou Brain Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - N. Mu
- Department of Geriatrics; Guangzhou Brain Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - J. Chen
- Department of Geriatrics; Guangzhou Brain Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Y. Fang
- Department of Neurology; Guangzhou Brain Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - H. He
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute; Guangzhou Brain Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Y. Ning
- Department of Neurology; Guangzhou Brain Hospital; Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
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Wang R, Yang J, Peng L, Zhao J, Mu N, Huang J, Lazarovici P, Chen H, Zheng W. Gardenamide A attenuated cell apoptosis induced by serum deprivation insult via the ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Neuroscience 2015; 286:242-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dong M, Mu N, Ren F, Sun X, Yang J. ASSA14-01-03 Elevation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in the Culprit Coronary Artery Predicts Myocardial No-re flow. Heart 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-307109.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Dong M, Mu N, Ren F, Sun X, Yang J. ASSA14-01-02 Circulating Platelet-Leukocyte Aggregates: a Sensitive Marker of No-reflow in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients. Heart 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-307109.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Mu N, Xu SC, Chang Q, Rao DP, Chen JP, Ma C. Study of lipids, insulin metabolism, and paraoxonase-2-311 polymorphism in patients with different subtypes of Alzheimer's disease (translated version). East Asian Arch Psychiatry 2013; 23:114-119. [PMID: 24088404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the characteristics of blood lipids, insulin metabolism, and paraoxonase-2-311 (PON2-311) polymorphism among patients with Alzheimer's disease with different types of dementia. METHODS A total of 84 patients with Alzheimer's disease, according to the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, and the Alzheimer's disease and Related Disorders Association clinical criteria for 'possible Alzheimer's disease', and with no family history of the condition, were enrolled. They were then categorised into 3 groups (senile dementia, presenile dementia, and mixed dementia) according to the diagnostic criteria of the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders, third edition. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to determine the presence of PON2-311 polymorphism. Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and fasting blood sugar were measured. Fasting plasma insulin was measured using chemiluminescence. The basal-state method was used to assess insulin resistance expressed as insulin sensitivity index. The cognitive rating scale of the Mini-Mental State Examination, Activities of Daily Living scale, and Hachinski Ischemic Scale were used to establish the clinical features and severity of cognitive impairment. Differences in PON2-311C/S polymorphism, serum insulin, blood glucose, blood lipids, and neuropsychological score were analysed. RESULTS The serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels of the presenile dementia group were significantly higher than those of the senile and mixed dementia groups (p < 0.01). The high-density lipoprotein level of the senile dementia group was significantly higher than that of the mixed dementia group (p < 0.05). The serum insulin level of the presenile dementia group was significantly higher than that of the senile (p < 0.05) and mixed dementia groups (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences in distribution of the PON2-311 genotypes C/C, C/S, and S/S between the senile and mixed dementia groups, and no significant differences in C-allele and S-allele frequency between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS The differences in serum triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and insulin levels between Alzheimer patients with senile, presenile, and mixed dementia found in this study suggest that patients with presenile dementia should monitor their lipid and insulin metabolism. No significant differences were found for PON2-311 genotypes or allele frequencies in patients with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mu
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, PR China; The First Clinical Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Shi J, Ma C, Lao H, Feng R, Guo Y, Mu N, Li Q, Tan Y, Wang D. [No evidence for association between the alpha 2-macroglobulin polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease in the Han Chinese]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 2001; 18:299-302. [PMID: 11484172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of the pentanucleotide deletion polymorphism adjacent to a consensus splice site in intron 17 of alpha 2-macroglobulin(A2M) gene on the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in the Han Chinese in Guangzhou area. METHODS A2M and apolipoprotein E genotypes were examined by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) techniques in the patients(32 men and 65 women) with LOAD and age-matched healthy elderly Chinese subjects (57 men and 54 women). RESULTS The A2M gene deletion allele frequency was 2.6% in the cases with LOAD and 2.7% in the controls. In the LOAD cases, the frequency of apoE-epsilon4 increased significantly (Z=3.32, P<0.01). ApoE-epsilon4 was associated with LOAD (RR=2.67, chi(2)=10.71, P<0.01) while the A2M deletion polymorphism was not associated with LOAD even the samples were stratified according to the presence of the apoE-epsilon4 allele. CONCLUSION The above data demonstrate that there is no evidence for the association of A2M polymorphism with the development of LOAD in the Han Chinese population in Gaungzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shi
- Department of Geriatrics, Guangzhou Psychiatric Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510370 P.R.China.
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Abstract
This paper describes synthetic procedures for preparing fimbriated stationary phases on poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) (PS-DVB) packing materials. The synthesis consists of a five-step procedure in which the order in which the steps are carried out may be varied. These steps are (i) polymerization of monomers to form an amphiphilic copolymer or oligomer, (ii) adsorption of either monomers, or polymer onto the PS-DVB surface, (iii) solvent induction of functional group orientation at the PS-DVB-polymer interface and polymer-water interface, (iv) a cross-linking reaction that forms a hydrophilic surface layer, and (v) derivatization of the surface layer with stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Varady
- PerSeptive Biosystems, Cambridge, MA 02139
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