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Grossmann NV, Milne C, Martinez MR, Relucio K, Sadeghi B, Wiley EN, Holland SN, Rutschmann S, Vugia DJ, Kimura A, Crain C, Akter F, Mukhopadhyay R, Crandall J, Shorrock M, Smith JC, Prasad N, Kahn R, Barskey AE, Lee S, Willby MJ, Kozak-Muiznieks NA, Lucas CE, Henderson KC, Hamlin JAP, Yang E, Clemmons NS, Ritter T, Henn J. Large Community Outbreak of Legionnaires Disease Potentially Associated with a Cooling Tower - Napa County, California, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023; 72:1315-1320. [PMID: 38060434 PMCID: PMC10715825 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7249a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Legionnaires disease is a serious infection acquired by inhalation of water droplets from human-made building water systems that contain Legionella bacteria. On July 11 and 12, 2022, Napa County Public Health (NCPH) in California received reports of three positive urinary antigen tests for Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in the town of Napa. By July 21, six Legionnaires disease cases had been confirmed among Napa County residents, compared with a baseline of one or two cases per year. NCPH requested assistance from the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and CDC to aid in the investigations. Close temporal and geospatial clustering permitted a focused environmental sampling strategy of high-risk facilities which, coupled with whole genome sequencing results from samples and investigation of water system maintenance, facilitated potential linking of the outbreak with an environmental source. NCPH, with technical support from CDC and CDPH, instructed and monitored remediation practices for all environmental locations that tested positive for Legionella. The investigation response to this community outbreak illustrates the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration by public health agencies, laboratory support, timely communication with the public, and cooperation of managers of potentially implicated water systems. Timely identification of possible sources, sampling, and remediation of any facility testing positive for Legionella is crucial to interrupting further transmission.
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Mac VV, Labgold K, Moline HL, Smith JC, Carroll J, Clemmons N, Edens C, Ellis B, Harrison C, Henderson KC, Ishaq MK, Kozak-Muiznieks NA, Kunz J, Lawrence M, Lucas CE, Walker HL, Willby MJ, Ellis EM. Notes from the Field: Legionnaires Disease in a U.S. Traveler After Staying in a Private Vacation Rental House in the U.S. Virgin Islands - United States, February 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023; 72:564-565. [PMID: 37200227 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7220a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
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Mercante JW, Caravas JA, Ishaq MK, Kozak-Muiznieks NA, Raphael BH, Winchell JM. Genomic heterogeneity differentiates clinical and environmental subgroups of Legionella pneumophila sequence type 1. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206110. [PMID: 30335848 PMCID: PMC6193728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella spp. are the cause of a severe bacterial pneumonia known as Legionnaires' disease (LD). In some cases, current genetic subtyping methods cannot resolve LD outbreaks caused by common, potentially endemic L. pneumophila (Lp) sequence types (ST), which complicates laboratory investigations and environmental source attribution. In the United States (US), ST1 is the most prevalent clinical and environmental Lp sequence type. In order to characterize the ST1 population, we sequenced 289 outbreak and non-outbreak associated clinical and environmental ST1 and ST1-variant Lp strains from the US and, together with international isolate sequences, explored their genetic and geographic diversity. The ST1 population was highly conserved at the nucleotide level; 98% of core nucleotide positions were invariant and environmental isolates unassociated with human disease (n = 99) contained ~65% more nucleotide diversity compared to clinical-sporadic (n = 139) or outbreak-associated (n = 28) ST1 subgroups. The accessory pangenome of environmental isolates was also ~30-60% larger than other subgroups and was enriched for transposition and conjugative transfer-associated elements. Up to ~10% of US ST1 genetic variation could be explained by geographic origin, but considerable genetic conservation existed among strains isolated from geographically distant states and from different decades. These findings provide new insight into the ST1 population structure and establish a foundation for interpreting genetic relationships among ST1 strains; these data may also inform future analyses for improved outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W. Mercante
- Pneumonia Response and Surveillance Laboratory, Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Caravas
- Pneumonia Response and Surveillance Laboratory, Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Maliha K. Ishaq
- Pneumonia Response and Surveillance Laboratory, Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Natalia A. Kozak-Muiznieks
- Pneumonia Response and Surveillance Laboratory, Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Brian H. Raphael
- Pneumonia Response and Surveillance Laboratory, Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jonas M. Winchell
- Pneumonia Response and Surveillance Laboratory, Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Kozak-Muiznieks NA, Morrison SS, Mercante JW, Ishaq MK, Johnson T, Caravas J, Lucas CE, Brown E, Raphael BH, Winchell JM. Comparative genome analysis reveals a complex population structure of Legionella pneumophila subspecies. Infect Genet Evol 2018; 59:172-185. [PMID: 29427765 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The majority of Legionnaires' disease (LD) cases are caused by Legionella pneumophila, a genetically heterogeneous species composed of at least 17 serogroups. Previously, it was demonstrated that L. pneumophila consists of three subspecies: pneumophila, fraseri and pascullei. During an LD outbreak investigation in 2012, we detected that representatives of both subspecies fraseri and pascullei colonized the same water system and that the outbreak-causing strain was a new member of the least represented subspecies pascullei. We used partial sequence based typing consensus patterns to mine an international database for additional representatives of fraseri and pascullei subspecies. As a result, we identified 46 sequence types (STs) belonging to subspecies fraseri and two STs belonging to subspecies pascullei. Moreover, a recent retrospective whole genome sequencing analysis of isolates from New York State LD clusters revealed the presence of a fourth L. pneumophila subspecies that we have termed raphaeli. This subspecies consists of 15 STs. Comparative analysis was conducted using the genomes of multiple members of all four L. pneumophila subspecies. Whereas each subspecies forms a distinct phylogenetic clade within the L. pneumophila species, they share more average nucleotide identity with each other than with other Legionella species. Unique genes for each subspecies were identified and could be used for rapid subspecies detection. Improved taxonomic classification of L. pneumophila strains may help identify environmental niches and virulence attributes associated with these genetically distinct subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Kozak-Muiznieks
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Shatavia S Morrison
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Mercante
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Maliha K Ishaq
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Taccara Johnson
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jason Caravas
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Claressa E Lucas
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ellen Brown
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Brian H Raphael
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jonas M Winchell
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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5
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Palmer A, Painter J, Hassler H, Richards VP, Bruce T, Morrison S, Brown E, Kozak-Muiznieks NA, Lucas C, McNealy TL. Legionella clemsonensis
sp. nov.: a green fluorescing Legionella
strain from a patient with pneumonia. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 60:694-701. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Palmer
- Department of Biological Sciences; Life Sciences Building
| | - Joseph Painter
- Department of Biological Sciences; Life Sciences Building
| | - Hayley Hassler
- Department of Biological Sciences; Life Sciences Building
| | | | - Terri Bruce
- Clemson Light Imaging Facility; Clemson University, 190 Collings Street; Clemson SC 29631
| | - Shatavia Morrison
- Centers for Disease Control, 1600 Clifton Road; Atlanta GA 30333 USA
| | - Ellen Brown
- Centers for Disease Control, 1600 Clifton Road; Atlanta GA 30333 USA
| | | | - Claressa Lucas
- Centers for Disease Control, 1600 Clifton Road; Atlanta GA 30333 USA
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Joseph SJ, Cox D, Wolff B, Morrison SS, Kozak-Muiznieks NA, Frace M, Didelot X, Castillo-Ramirez S, Winchell J, Read TD, Dean D. Dynamics of genome change among Legionella species. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33442. [PMID: 27633769 PMCID: PMC5025774 DOI: 10.1038/srep33442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella species inhabit freshwater and soil ecosystems where they parasitize protozoa. L. pneumonphila (LP) serogroup-1 (Lp1) is the major cause of Legionnaires' Disease (LD), a life-threatening pulmonary infection that can spread systemically. The increased global frequency of LD caused by Lp and non-Lp species underscores the need to expand our knowledge of evolutionary forces underlying disease pathogenesis. Whole genome analyses of 43 strains, including all known Lp serogroups 1-17 and 17 emergent LD-causing Legionella species (of which 33 were sequenced in this study) in addition to 10 publicly available genomes, resolved the strains into four phylogenetic clades along host virulence demarcations. Clade-specific genes were distinct for genetic exchange and signal-transduction, indicating adaptation to specific cellular and/or environmental niches. CRISPR spacer comparisons hinted at larger pools of accessory DNA sequences in Lp than predicted by the pan-genome analyses. While recombination within Lp was frequent and has been reported previously, population structure analysis identified surprisingly few DNA admixture events between species. In summary, diverse Legionella LD-causing species share a conserved core-genome, are genetically isolated from each other, and selectively acquire genes with potential for enhanced virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep J. Joseph
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bernard Wolff
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shatavia S. Morrison
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Michael Frace
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xavier Didelot
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Santiago Castillo-Ramirez
- Programa de Genomica Evolutiva, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Jonas Winchell
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Timothy D. Read
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deborah Dean
- Department of Medicine and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at San Francisco and Berkeley, San Francisco and Berkeley, California, USA
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
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Hampton LM, Garrison L, Kattan J, Brown E, Kozak-Muiznieks NA, Lucas C, Fields B, Fitzpatrick N, Sapian L, Martin-Escobar T, Waterman S, Hicks LA, Alpuche-Aranda C, Lopez-Gatell H. Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak at a Resort in Cozumel, Mexico. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofw170. [PMID: 27704023 PMCID: PMC5047414 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigation of a Legionnaires' disease outbreak at a Cozumel Island resort identified the source of the first reported Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Mexico and highlighted the need for all countries to make Legionnaires' disease a reportable disease. Background. A Legionnaires' disease (LD) outbreak at a resort on Cozumel Island in Mexico was investigated by a joint Mexico-United States team in 2010. This is the first reported LD outbreak in Mexico, where LD is not a reportable disease. Methods. Reports of LD among travelers were solicited from US health departments and the European Working Group for Legionella Infections. Records from the resort and Cozumel Island health facilities were searched for possible LD cases. In April 2010, the resort was searched for possible Legionella exposure sources. The temperature and total chlorine of the water at 38 sites in the resort were measured, and samples from those sites were tested for Legionella. Results. Nine travelers became ill with laboratory-confirmed LD within 2 weeks of staying at the resort between May 2008 and April 2010. The resort and its potable water system were the only common exposures. No possible LD cases were identified among resort workers. Legionellae were found to have extensively colonized the resort's potable water system. Legionellae matching a case isolate were found in the resort's potable water system. Conclusions. Medical providers should test for LD when treating community-acquired pneumonia that is severe or affecting patients who traveled in the 2 weeks before the onset of symptoms. When an LD outbreak is detected, the source should be identified and then aggressively remediated. Because LD can occur in tropical and temperate areas, all countries should consider making LD a reportable disease if they have not already done so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M Hampton
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Scientific Education and Professional Development Program Office; Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Laurel Garrison
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Jessica Kattan
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Scientific Education and Professional Development Program Office; Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford
| | - Ellen Brown
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | | | - Claressa Lucas
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Barry Fields
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health
| | - Nicole Fitzpatrick
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Luis Sapian
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiologicos , Ciudad de Mexico, Distrito Federal
| | | | - Stephen Waterman
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lauri A Hicks
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
| | - Celia Alpuche-Aranda
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública , Cuernavaca, Morelos , Mexico
| | - Hugo Lopez-Gatell
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública , Cuernavaca, Morelos , Mexico
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8
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Raphael BH, Baker DJ, Nazarian E, Lapierre P, Bopp D, Kozak-Muiznieks NA, Morrison SS, Lucas CE, Mercante JW, Musser KA, Winchell JM. Genomic Resolution of Outbreak-Associated Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Isolates from New York State. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3582-3590. [PMID: 27060122 PMCID: PMC4959152 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00362-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A total of 30 Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates representing 10 separate legionellosis laboratory investigations ("outbreaks") that occurred in New York State between 2004 and 2012 were selected for evaluation of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) approaches for molecular subtyping of this organism. Clinical and environmental isolates were available for each outbreak and were initially examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Sequence-based typing alleles were extracted from WGS data yielding complete sequence types (ST) for isolates representing 8 out of the 10 outbreaks evaluated in this study. Isolates from separate outbreaks sharing the same ST also contained the fewest differences in core genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the greatest proportion of identical allele sequences in a whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST) scheme. Both core SNP and wgMLST analyses distinguished isolates from separate outbreaks, including those from two outbreaks sharing indistinguishable PFGE profiles. Isolates from a hospital-associated outbreak spanning multiple years shared indistinguishable PFGE profiles but displayed differences in their genome sequences, suggesting the presence of multiple environmental sources. Finally, the rtx gene demonstrated differences in the repeat region sequence among ST1 isolates from different outbreaks, suggesting that variation in this gene may be useful for targeted molecular subtyping approaches for L. pneumophila This study demonstrates the utility of various genome sequence analysis approaches for L. pneumophila for environmental source attribution studies while furthering the understanding of Legionella ecology. IMPORTANCE We demonstrate that whole-genome sequencing helps to improve resolution of Legionella pneumophila isolated during laboratory investigations of legionellosis compared to traditional subtyping methods. These data can be important in confirming the environmental sources of legionellosis outbreaks. Moreover, we evaluated various methods to analyze genome sequence data to help resolve outbreak-related isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Raphael
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deborah J Baker
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nazarian
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Pascal Lapierre
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Dianna Bopp
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Shatavia S Morrison
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claressa E Lucas
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Mercante
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kimberlee A Musser
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Jonas M Winchell
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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9
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Smith SS, Ritger K, Samala U, Black SR, Okodua M, Miller L, Kozak-Muiznieks NA, Hicks LA, Steinheimer C, Ewaidah S, Presser L, Siston AM. Legionellosis Outbreak Associated With a Hotel Fountain. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015; 2:ofv164. [PMID: 26716104 PMCID: PMC4692259 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. In August 2012, the Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) was notified of acute respiratory illness, including 1 fatality, among a group of meeting attendees who stayed at a Chicago hotel during July 30–August 3, 2012. Suspecting Legionnaires' disease (LD), CDPH advised the hotel to close their swimming pool, spa, and decorative lobby fountain and began an investigation. Methods. Case finding included notification of individuals potentially exposed during July 16–August 15, 2012. Individuals were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire. An environmental assessment was performed. Results. One hundred fourteen cases were identified: 11 confirmed LD, 29 suspect LD, and 74 Pontiac fever cases. Illness onsets occurred July 21–August 22, 2012. Median age was 48 years (range, 22–82 years), 64% were male, 59% sought medical care (15 hospitalizations), and 3 died. Relative risks for hotel exposures revealed that persons who spent time near the decorative fountain or bar, both located in the lobby were respectively 2.13 (95%, 1.64–2.77) and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.09–1.44) times more likely to become ill than those who did not. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated from samples collected from the fountain, spa, and women's locker room fixtures. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 environmental isolates and a clinical isolate had matching sequence-based types. Hotel maintenance records lacked a record of regular cleaning and disinfection of the fountain. Conclusions. Environmental testing identified Legionella in the hotel's potable water system. Epidemiologic and laboratory data indicated the decorative fountain as the source. Poor fountain maintenance likely created favorable conditions for Legionella overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Usha Samala
- Chicago Department of Public Health, Illinois
| | | | | | | | | | - Lauri A Hicks
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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10
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Demirjian A, Lucas CE, Garrison LE, Kozak-Muiznieks NA, States S, Brown EW, Wortham JM, Beaudoin A, Casey ML, Marriott C, Ludwig AM, Sonel AF, Muder RR, Hicks LA. The Importance of Clinical Surveillance in Detecting Legionnaires' Disease Outbreaks: A Large Outbreak in a Hospital With a Legionella Disinfection System—Pennsylvania, 2011–2012. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60:1596-602. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Kozak-Muiznieks NA, Lucas CE, Brown E, Pondo T, Taylor TH, Frace M, Miskowski D, Winchell JM. Prevalence of sequence types among clinical and environmental isolates of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in the United States from 1982 to 2012. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:201-11. [PMID: 24197883 PMCID: PMC3911437 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01973-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the establishment of sequence-based typing as the gold standard for DNA-based typing of Legionella pneumophila, the Legionella laboratory at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has conducted routine sequence-based typing (SBT) analysis of all incoming L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lp1) isolates to identify potential links between cases and to better understand genetic diversity and clonal expansion among L. pneumophila bacteria. Retrospective genotyping of Lp1 isolates from sporadic cases and Legionnaires' disease (LD) outbreaks deposited into the CDC reference collection since 1982 has been completed. For this study, we compared the distribution of sequence types (STs) among Lp1 isolates implicated in 26 outbreaks in the United States, 571 clinical isolates from sporadic cases of LD in the United States, and 149 environmental isolates with no known association with LD. The Lp1 isolates under study had been deposited into our collection between 1982 and 2012. We identified 17 outbreak-associated STs, 153 sporadic STs, and 49 environmental STs. We observed that Lp1 STs from outbreaks and sporadic cases are more similar to each other than either group is to environmental STs. The most frequent ST for both sporadic and environmental isolates was ST1, accounting for 25% and 49% of the total number of isolates, respectively. The STs shared by both outbreak-associated and sporadic Lp1 included ST1, ST35, ST36, ST37, and ST222. The STs most commonly found in sporadic and outbreak-associated Lp1 populations may have an increased ability to cause disease and thus may require special attention when detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Kozak-Muiznieks
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claressa E. Lucas
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ellen Brown
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tracy Pondo
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas H. Taylor
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael Frace
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jonas M. Winchell
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Mentasti M, Underwood A, Lück C, Kozak-Muiznieks NA, Harrison TG, Fry NK. Extension of the Legionella pneumophila sequence-based typing scheme to include strains carrying a variant of the N-acylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase gene. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 20:O435-41. [PMID: 24245827 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sequence-based typing (SBT) combined with monoclonal antibody subgrouping of Legionella pneumophila isolates is at present considered to be the reference standard during epidemiological investigation of Legionnaires' disease outbreaks. In some isolates of L. pneumophila, the seventh allele of the standard SBT scheme, neuA, is not amplified, because a homologue that is refractory to amplification with the standard neuA primers is present. Consequently, a complete seven-allele profile, and hence a sequence type, cannot be obtained. Subsequently, primers were designed to amplify both neuA and the homologue, but these yielded suboptimal sequencing results. In this study, novel primers specific for the neuA homologue were designed and internationally validated by members of the ESCMID Study Group for Legionella Infections at national and regional Legionella reference laboratories with a modified version of the online L. pneumophila sequence quality tool. To date, the addition of the neuAh target to the SBT protocol has allowed full typing data to be obtained for 108 isolates of 11 different serogroups, namely 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, and 14, which could not previously be typed with the standard SBT neuA primers. Further studies are necessary to determine why it is still not possible to obtain either a neuA or a neuAh allele from three serogroup 11 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mentasti
- Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, London, UK
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