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Kinsey N, Belanger JM, Mandigers PJJ, Leegwater PA, Heinonen T, Hytönen MK, Lohi H, Ostrander EA, Oberbauer AM. Idiopathic Epilepsy Risk Allele Trends in Belgian Tervuren: A Longitudinal Genetic Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:114. [PMID: 38255002 PMCID: PMC10815166 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic epilepsy (IE) has been known to be inherited in the Belgian Tervuren for many decades. Risk genotypes for IE in this breed have recently been identified on Canis familiaris chromosomes (CFA) 14 and 37. In the current study, the allele frequencies of these loci were analyzed to determine whether dog breeders had employed a purposeful selection against IE, leading to a reduction in risk-associated allele frequency within the breed over time. The allele frequencies of two generational groupings of Belgian Tervuren with and without IE were compared. Allele frequencies for risk-associated alleles on CFA14 were unchanged between 1985 and 2015, whereas those on CFA37 increased during that time in the control population (p < 0.05). In contrast, dogs with IE showed a decrease (p < 0.05) in the IE risk-associated allele frequency at the CFA37 locus. Seizure prevalence in the Belgian Tervuren appears to be increasing. These results suggest that, despite awareness that IE is inherited, selection against IE has not been successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Kinsey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (N.K.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Janelle M. Belanger
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (N.K.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Paul J. J. Mandigers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.J.J.M.); (P.A.L.)
| | - Peter A. Leegwater
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.J.J.M.); (P.A.L.)
| | - Tiina Heinonen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (T.H.); (M.K.H.); (H.L.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo K. Hytönen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (T.H.); (M.K.H.); (H.L.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (T.H.); (M.K.H.); (H.L.)
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elaine A. Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Anita M. Oberbauer
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (N.K.); (J.M.B.)
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Fomra D, Mamun M, Ding K, Avrutin V, Özgür Ü, Kinsey N. Plasmonic colors in titanium nitride for robust and covert security features. Opt Express 2021; 29:19586-19592. [PMID: 34266066 DOI: 10.1364/oe.423155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A mechanically robust metasurface exhibiting plasmonic colors across the visible and the near-IR spectrum is designed, fabricated, and characterized. Thin TiN layers (41 nm in thickness) prepared by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (ALD) are patterned with sub-wavelength apertures (75 nm to 150 nm radii), arranged with hexagonal periodicity. These patterned films exhibit extraordinary transmission in the visible and the near-IR spectrum (550 nm to 1040 nm), which is accessible by conventional Si CCD detectors. The TiN structures are shown to withstand high levels of mechanical stresses, tested by rubbing the films against a lint-free cloth under 14.5 kPa of load for 30 minutes, while structures patterned on gold, a widely used plasmonic material, do not. The subwavelength nature of the plasmonic resonances, coupled with robustness and durability of TiN, makes these structures an attractive choice for use in nanoscale security features for heavily handled objects. Furthermore, ALD of these films enables scalability, which in conjunction with the cost-effectiveness of the process and material (TiN) makes the entire process industry friendly.
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Clerici M, Kinsey N, DeVault C, Kim J, Carnemolla EG, Caspani L, Shaltout A, Faccio D, Shalaev V, Boltasseva A, Ferrera M. Corrigendum: Controlling hybrid nonlinearities in transparent conducting oxides via two-colour excitation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16139. [PMID: 28762372 PMCID: PMC5543302 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Clerici M, Kinsey N, DeVault C, Kim J, Carnemolla EG, Caspani L, Shaltout A, Faccio D, Shalaev V, Boltasseva A, Ferrera M. Controlling hybrid nonlinearities in transparent conducting oxides via two-colour excitation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15829. [PMID: 28598441 PMCID: PMC5472708 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanophotonics and metamaterials have revolutionized the way we think about optical space (ε,μ), enabling us to engineer the refractive index almost at will, to confine light to the smallest of the volumes, and to manipulate optical signals with extremely small footprints and energy requirements. Significant efforts are now devoted to finding suitable materials and strategies for the dynamic control of the optical properties. Transparent conductive oxides exhibit large ultrafast nonlinearities under both interband and intraband excitations. Here we show that combining these two effects in aluminium-doped zinc oxide via a two-colour laser field discloses new material functionalities. Owing to the independence of the two nonlinearities, the ultrafast temporal dynamics of the material permittivity can be designed by acting on the amplitude and delay of the two fields. We demonstrate the potential applications of this novel degree of freedom by dynamically addressing the modulation bandwidth and optical spectral tuning of a probe optical pulse. Metamaterials have enabled the tailored engineering of optical properties. Here, Clerici et al. show that independent interband and intraband nonlinearities in transparent conducting oxides allow dynamic optical control of the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clerici
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - N Kinsey
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - C DeVault
- Department of Physics &Astronomy and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - J Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - E G Carnemolla
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, SUPA, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, UK
| | - L Caspani
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, SUPA, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, UK.,Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - A Shaltout
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - D Faccio
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, SUPA, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, UK
| | - V Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - A Boltasseva
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - M Ferrera
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, SUPA, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, UK
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Caspani L, Kaipurath RPM, Clerici M, Ferrera M, Roger T, Kim J, Kinsey N, Pietrzyk M, Di Falco A, Shalaev VM, Boltasseva A, Faccio D. Enhanced Nonlinear Refractive Index in ε-Near-Zero Materials. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:233901. [PMID: 27341234 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.233901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
New propagation regimes for light arise from the ability to tune the dielectric permittivity to extremely low values. Here, we demonstrate a universal approach based on the low linear permittivity values attained in the ε-near-zero (ENZ) regime for enhancing the nonlinear refractive index, which enables remarkable light-induced changes of the material properties. Experiments performed on Al-doped ZnO (AZO) thin films show a sixfold increase of the Kerr nonlinear refractive index (n_{2}) at the ENZ wavelength, located in the 1300 nm region. This in turn leads to ultrafast light-induced refractive index changes of the order of unity, thus representing a new paradigm for nonlinear optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Caspani
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - R P M Kaipurath
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - M Clerici
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - M Ferrera
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - T Roger
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - J Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2057, USA
| | - N Kinsey
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2057, USA
| | - M Pietrzyk
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - A Di Falco
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - V M Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2057, USA
| | - A Boltasseva
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2057, USA
| | - D Faccio
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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Kinsey N, Ferrera M, Naik GV, Babicheva VE, Shalaev VM, Boltasseva A. Experimental demonstration of titanium nitride plasmonic interconnects. Opt Express 2014; 22:12238-12247. [PMID: 24921342 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.012238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An insulator-metal-insulator plasmonic interconnect using TiN, a CMOS-compatible material, is proposed and investigated experimentally at the telecommunication wavelength of 1.55 µm. The TiN waveguide was shown to obtain propagation losses less than 0.8 dB/mm with a mode size of 9.8 µm on sapphire, which agree well with theoretical predictions. A theoretical analysis of a solid-state structure using Si(3)N(4) superstrates and ultra-thin metal strips shows that propagation losses less than 0.3 dB/mm with a mode size of 9 µm are attainable. This work illustrates the potential of TiN as a realistic plasmonic material for practical solid-state, integrated nano-optic and hybrid photonic devices.
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