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Ribeiro TP, Martins-de-Sa D, Macedo LLP, Lourenço-Tessutti IT, Ruffo GC, Sousa JPA, Rósario Santana JMD, Oliveira-Neto OB, Moura SM, Silva MCM, Morgante CV, de Oliveira NG, Basso MF, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Cotton plants overexpressing the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry23Aa and Cry37Aa binary-like toxins exhibit high resistance to the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis). Plant Sci 2024:112079. [PMID: 38588981 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The cotton boll weevil (CBW, Anthonomus grandis) stands as one of the most significant threats to cotton crops (Gossypium hirsutum). Despite substantial efforts, the development of a commercially viable transgenic cotton event for effective open-field control of CBW has remained elusive. This study describes a detailed characterization of the insecticidal toxins Cry23Aa and Cry37Aa against CBW. Our findings reveal that CBW larvae fed exclusively on artificial diets supplemented with Cry37Aa alone displayed no statistical difference compared to the control. Conversely, when exposed solely to Cry23Aa, larval survival decreased by roughly 69%. However, the combined provision of both Cry23Aa and Cry37Aa in the artificial diet led to mortality rates approaching 100% among CBW larvae (LC50 equal to 0.26 PPM). Additionally, we engineered transgenic cotton plants by introducing cry23Aa and cry37Aa genes under the regulation of the flower bud-specific pGhFS4 and pGhFS1 promoters, respectively. After confirming forty-five transgenic cotton events, we selected the top seven events that exhibited elevated expression levels of Cry23Aa and Cry37Aa toxins in flower buds, 70%, for greenhouse bioassays. The mortality rate of CBW larvae feeding on both T0 and T1 generation transgenic cotton plants ranged from 75 to 100%. Our computational analyses unveiled that Cry23Aa possesses all the hallmark characteristics of a β-pore-forming toxin (β-PFT), specifically binding to sugar components in glycoproteins. Intriguingly, our studies also discovered a distinctive zinc-binding site within Cry23Aa, which appears to be involved in protein-protein interactions. Ultimately, our discussion centers on the crucial structural attributes of Cry23Aa that likely play a role in the toxin's mechanism of action. With the observed low LC50 for CBW and the significant accumulation of these toxins in the flower buds of both T0 and T1 plants, we anticipate that across successive generations of these transgenic lines, cotton plants engineered to overexpress cry23Aa and cry37Aa hold promise for effectively managing CBW infestations in cotton crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuanne Pires Ribeiro
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Diogo Martins-de-Sa
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil; Genesilico Biotech, Brasília, DF, 71503-508, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lima Pepino Macedo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Isabela Tristan Lourenço-Tessutti
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Caseca Ruffo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; Graduate Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, 71966-700, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, 79117-900, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Abreu Sousa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; Graduate Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, 71966-700, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, 79117-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Moura do Rósario Santana
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; Graduate Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, 71966-700, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, 79117-900, Brazil
| | - Osmundo Brilhante Oliveira-Neto
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; Euroamerican University Center, Unieuro, Brasília, DF, 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Stéfanie Menezes Moura
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Mattar Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Carolina Vianna Morgante
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; Embrapa Semi-Arid, Pretrolina, PE, 56302-970, Brazil
| | - Nelson Geraldo de Oliveira
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fernando Basso
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil; Graduate Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, 71966-700, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, 79117-900, Brazil.
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Duarte KE, Basso MF, de Oliveira NG, da Silva JCF, de Oliveira Garcia B, Cunha BADB, Cardoso TB, Nepomuceno AL, Kobayashi AK, Santiago TR, de Souza WR, Molinari HBC. MicroRNAs expression profiles in early responses to different levels of water deficit in Setaria viridis. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2022; 28:1607-1624. [PMID: 36389096 PMCID: PMC9530107 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Water deficit is a major constraint for crops of economic importance in almost all agricultural regions. However, plants have an active defense system to adapt to these adverse conditions, acting in the reprogramming of gene expression responsible for encoding microRNAs (miRNAs). These miRNAs promote the regulation to the target gene expression by the post-transcriptional (PTGS) and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), modulating several pathways including defense response to water deficit. The broader knowledge of the miRNA expression profile and its regulatory networks in response to water deficit can provide evidence for the development of new biotechnological tools for genetic improvement of several important crops. In this study, we used Setaria viridis accession A10.1 as a C4 model plant to widely investigate the miRNA expression profile in early responses to different levels of water deficit. Ecophysiological studies in Setaria viridis under water deficit and after rewatering demonstrated a drought tolerant accession, capable of a rapid recovery from the stress. Deep small RNA sequencing and degradome studies were performed in plants submitted to drought to identify differentially expressed miRNA genes and their predicted targets, using in silico analysis. Our findings showed that several miRNAs were differentially modulated in response to distinctive levels of water deficit and after rewatering. The predicted mRNA targets mainly corresponded to genes related to cell wall remodeling, antioxidant system and drought-related transcription factors, indicating that these genes are rapidly regulated in early responses to drought stress. The implications of these modulations are extensively discussed, and higher-effect miRNAs are suggested as major players for potential use in genetic engineering to improve drought tolerance in economically important crops, such as sugarcane, maize, and sorghum. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01226-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Estefani Duarte
- Embrapa Agroenergy, Brasília, DF 70297-400 Brazil
- Federal University of ABC, Santo André, SP 09210-580 Brazil
| | - Marcos Fernando Basso
- Embrapa Agroenergy, Brasília, DF 70297-400 Brazil
- BIOMOL/BIOTEC Laboratory, Mato Grosso Cotton Institute (IMAmt), Rondonópolis, MT 78740-970 Brazil
| | | | | | - Bruno de Oliveira Garcia
- Embrapa Agroenergy, Brasília, DF 70297-400 Brazil
- Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-900 Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Thaís Ribeiro Santiago
- Embrapa Agroenergy, Brasília, DF 70297-400 Brazil
- University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900 Brazil
| | - Wagner Rodrigo de Souza
- Embrapa Agroenergy, Brasília, DF 70297-400 Brazil
- Federal University of ABC, Santo André, SP 09210-580 Brazil
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Basso MF, da Cunha BADB, Ribeiro AP, Martins PK, de Souza WR, de Oliveira NG, Nakayama TJ, Augusto das Chagas Noqueli Casari R, Santiago TR, Vinecky F, Cançado LJ, de Sousa CAF, de Oliveira PA, de Souza SACD, Cançado GMDA, Kobayashi AK, Molinari HBC. Improved Genetic Transformation of Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) Embryogenic Callus Mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 2:221-239. [PMID: 31725972 DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a monocotyledonous semi-perennial C4 grass of the Poaceae family. Its capacity to accumulate high content of sucrose and biomass makes it one of the most important crops for sugar and biofuel production. Conventional methods of sugarcane breeding have shown several limitations due to its complex polyploid and aneuploid genome. However, improvement by biotechnological engineering is currently the most promising alternative to introduce economically important traits. In this work, we present an improved protocol for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of commercial sugarcane hybrids using immature top stalk-derived embryogenic callus cultures. The callus cultures are transformed with preconditioned A. tumefaciens carrying a binary vector that encodes expression cassettes for a gene of interest and the bialaphos resistance gene (bar confers resistance to glufosinate-ammonium herbicide). This protocol has been used to successfully transform a commercial sugarcane cultivar, SP80-3280, highlighting: (i) reduced recalcitrance and oxidation; (ii) high yield of embryogenic callus; (iii) improved selection; and (iv) shoot regeneration and rooting of the transformed plants. Altogether, these improvements generated a transformation efficiency of 2.2%. This protocol provides a reliable tool for a routine procedure for sugarcane improvement by genetic engineering. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Fernando Basso
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Agroenergy Research (CNPAE), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Andrade Dias Brito da Cunha
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Agroenergy Research (CNPAE), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ribeiro
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Agroenergy Research (CNPAE), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Polyana Kelly Martins
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Agroenergy Research (CNPAE), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Wagner Rodrigo de Souza
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Agroenergy Research (CNPAE), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Nelson Geraldo de Oliveira
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Agroenergy Research (CNPAE), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Thiago Jonas Nakayama
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Agroenergy Research (CNPAE), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Raphael Augusto das Chagas Noqueli Casari
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Agroenergy Research (CNPAE), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Thais Ribeiro Santiago
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Agroenergy Research (CNPAE), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Felipe Vinecky
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Agroenergy Research (CNPAE), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Letícia Jungmann Cançado
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Agroenergy Research (CNPAE), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Carlos Antônio Ferreira de Sousa
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Agroenergy Research (CNPAE), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Patricia Abrão de Oliveira
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Agroenergy Research (CNPAE), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Geraldo Magela de Almeida Cançado
- The Joint Research Unit for Genomics Applied to Climate Change (UMIP GenClima), National Center for Agricultural Informatics (CNPTIA), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adilson Kenji Kobayashi
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Agroenergy Research (CNPAE), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Hugo Bruno Correa Molinari
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Agroenergy Research (CNPAE), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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de Sousa CAF, de Paiva DS, Casari RADCN, de Oliveira NG, Molinari HBC, Kobayashi AK, Magalhães PC, Gomide RL, Souza MT. A procedure for maize genotypes discrimination to drought by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging rapid light curves. Plant Methods 2017; 13:61. [PMID: 28769996 PMCID: PMC5530575 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photosynthesis can be roughly separated into biochemical and photochemical processes. Both are affected by drought and can be assessed by non-invasive standard methods. Gas exchange, which mainly assesses the first process, has well-defined protocols. It is considered a standard method for evaluation of plant responses to drought. Under such stress, assessment of photochemical apparatus by chlorophyll fluorescence needs improvement to become faster and reproducible, especially in growing plants under field conditions. For this, we developed a protocol based on chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, using a rapid light curve approach. RESULTS Almost all parameters obtained by rapid light curves have shown statistical differences between control and drought stressed maize plants. However, most of them were affected by induction processes, relaxation rate, and/or differences in chlorophyll content; while they all were influenced by actinic light intensity on each light step of light curve. Only the normalized parameters related to photochemical and non-photochemical quenching were strongly correlated with data obtained by gas exchange, but only from the light step in which the linear electron flow reached saturation. CONCLUSIONS The procedure developed in this study for discrimination of plant responses to water deficit stress proved to be as fast, efficient and reliable as the standard technique of gas exchange in order to discriminate the responses of maize genotypes to drought. However, unlike that, there is no need to perform daily and time consuming calibration routines. Moreover, plant acclimation to the dark is not required. The protocol can be applied to plants growing in both controlled conditions and full sunlight in the field. In addition, it generates parameters in a fast and accurate measurement process, which enables evaluating several plants in a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dayane Silva de Paiva
- Embrapa Agroenergia, Parque Estação Biológica (PqEB), Avenida W3 Norte (Final), Brasília, DF 70770-901 Brazil
| | | | - Nelson Geraldo de Oliveira
- Embrapa Agroenergia, Parque Estação Biológica (PqEB), Avenida W3 Norte (Final), Brasília, DF 70770-901 Brazil
| | - Hugo Bruno Correa Molinari
- Embrapa Agroenergia, Parque Estação Biológica (PqEB), Avenida W3 Norte (Final), Brasília, DF 70770-901 Brazil
| | - Adilson Kenji Kobayashi
- Embrapa Agroenergia, Parque Estação Biológica (PqEB), Avenida W3 Norte (Final), Brasília, DF 70770-901 Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Magalhães
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rod. MG 424 km 45, Zona Rural, Sete Lagoas, MG 35701-970 Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Lúcio Gomide
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rod. MG 424 km 45, Zona Rural, Sete Lagoas, MG 35701-970 Brazil
| | - Manoel Teixeira Souza
- Embrapa Agroenergia, Parque Estação Biológica (PqEB), Avenida W3 Norte (Final), Brasília, DF 70770-901 Brazil
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Martins MTB, de Souza WR, da Cunha BADB, Basso MF, de Oliveira NG, Vinecky F, Martins PK, de Oliveira PA, Arenque-Musa BC, de Souza AP, Buckeridge MS, Kobayashi AK, Quirino BF, Molinari HBC. Characterization of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) leaf senescence: implications for biofuel production. Biotechnol Biofuels 2016; 9:153. [PMID: 27453728 PMCID: PMC4957918 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Second-generation ethanol (2G-bioethanol) uses lignocellulosic feedstocks for ethanol production. Sugarcane is one among the most suitable crops for biofuel production. Its juice is extracted for sugar production, while sugarcane bagasse, straw, and senescing leaves are considered industrial waste. Senescence is the age-dependent deterioration of plant cells, ultimately leading to cell death and completion of the plant life cycle. Because senescing leaves may also be used for biofuel production, understanding the process of natural senescence, including remobilization of nutrients and its effect on cell walls can provide useful information for 2G-bioethanol production from sugarcane leaves. RESULTS The natural senescence process in leaves of the commercial sugarcane cultivar RB867515 was investigated. Senescence was characterized by strong reduction in photosynthetic pigments content, remobilization of the nutrients N, P, K, B, Cu, Fe, and Zn, and accumulation of Ca, S, Mg, B, Mn, and Al. No significant changes in the cell-wall composition occurred, and only small changes in the expression of cell wall-related genes were observed, suggesting that cell walls are preserved during senescence. Senescence-marker genes, such as SAG12-like and XET-like genes, were also identified in sugarcane and found to be highly expressed. CONCLUSIONS Our study on nutrient remobilization under senescence in a vigorous sugarcane cultivar can contribute to the understanding on how nutrient balance in a high-yielding crop is achieved. In general, neutral monosaccharide profile did not change significantly with leaf senescence, suggesting that senescing leaves of sugarcane can be as a feedstock for biofuel production using pretreatments established for non-senescing leaves without additional efforts. Based on our findings, the potential biotechnological applications for the improvement of sugarcane cultivars are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Thereza Bazzo Martins
- />Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Embrapa Agroenergy (CNPAE), Brasília, DF 70770-901 Brazil
- />Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program, Universidade Catolica de Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70790‑160 Brazil
| | - Wagner Rodrigo de Souza
- />Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Embrapa Agroenergy (CNPAE), Brasília, DF 70770-901 Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Fernando Basso
- />Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Embrapa Agroenergy (CNPAE), Brasília, DF 70770-901 Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Vinecky
- />Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Embrapa Agroenergy (CNPAE), Brasília, DF 70770-901 Brazil
| | - Polyana Kelly Martins
- />Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Embrapa Agroenergy (CNPAE), Brasília, DF 70770-901 Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Cersózimo Arenque-Musa
- />Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology (LAFIECO), Department of Botany-Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090 Brazil
| | - Amanda Pereira de Souza
- />Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology (LAFIECO), Department of Botany-Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090 Brazil
| | - Marcos Silveira Buckeridge
- />Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology (LAFIECO), Department of Botany-Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090 Brazil
| | - Adilson Kenji Kobayashi
- />Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Embrapa Agroenergy (CNPAE), Brasília, DF 70770-901 Brazil
| | - Betania Ferraz Quirino
- />Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Embrapa Agroenergy (CNPAE), Brasília, DF 70770-901 Brazil
- />Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program, Universidade Catolica de Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70790‑160 Brazil
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