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DeJong MA, Wolf MA, Bitzer GJ, Hall JM, Fitzgerald NA, Pyles GM, Huckaby AB, Petty JE, Lee K, Barbier M, Bevere JR, Ernst RK, Damron FH. BECC438b TLR4 agonist supports unique immune response profiles from nasal and muscular DTaP pertussis vaccines in murine challenge models. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0022323. [PMID: 38323817 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00223-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The protection afforded by acellular pertussis vaccines wanes over time, and there is a need to develop improved vaccine formulations. Options to improve the vaccines involve the utilization of different adjuvants and administration via different routes. While intramuscular (IM) vaccination provides a robust systemic immune response, intranasal (IN) vaccination theoretically induces a localized immune response within the nasal cavity. In the case of a Bordetella pertussis infection, IN vaccination results in an immune response that is similar to natural infection, which provides the longest duration of protection. Current acellular formulations utilize an alum adjuvant, and antibody levels wane over time. To overcome the current limitations with the acellular vaccine, we incorporated a novel TLR4 agonist, BECC438b, into both IM and IN acellular formulations to determine its ability to protect against infection in a murine airway challenge model. Following immunization and challenge, we observed that DTaP + BECC438b reduced bacterial burden within the lung and trachea for both administration routes when compared with mock-vaccinated and challenged (MVC) mice. Interestingly, IN administration of DTaP + BECC438b induced a Th1-polarized immune response, while IM vaccination polarized toward a Th2 immune response. RNA sequencing analysis of the lung demonstrated that DTaP + BECC438b activates biological pathways similar to natural infection. Additionally, IN administration of DTaP + BECC438b activated the expression of genes involved in a multitude of pathways associated with the immune system. Overall, these data suggest that BECC438b adjuvant and the IN vaccination route can impact efficacy and responses of pertussis vaccines in pre-clinical mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A DeJong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - M Allison Wolf
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Graham J Bitzer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jesse M Hall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Nicholas A Fitzgerald
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Gage M Pyles
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Annalisa B Huckaby
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jonathan E Petty
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Katherine Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Justin R Bevere
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - F Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Welch NL, Zhu M, Hua C, Weller J, Mirhashemi ME, Nguyen TG, Mantena S, Bauer MR, Shaw BM, Ackerman CM, Thakku SG, Tse MW, Kehe J, Uwera MM, Eversley JS, Bielwaski DA, McGrath G, Braidt J, Johnson J, Cerrato F, Moreno GK, Krasilnikova LA, Petros BA, Gionet GL, King E, Huard RC, Jalbert SK, Cleary ML, Fitzgerald NA, Gabriel SB, Gallagher GR, Smole SC, Madoff LC, Brown CM, Keller MW, Wilson MM, Kirby MK, Barnes JR, Park DJ, Siddle KJ, Happi CT, Hung DT, Springer M, MacInnis BL, Lemieux JE, Rosenberg E, Branda JA, Blainey PC, Sabeti PC, Myhrvold C. Author Correction: Multiplexed CRISPR-based microfluidic platform for clinical testing of respiratory viruses and identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat Med 2024; 30:307. [PMID: 37946059 PMCID: PMC10803257 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02684-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Welch
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Meilin Zhu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Hua
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juliane Weller
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Tien G Nguyen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Matthew R Bauer
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bennett M Shaw
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cheri M Ackerman
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sri Gowtham Thakku
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Megan W Tse
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jared Kehe
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline S Eversley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Derek A Bielwaski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Graham McGrath
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Braidt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Gage K Moreno
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lydia A Krasilnikova
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brittany A Petros
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard/Massachusetts Institute of Technology MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ewa King
- State Health Laboratories, Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Richard C Huard
- State Health Laboratories, Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Michael L Cleary
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sandra C Smole
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew W Keller
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Malania M Wilson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marie K Kirby
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John R Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel J Park
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katherine J Siddle
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christian T Happi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Deborah T Hung
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Molecular Biology Department and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Springer
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bronwyn L MacInnis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob E Lemieux
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Rosenberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John A Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul C Blainey
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Cameron Myhrvold
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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Welch NL, Zhu M, Hua C, Weller J, Mirhashemi ME, Nguyen TG, Mantena S, Bauer MR, Shaw BM, Ackerman CM, Thakku SG, Tse MW, Kehe J, Uwera MM, Eversley JS, Bielwaski DA, McGrath G, Braidt J, Johnson J, Cerrato F, Moreno GK, Krasilnikova LA, Petros BA, Gionet GL, King E, Huard RC, Jalbert SK, Cleary ML, Fitzgerald NA, Gabriel SB, Gallagher GR, Smole SC, Madoff LC, Brown CM, Keller MW, Wilson MM, Kirby MK, Barnes JR, Park DJ, Siddle KJ, Happi CT, Hung DT, Springer M, MacInnis BL, Lemieux JE, Rosenberg E, Branda JA, Blainey PC, Sabeti PC, Myhrvold C. Multiplexed CRISPR-based microfluidic platform for clinical testing of respiratory viruses and identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat Med 2022; 28:1083-1094. [PMID: 35130561 PMCID: PMC9117129 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01734-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has demonstrated a clear need for high-throughput, multiplexed and sensitive assays for detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other respiratory viruses and their emerging variants. Here, we present a cost-effective virus and variant detection platform, called microfluidic Combinatorial Arrayed Reactions for Multiplexed Evaluation of Nucleic acids (mCARMEN), which combines CRISPR-based diagnostics and microfluidics with a streamlined workflow for clinical use. We developed the mCARMEN respiratory virus panel to test for up to 21 viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, other coronaviruses and both influenza strains, and demonstrated its diagnostic-grade performance on 525 patient specimens in an academic setting and 166 specimens in a clinical setting. We further developed an mCARMEN panel to enable the identification of 6 SARS-CoV-2 variant lineages, including Delta and Omicron, and evaluated it on 2,088 patient specimens with near-perfect concordance to sequencing-based variant classification. Lastly, we implemented a combined Cas13 and Cas12 approach that enables quantitative measurement of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A viral copies in samples. The mCARMEN platform enables high-throughput surveillance of multiple viruses and variants simultaneously, enabling rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Welch
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Meilin Zhu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Hua
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juliane Weller
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Tien G Nguyen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Matthew R Bauer
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bennett M Shaw
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cheri M Ackerman
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sri Gowtham Thakku
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Megan W Tse
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jared Kehe
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline S Eversley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Derek A Bielwaski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Graham McGrath
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Braidt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Gage K Moreno
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lydia A Krasilnikova
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brittany A Petros
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard/Massachusetts Institute of Technology MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ewa King
- State Health Laboratories, Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Richard C Huard
- State Health Laboratories, Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Michael L Cleary
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sandra C Smole
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew W Keller
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Malania M Wilson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marie K Kirby
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John R Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel J Park
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katherine J Siddle
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christian T Happi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Deborah T Hung
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Molecular Biology Department and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Springer
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bronwyn L MacInnis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob E Lemieux
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Rosenberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John A Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul C Blainey
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Cameron Myhrvold
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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Siddle KJ, Krasilnikova LA, Moreno GK, Schaffner SF, Vostok J, Fitzgerald NA, Lemieux JE, Barkas N, Loreth C, Specht I, Tomkins-Tinch CH, Paull JS, Schaeffer B, Taylor BP, Loftness B, Johnson H, Schubert PL, Shephard HM, Doucette M, Fink T, Lang AS, Baez S, Beauchamp J, Hennigan S, Buzby E, Ash S, Brown J, Clancy S, Cofsky S, Gagne L, Hall J, Harrington R, Gionet GL, DeRuff KC, Vodzak ME, Adams GC, Dobbins ST, Slack SD, Reilly SK, Anderson LM, Cipicchio MC, DeFelice MT, Grimsby JL, Anderson SE, Blumenstiel BS, Meldrim JC, Rooke HM, Vicente G, Smith NL, Messer KS, Reagan FL, Mandese ZM, Lee MD, Ray MC, Fisher ME, Ulcena MA, Nolet CM, English SE, Larkin KL, Vernest K, Chaluvadi S, Arvidson D, Melchiono M, Covell T, Harik V, Brock-Fisher T, Dunn M, Kearns A, Hanage WP, Bernard C, Philippakis A, Lennon NJ, Gabriel SB, Gallagher GR, Smole S, Madoff LC, Brown CM, Park DJ, MacInnis BL, Sabeti PC. Transmission from vaccinated individuals in a large SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant outbreak. Cell 2022; 185:485-492.e10. [PMID: 35051367 PMCID: PMC8695126 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of over 1,000 COVID-19 cases in Provincetown, Massachusetts (MA), in July 2021-the first large outbreak mostly in vaccinated individuals in the US-prompted a comprehensive public health response, motivating changes to national masking recommendations and raising questions about infection and transmission among vaccinated individuals. To address these questions, we combined viral genomic and epidemiological data from 467 individuals, including 40% of outbreak-associated cases. The Delta variant accounted for 99% of cases in this dataset; it was introduced from at least 40 sources, but 83% of cases derived from a single source, likely through transmission across multiple settings over a short time rather than a single event. Genomic and epidemiological data supported multiple transmissions of Delta from and between fully vaccinated individuals. However, despite its magnitude, the outbreak had limited onward impact in MA and the US overall, likely due to high vaccination rates and a robust public health response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lydia A Krasilnikova
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gage K Moreno
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Stephen F Schaffner
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Johanna Vostok
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | | | - Jacob E Lemieux
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nikolaos Barkas
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Ivan Specht
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Christopher H Tomkins-Tinch
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jillian S Paull
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Beau Schaeffer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bradford P Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bryn Loftness
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Hillary Johnson
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - Petra L Schubert
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - Hanna M Shephard
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA; Applied Epidemiology Fellowship, Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, GA 30345, USA
| | - Matthew Doucette
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - Timelia Fink
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - Andrew S Lang
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - Stephanie Baez
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - John Beauchamp
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - Scott Hennigan
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - Erika Buzby
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - Stephanie Ash
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - Jessica Brown
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - Selina Clancy
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - Seana Cofsky
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - Luc Gagne
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - Joshua Hall
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | | | | | | | - Megan E Vodzak
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gordon C Adams
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Sarah D Slack
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Steven K Reilly
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lisa M Anderson
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | - Jonna L Grimsby
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | - James C Meldrim
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Heather M Rooke
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gina Vicente
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Natasha L Smith
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Faye L Reagan
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zoe M Mandese
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Matthew D Lee
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Marianne C Ray
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Maesha A Ulcena
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Corey M Nolet
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sean E English
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Katie L Larkin
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kyle Vernest
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Deirdre Arvidson
- Barnstable County Department of Health and the Environment, Barnstable, MA 02630, USA
| | - Maurice Melchiono
- Barnstable County Department of Health and the Environment, Barnstable, MA 02630, USA
| | - Theresa Covell
- Barnstable County Department of Health and the Environment, Barnstable, MA 02630, USA
| | - Vaira Harik
- Barnstable County Department of Human Services, Barnstable, MA 02630, USA
| | - Taylor Brock-Fisher
- Community Tracing Collaborative, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - Molly Dunn
- Community Tracing Collaborative, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - Amanda Kearns
- Community Tracing Collaborative, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - William P Hanage
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clare Bernard
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Niall J Lennon
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Glen R Gallagher
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - Sandra Smole
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel J Park
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bronwyn L MacInnis
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Massachusetts Consortium for Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Massachusetts Consortium for Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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5
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Siddle KJ, Krasilnikova LA, Moreno GK, Schaffner SF, Vostok J, Fitzgerald NA, Lemieux JE, Barkas N, Loreth C, Specht I, Tomkins-Tinch CH, Silbert J, Schaeffer B, Taylor BP, Loftness B, Johnson H, Schubert PL, Shephard HM, Doucette M, Fink T, Lang AS, Baez S, Beauchamp J, Hennigan S, Buzby E, Ash S, Brown J, Clancy S, Cofsky S, Gagne L, Hall J, Harrington R, Gionet GL, DeRuff KC, Vodzak ME, Adams GC, Dobbins ST, Slack SD, Reilly SK, Anderson LM, Cipicchio MC, DeFelice MT, Grimsby JL, Anderson SE, Blumenstiel BS, Meldrim JC, Rooke HM, Vicente G, Smith NL, Messer KS, Reagan FL, Mandese ZM, Lee MD, Ray MC, Fisher ME, Ulcena MA, Nolet CM, English SE, Larkin KL, Vernest K, Chaluvadi S, Arvidson D, Melchiono M, Covell T, Harik V, Brock-Fisher T, Dunn M, Kearns A, Hanage WP, Bernard C, Philippakis A, Lennon NJ, Gabriel SB, Gallagher GR, Smole S, Madoff LC, Brown CM, Park DJ, MacInnis BL, Sabeti PC. Evidence of transmission from fully vaccinated individuals in a large outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in Provincetown, Massachusetts. medRxiv 2021. [PMID: 34704102 PMCID: PMC8547534 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.20.21265137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple summer events, including large indoor gatherings, in Provincetown, Massachusetts (MA), in July 2021 contributed to an outbreak of over one thousand COVID-19 cases among residents and visitors. Most cases were fully vaccinated, many of whom were also symptomatic, prompting a comprehensive public health response, motivating changes to national masking recommendations, and raising questions about infection and transmission among vaccinated individuals. To characterize the outbreak and the viral population underlying it, we combined genomic and epidemiological data from 467 individuals, including 40% of known outbreak-associated cases. The Delta variant accounted for 99% of sequenced outbreak-associated cases. Phylogenetic analysis suggests over 40 sources of Delta in the dataset, with one responsible for a single cluster containing 83% of outbreak-associated genomes. This cluster was likely not the result of extensive spread at a single site, but rather transmission from a common source across multiple settings over a short time. Genomic and epidemiological data combined provide strong support for 25 transmission events from, including many between, fully vaccinated individuals; genomic data alone provides evidence for an additional 64. Together, genomic epidemiology provides a high-resolution picture of the Provincetown outbreak, revealing multiple cases of transmission of Delta from fully vaccinated individuals. However, despite its magnitude, the outbreak was restricted in its onward impact in MA and the US, likely due to high vaccination rates and a robust public health response.
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6
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Scalzo AA, Lyons PA, Fitzgerald NA, Forbes CA, Yokoyama WM, Shellam GR. Genetic mapping of Cmv1 in the region of mouse chromosome 6 encoding the NK gene complex-associated loci Ly49 and musNKR-P1. Genomics 1995; 27:435-41. [PMID: 7558024 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1995.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Cmv1 resistance gene controls splenic replication of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and confers natural killer (NK) cell-mediated resistance to otherwise lethal infection. The Cmv1 phenotypes of 13 inbred mouse strains have been assessed, and it was found that the Cmv1r resistance phenotype was restricted to the C57BL/6J and Ma/MyJ strains. We have further analyzed the linkage of Cmv1 to the NK gene complex (NKC) mapping to distal mouse chromosome 6 in 99 (BALB/c x C57BL/6J)F1 x BALB/c backcross mice using cloned gene probes and microsatellite markers from this region. No recombinants were observed between Cmv1 and the NKC-associated Ly49 and musNKR-P1 multigene families, nor the Kap locus, nor with 7 microsatellite markers, indicating that Cmv1 is closely linked (< 1 cM) to all of these markers. Analysis of the genotype of the MCMV-susceptible BXD8 RI strain around the NKC region revealed that it had C57BL/6J alleles at microsatellite markers immediately proximal and distal to Cmv1. This suggests that the Cmv1s phenotype of this strain is due to a germ-line mutation. Thus, the close linkage of Cmv1 to the Ly49 and musNKR-P1 multigene families suggests that it may represent an NK cell recognition structure encoded in the NKC region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Scalzo
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Center, University of Western Australia, Nedlands
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7
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Scalzo AA, Lyons PA, Fitzgerald NA, Forbes CA, Shellam GR. The BALB.B6-Cmv1r mouse: a strain congenic for Cmv1 and the NK gene complex. Immunogenetics 1995; 41:148-51. [PMID: 7806288 DOI: 10.1007/bf00182328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A A Scalzo
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands
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8
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Scalzo AA, Fitzgerald NA, Wallace CR, Gibbons AE, Smart YC, Burton RC, Shellam GR. The effect of the Cmv-1 resistance gene, which is linked to the natural killer cell gene complex, is mediated by natural killer cells. The Journal of Immunology 1992. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.149.2.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The resistance of mice to lethal infection by murine CMV (MCMV) is under complex host genetic control with contributions from both H-2 and non-H-2 genes. We have previously shown that an autosomal, non-MHC encoded gene, Cmv-1, controls MCMV replication in the spleen. We have investigated the mechanism by which the Cmv-1 resistance gene confers protection against MCMV infection. Using H-2 compatible irradiation bone marrow chimeras, the enhanced resistance to MCMV infection that is associated with the Cmv-1l allele in the C57BL background was shown to be mediated by an irradiation-sensitive bone marrow-derived cell population, or a factor produced by these cells. The lack of correlation between serum IFN titers and the strain distribution pattern of Cmv-1 in CXB recombinant inbred mouse strains suggests that IFN does not mediate resistance conferred by this gene. Similarly, the lack of effect of in vivo depletion of mature CD4+ and CD8+ T cells on virus replication in C57BL/6J mice indicates that T cells are unlikely to be involved. In contrast, in vivo depletion of NK cells by injection of the anti-NK1.1 mAb PK136 abrogated restricted splenic virus replication in C57BL/6J----BALB.B chimeric mice and in the Cmv-1l CXB strains. These data indicate that the effect of the Cmv-1 gene is mediated by NK cells. The significant augmentation in NK cell activity after MCMV infection of the susceptible Cmv-1h strains (BALB/cBy), CXBG/By, CXBH/By, CXBI/By, and CXBK/By) indicates the existence in these mice of NK cells that are functionally and phenotypically distinct from those in Cmv-1l strains. NK cells present in the Cmv-1h strains are unable to restrict efficiently splenic MCMV replication in vivo, possibly due to a lack of specificity for virus-infected target cells. Finally, flow cytometric analysis of NK1-1 expression in CXB and BXD RI mice together with MCMV replication studies in the BXD RI strains indicate that Cmv-1 is closely linked to NK1.1 and other loci that reside on a distal segment of murine chromosome 6 in a region that has recently been defined as the natural killer complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Scalzo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands
| | - N A Fitzgerald
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands
| | - C R Wallace
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands
| | - A E Gibbons
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands
| | - Y C Smart
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands
| | - R C Burton
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands
| | - G R Shellam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands
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9
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Scalzo AA, Fitzgerald NA, Wallace CR, Gibbons AE, Smart YC, Burton RC, Shellam GR. The effect of the Cmv-1 resistance gene, which is linked to the natural killer cell gene complex, is mediated by natural killer cells. J Immunol 1992; 149:581-9. [PMID: 1378069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of mice to lethal infection by murine CMV (MCMV) is under complex host genetic control with contributions from both H-2 and non-H-2 genes. We have previously shown that an autosomal, non-MHC encoded gene, Cmv-1, controls MCMV replication in the spleen. We have investigated the mechanism by which the Cmv-1 resistance gene confers protection against MCMV infection. Using H-2 compatible irradiation bone marrow chimeras, the enhanced resistance to MCMV infection that is associated with the Cmv-1l allele in the C57BL background was shown to be mediated by an irradiation-sensitive bone marrow-derived cell population, or a factor produced by these cells. The lack of correlation between serum IFN titers and the strain distribution pattern of Cmv-1 in CXB recombinant inbred mouse strains suggests that IFN does not mediate resistance conferred by this gene. Similarly, the lack of effect of in vivo depletion of mature CD4+ and CD8+ T cells on virus replication in C57BL/6J mice indicates that T cells are unlikely to be involved. In contrast, in vivo depletion of NK cells by injection of the anti-NK1.1 mAb PK136 abrogated restricted splenic virus replication in C57BL/6J----BALB.B chimeric mice and in the Cmv-1l CXB strains. These data indicate that the effect of the Cmv-1 gene is mediated by NK cells. The significant augmentation in NK cell activity after MCMV infection of the susceptible Cmv-1h strains (BALB/cBy), CXBG/By, CXBH/By, CXBI/By, and CXBK/By) indicates the existence in these mice of NK cells that are functionally and phenotypically distinct from those in Cmv-1l strains. NK cells present in the Cmv-1h strains are unable to restrict efficiently splenic MCMV replication in vivo, possibly due to a lack of specificity for virus-infected target cells. Finally, flow cytometric analysis of NK1-1 expression in CXB and BXD RI mice together with MCMV replication studies in the BXD RI strains indicate that Cmv-1 is closely linked to NK1.1 and other loci that reside on a distal segment of murine chromosome 6 in a region that has recently been defined as the natural killer complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Scalzo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands
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Abstract
Genetically determined resistance to murine cytomegalovirus is observed in adult mice and is mediated in part by genes of the H-2 complex, with the H-2k haplotype conferring resistance. This model was used to examine the effect of primary maternal infection on fetal outcome. The severity of fetal growth retardation and death after primary maternal infection on day 8 of pregnancy was found to be genetically determined. Fetal viability and weight were significantly lower in infected BALB/c mothers (H-2d) than in CBA(H-2k) and BALB.K(H-2k) mothers. However, fetal infection was not detected, suggesting that the resistance mechanisms operate at the level of the mother or placenta. By directly inoculating fetuses in utero, it was shown that genetic factors in the fetus can influence the level of fetal infection and viability. These results point to the possibility that host genetic factors may modulate maternal and fetal cytomegalovirus infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Fitzgerald
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands
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11
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Abstract
The genetic basis of the control of acute splenic MCMV infection was studied after intraperitoneal inoculation of the virus. Classical Mendelian analyses using C57BL/6 (resistant) and BALB/c (susceptible) parental strains disclosed an autosomal dominant non-H-2 gene that regulates splenic virus replication. The probable location of this gene, to which we have assigned the symbol Cmv-1, is on chromosome 6 as defined by the strain distribution pattern of splenic MCMV replication in CXB recombinant inbred mice. Although there is a similar hierarchy of resistance to MCMV and HSV-1 with respect to the C57BL and BALB genetic backgrounds, the strain distribution pattern of HSV-1 replication in recombinant inbred mice suggests that Cmv-1 is not involved in restricting the spread of this virus. This is the first clear identification of a non-H-2 gene regulating the magnitude of MCMV infection. Elucidation of the function of this gene may be a fundamental step towards understanding the control of systemic CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Scalzo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands
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Fitzgerald NA, Papadimitriou JM, Shellam GR. Cytomegalovirus-induced pneumonitis and myocarditis in newborn mice. A model for perinatal human cytomegalovirus infection. Arch Virol 1990; 115:75-88. [PMID: 2174234 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetically determined resistance to the lethal effects of infection with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) has been reported previously in adult and newborn mice. We examined the pathogenesis of MCMV infection in resistant (CBA, H-2k) and susceptible (BALB/c, H-2d) mice infected intraperitoneally on the day of birth. BALB/c mice developed a severe interstitial pneumonitis and myocarditis 10 days post-infection. Their pulmonary and tissues contained high MCMV titres and large numbers of MCMV-antigen positive cells. MCMV also infected the endothelial and myointimal cells of the coronary arteries in newborn BALB/c mice. Only limited infection and pathological changes were seen in CBA mice. Since the severe disease in BALB/c mice resembles the pneumonitis and less frequently reported myocarditis observed after perinatal HCMV infection, the newborn mouse model will be useful for studying the consequences and treatment of such infections, the influence of the host genotype on disease severity and the possible association between perinatal HCMV infection and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Fitzgerald
- Department of Microbiology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands
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