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Alsoubani MS, Varela-Stokes AS, Andujar Vazquez GM, Huang SY, Heger NE, Doron SI. An unusual outbreak of dermatitis due to rodent mite infestation in an acute-care hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2023; 44:1884-1886. [PMID: 37198719 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2023.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We report an outbreak of dermatitis associated with Ornithonysus bacoti and Liponyssoides sanguineus infestation in an acute ambulatory care setting. Healthcare workers developed dermatitis prior to the identification of the outbreak. A collaborative team effort resulted in complete eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majd S Alsoubani
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea S Varela-Stokes
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Gabriela M Andujar Vazquez
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shirley Y Huang
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas E Heger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shira I Doron
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Shea MK, Barger K, Dawson‐Hughes B, Leurgans SE, Fu X, James BD, Holland TM, Agarwal P, Wang J, Matuszek G, Heger NE, Schneider JA, Booth SL. Brain vitamin D forms, cognitive decline, and neuropathology in community‐dwelling older adults. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [PMID: 36479814 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vitamin D purportedly protects against cognitive decline and dementia based on observational data using circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). Little is known about vitamin D in the human brain and the association with dementia or neuropathology. METHODS Decedents of the Rush Memory and Aging Project (n = 290) had vitamin D concentrations measured in four brain regions. Associations with cognitive and neuropathological outcomes were estimated using linear and logistic regression. RESULTS The main form of vitamin D in all brain regions measured was 25(OH)D3 . Higher brain 25(OH)D3 concentrations were associated with a 25% to 33% lower odds of dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at the last visit before death (all P ≤ .031). However, brain 25(OH)D concentrations were not associated with any post-mortem neuropathology outcome studied. DISCUSSION Higher brain 25(OH)D3 concentrations were associated with better cognitive function prior to death. Additional research is needed to clarify the specific mechanisms underlying this potentially protective relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kyla Shea
- Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Kathryn Barger
- Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Bess Dawson‐Hughes
- Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Sue E. Leurgans
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center Rush University Chicago Illinois USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences Rush University Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Xueyan Fu
- Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Bryan D. James
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center Rush University Chicago Illinois USA
- Department of Internal Medicine Rush University Medical Center Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Thomas M. Holland
- Department of Internal Medicine Rush University Medical Center Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Puja Agarwal
- Department of Neurological Sciences Rush University Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Jifan Wang
- Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Gregory Matuszek
- Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Nicholas E. Heger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Tufts Medical Center Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Julie A. Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center Rush University Chicago Illinois USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences Rush University Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Sarah L. Booth
- Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University Boston Massachusetts USA
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Sieker JT, Horowitz C, Hu CTK, Lacombe-Daphnis M, Chirokas B, Pina C, Heger NE, Rabson AR, Zhou M, Bogen SA, Horowitz GL. Analytic Sensitivity of 3 Nucleic Acid Detection Assays in Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. J Appl Lab Med 2021; 6:421-428. [PMID: 33674879 PMCID: PMC7665530 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfaa187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction is the primary method to diagnose Coronavirus Infectious Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Yet, the analytical sensitivity required is not well defined and it is unclear how available assays compare. Methods For the Abbott RealTime SARS-CoV-2 assay (Abbott Molecular Inc.; abbreviated as m2000), we determined that it could detect viral concentrations as low as 26 copies/mL, we defined the relationship between cycle number and viral concentrations, and we tested naso- and oropharyngeal swab specimens from N = 8,538 consecutive individuals. Using the m2000 as a reference assay method, we described the distribution of viral concentrations in these patients. We then used selected clinical specimens to determine the positive percent agreement of two other assays with more rapid turnaround times (Cepheid Xpert Xpress (Cepheid Inc.; GeneXpert, N = 27 specimens) and a laboratory developed test on the Luminex ARIES system (Luminex Corporation; ARIES LDT, N = 50)) as a function of virus concentrations, from which we projected their false negative rates in our patient population. Results SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 27% (95% confidence interval of 26-28%) of all specimens. Estimated viral concentrations were widely distributed and 17% (16-19%) of positive individuals had viral concentrations below 845 copies/mL. Positive percent agreement was strongly related to viral concentration and reliable detection (i.e. ≥95%), was observed at concentrations >100 copies/mL for the GeneXpert but not the ARIES LDT, corresponding to projected false negative rates of 4% (0-21%) and 27% (11-46%), respectively. Conclusions Substantial proportions of clinical specimens have low to moderate viral concentrations and may be missed by methods with lesser analytical sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob T Sieker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Coby Horowitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Cheng-Tsung K Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Bernadette Chirokas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Coteia Pina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Nicholas E Heger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Arthur R Rabson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Steven A Bogen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Gary L Horowitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Heger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Tai C Kwong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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De Paepe ME, Chu S, Hall SJ, McDonnell-Clark E, Heger NE, Schorl C, Mao Q, Boekelheide K. Intussusceptive-like angiogenesis in human fetal lung xenografts: Link with bronchopulmonary dysplasia-associated microvascular dysangiogenesis? Exp Lung Res 2016; 41:477-88. [PMID: 26495956 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2015.1080321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human fetal lung xenografts display an unusual pattern of non-sprouting, plexus-forming angiogenesis that is reminiscent of the dysmorphic angioarchitecture described in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The aim of this study was to determine the clinicopathological correlates, growth characteristics and molecular regulation of this aberrant form of graft angiogenesis. METHODS Fetal lung xenografts, derived from 12 previable fetuses (15 to 22 weeks' gestation) and engrafted in the renal subcapsular space of SCID-beige mice, were analyzed 4 weeks posttransplantation for morphology, vascularization, proliferative activity and gene expression. RESULTS Focal plexus-forming angiogenesis (PFA) was observed in 60/230 (26%) of xenografts. PFA was characterized by a complex network of tortuous nonsprouting vascular structures with low endothelial proliferative activity, suggestive of intussusceptive-type angiogenesis. There was no correlation between the occurrence of PFA and gestational age or time interval between delivery and engraftment. PFA was preferentially localized in the relatively hypoxic central subcapsular area. Microarray analysis suggested altered expression of 15 genes in graft regions with PFA, of which 7 are known angiogenic/lymphangiogenic regulators and 5 are known hypoxia-inducible genes. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed significant upregulation of SULF2, IGF2, and HMOX1 in graft regions with PFA. CONCLUSION These observations in human fetal lungs ex vivo suggest that postcanalicular lungs can switch from sprouting angiogenesis to an aberrant intussusceptive-type of angiogenesis that is highly reminiscent of BPD-associated dysangiogenesis. While circumstantial evidence suggests hypoxia may be implicated, the exact triggering mechanisms, molecular regulation and clinical implications of this angiogenic switch in preterm lungs in vivo remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique E De Paepe
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA.,b Department of Pathology, Women and Infants Hospital , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Sharon Chu
- b Department of Pathology, Women and Infants Hospital , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Susan J Hall
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Elizabeth McDonnell-Clark
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Nicholas E Heger
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Christoph Schorl
- c Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Quanfu Mao
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA.,b Department of Pathology, Women and Infants Hospital , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Kim Boekelheide
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
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Heger NE. Predictive testing and Alzheimer disease. Clin Chem 2015; 60:1585-6. [PMID: 25580504 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.231159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Spade DJ, McDonnell EV, Heger NE, Sanders JA, Saffarini CM, Gruppuso PA, De Paepe ME, Boekelheide K. Xenotransplantation models to study the effects of toxicants on human fetal tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 101:410-22. [PMID: 25477288 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many diseases that manifest throughout the lifetime are influenced by factors affecting fetal development. Fetal exposure to xenobiotics, in particular, may influence the development of adult diseases. Established animal models provide systems for characterizing both developmental biology and developmental toxicology. However, animal model systems do not allow researchers to assess the mechanistic effects of toxicants on developing human tissue. Human fetal tissue xenotransplantation models have recently been implemented to provide human-relevant mechanistic data on the many tissue-level functions that may be affected by fetal exposure to toxicants. This review describes the development of human fetal tissue xenotransplant models for testis, prostate, lung, liver, and adipose tissue, aimed at studying the effects of xenobiotics on tissue development, including implications for testicular dysgenesis, prostate disease, lung disease, and metabolic syndrome. The mechanistic data obtained from these models can complement data from epidemiology, traditional animal models, and in vitro studies to quantify the risks of toxicant exposures during human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Spade
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Heger
- Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston MA
| | - Mark D Kellogg
- Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston MA
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De Paepe ME, Chu S, Hall S, Heger NE, Thanos C, Mao Q. The human fetal lung xenograft: validation as model of microvascular remodeling in the postglandular lung. Pediatr Pulmonol 2012; 47:1192-203. [PMID: 22811288 PMCID: PMC3504188 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coordinated remodeling of epithelium and vasculature is essential for normal postglandular lung development. The value of the human-to-rodent lung xenograft as model of fetal microvascular development remains poorly defined. AIM The aim of this study was to determine the fate of the endogenous (human-derived) microvasculature in fetal lung xenografts. METHODS Lung tissues were obtained from spontaneous pregnancy losses (14-22 weeks' gestation) and implanted in the renal subcapsular or dorsal subcutaneous space of SCID-beige mice (T, B, and NK-cell-deficient) and/or nude rats (T-cell-deficient). Informed parental consent was obtained. Lung morphogenesis, microvascular angiogenesis, and epithelial differentiation were assessed at 2 and 4 weeks post-transplantation by light microscopy, immunohistochemical, and gene expression studies. Archival age-matched postmortem lungs served as control. RESULTS The vascular morphology, density, and proliferation of renal subcapsular grafts in SCID-beige mice were similar to age-matched control lungs, with preservation of the physiologic association between epithelium and vasculature. The microvasculature of subcutaneous grafts in SCID-beige mice was underdeveloped and dysmorphic, associated with significantly lower VEGF, endoglin, and angiopoietin-2 mRNA expression than renal grafts. Grafts at both sites displayed mild airspace dysplasia. Renal subcapsular grafts in nude rats showed frequent infiltration by host lymphocytes and obliterating bronchiolitis-like changes, associated with markedly decreased endogenous angiogenesis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the critical importance of host and site selection to ensure optimal xenograft development. When transplanted to severely immune suppressed, NK-cell-deficient hosts and engrafted in the renal subcapsular site, the human-to-rodent fetal lung xenograft provides a valid model of postglandular microvascular lung remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique E De Paepe
- Department of Pathology, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Heger NE, Hall SJ, Sandrof MA, McDonnell EV, Hensley JB, McDowell EN, Martin KA, Gaido KW, Johnson KJ, Boekelheide K. Human fetal testis xenografts are resistant to phthalate-induced endocrine disruption. Environ Health Perspect 2012; 120:1137-43. [PMID: 22511013 PMCID: PMC3440087 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In utero exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals may contribute to testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS), a proposed constellation of increasingly common male reproductive tract abnormalities (including hypospadias, cryptorchidism, hypospermatogenesis, and testicular cancer). Male rats exposed in utero to certain phthalate plasticizers exhibit multinucleated germ cell (MNG) induction and suppressed steroidogenic gene expression and testosterone production in the fetal testis, causing TDS-consistent effects of hypospadias and cryptorchidism. Mice exposed to phthalates in utero exhibit MNG induction only. This disparity in response demonstrates a species-specific sensitivity to phthalate-induced suppression of fetal Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Importantly, ex vivo phthalate exposure of the fetal testis does not recapitulate the species-specific endocrine disruption, demonstrating the need for a new bioassay to assess the human response to phthalates. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to develop and validate a rat and mouse testis xenograft bioassay of phthalate exposure and examine the human fetal testis response. METHODS Fetal rat, mouse, and human testes were xenografted into immunodeficient rodent hosts, and hosts were gavaged with a range of phthalate doses over multiple days. Xenografts were harvested and assessed for histopathology and steroidogenic end points. RESULTS Consistent with the in utero response, phthalate exposure induced MNG formation in rat and mouse xenografts, but only rats exhibited suppressed steroidogenesis. Across a range of doses, human fetal testis xenografts exhibited MNG induction but were resistant to suppression of steroidogenic gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Phthalate exposure of grafted human fetal testis altered fetal germ cells but did not reduce expression of genes that regulate fetal testosterone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Heger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Johnson KJ, Heger NE, Boekelheide K. Of mice and men (and rats): phthalate-induced fetal testis endocrine disruption is species-dependent. Toxicol Sci 2012; 129:235-48. [PMID: 22700540 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 15 years, reproductive toxicologists have explored the physiological outcomes and mechanism of fetal phthalate exposure to determine the risk posed to human male reproductive health. This review examines the fetal male reproductive system response to phthalate exposure across species including rat, mouse, and human, with emphasis on the testis. In the rat, in utero phthalate exposure causes male reproductive tract malformations, in large part, by targeting the testis and inhibiting fetal Leydig cell hormone production. Despite mouse phthalate pharmacokinetics being similar to the rat, inhibition of fetal Leydig cell hormone synthesis is not observed in the mouse. The species-specific differences in testicular response following in utero phthalate exposure and the discordant reaction of the rodent fetal testis when exposed to phthalates ex vivo versus in vivo have made determining risk to humans difficult, yet critically important. The recent use of fetal testis xenotransplants to study phthalate toxicity suggests that the human fetal testis responds like the mouse fetal testis; it appears refractory to phthalate-induced inhibition of testosterone production. Although this result is unfulfilling from the perspective of identifying environmental contributions to human reproductive maldevelopment, it has important implications for phthalate risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamin J Johnson
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, USA.
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Saffarini CM, Heger NE, Yamasaki H, Liu T, Hall SJ, Boekelheide K. Induction and persistence of abnormal testicular germ cells following gestational exposure to di-(n-butyl) phthalate in p53-null mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 33:505-13. [PMID: 21868749 DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.111.013706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phthalate esters are commonly used plasticizers found in many household items, personal care products, and medical devices. Animal studies have shown that in utero exposure to di-(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP) within a critical window during gestation causes male reproductive tract abnormalities resembling testicular dysgenesis syndrome. Our studies utilized p53-deficient mice for their ability to display greater resistance to apoptosis during development. This model was chosen to determine whether multinucleated germ cells (MNG) induced by gestational DBP exposure could survive postnatally and evolve into testicular germ cell cancer. Pregnant dams were exposed to DBP (500 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage from gestational day 12 until birth. Perinatal effects were assessed on gestational day 19 and postnatal days 1, 4, 7, and 10 for the number of MNGs present in control and DBP-treated p53-heterozygous and null animals. As expected, DBP exposure induced MNGs, with greater numbers found in p53-null mice. Additionally, there was a time-dependent decrease in the incidence of MNGs during the early postnatal period. Histologic examination of adult mice exposed in utero to DBP revealed persistence of abnormal germ cells only in DBP-treated p53-null mice, not in p53-heterozygous or wild-type mice. Immunohistochemical staining of perinatal MNGs and adult abnormal germ cells was negative for both octamer-binding protein 3/4 and placental alkaline phosphatase. This unique model identified a role for p53 in the perinatal apoptosis of DBP-induced MNGs and provided insight into the long-term effects of gestational DBP exposure within a p53-null environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia M Saffarini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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