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Sauerland M, Krix AC, Georgiadou K, Humblet J, Broers NJ, Sagana A. Camera footage and identification testimony undermine the availability of exculpatory alibi evidence. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289376. [PMID: 37883512 PMCID: PMC10602259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present field experiment investigated how alibi witnesses react when confronted with camera footage or identification testimony that incriminates an innocent suspect. Under the pretext of a problem-solving study, pairs of participants (N = 109) and confederates worked on an individual task with a dividing wall obstructing their view of each other. When the mobile phone of the experimenter was missing from an adjacent room at the end of the session, all participants confirmed that the confederate had not left the room. After several days, participants returned to the lab for a second session. They were asked to confirm their corroboration, orally and in writing, after learning that the confederate either had been identified from a photograph or was present on camera footage. A control group received no evidence. In this second session, written (but not oral) alibi corroboration was weaker in the incriminating evidence conditions (47%) than the no-evidence condition (81%), as hypothesized. Unexpectedly, corroboration was equally strong in the camera and identification evidence conditions. As expected, alibi corroboration was stronger in session 1 than in session 2 for both camera (89% and 31-46%) and identification evidence conditions (86% and 31-49%). The current findings provide first evidence that camera footage and eyewitness identification testimony can bear on the availability of exculpatory alibi evidence in court and emphasize the need to document incidents of evidence contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Sauerland
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alana C. Krix
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Katerina Georgiadou
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joke Humblet
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick J. Broers
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Sagana
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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2
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De Beuf TLF, de Vogel V, Broers NJ, de Ruiter C. Prospective Field Validation of the START:AV in a Dutch Secure Youth Care Sample. Assessment 2023; 30:633-650. [PMID: 34907790 PMCID: PMC9999285 DOI: 10.1177/10731911211063228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability: Adolescent Version (START:AV) is a risk assessment instrument for adolescents that estimates the risk of multiple adverse outcomes. Prior research into its predictive validity is limited to a handful of studies conducted with the START:AV pilot version and often by the instrument's developers. The present study examines the START:AV's field validity in a secure youth care sample in the Netherlands. Using a prospective design, we investigated whether the total scores, lifetime history, and the final risk judgments of 106 START:AVs predicted inpatient incidents during a 4-month follow-up. Final risk judgments and lifetime history predicted multiple adverse outcomes, including physical aggression, institutional violations, substance use, self-injury, and victimization. The predictive validity of the total scores was significant only for physical aggression and institutional violations. Hence, the short-term predictive validity of the START:AV for inpatient incidents in a residential youth care setting was partially demonstrated and the START:AV final risk judgments can be used to guide treatment planning and decision-making regarding furlough or discharge in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L. F. De Beuf
- Ottho Gerhard Heldring Institution, Zetten, The Netherlands
- Maastricht University, The Netherlands
- Tamara L. F. De Beuf, Herbert Hooverplein 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Bernstein DP, Keulen-de Vos M, Clercx M, de Vogel V, Kersten GCM, Lancel M, Jonkers PP, Bogaerts S, Slaats M, Broers NJ, Deenen TAM, Arntz A. Schema therapy for violent PD offenders: a randomized clinical trial. Psychol Med 2023; 53:88-102. [PMID: 34127158 PMCID: PMC9874993 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721001161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violent criminal offenders with personality disorders (PD's) can cause immense harm, but are often deemed untreatable. This study aimed to conduct a randomized clinical trial to test the effectiveness of long-term psychotherapy for rehabilitating offenders with PDs. METHODS We compared schema therapy (ST), an evidence-based psychotherapy for PDs, to treatment-as-usual (TAU) at eight high-security forensic hospitals in the Netherlands. Patients in both conditions received multiple treatment modalities and differed only in the individual, study-specific therapy they received. One-hundred-three male offenders with antisocial, narcissistic, borderline, or paranoid PDs, or Cluster B PD-not-otherwise-specified, were assigned to 3 years of ST or TAU and assessed every 6 months. Primary outcomes were rehabilitation, involving gradual reintegration into the community, and PD symptoms. RESULTS Patients in both conditions showed moderate to large improvements in outcomes. ST was superior to TAU on both primary outcomes - rehabilitation (i.e. attaining supervised and unsupervised leave) and PD symptoms - and six of nine secondary outcomes, with small to moderate advantages over TAU. ST patients moved more rapidly through rehabilitation (supervised leave, treatment*time: F(5308) = 9.40, p < 0.001; unsupervised leave, treatment*time: F(5472) = 3.45, p = 0.004), and showed faster improvements on PD scales (treatment*time: t(1387) = -2.85, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS These findings contradict pessimistic views on the treatability of violent offenders with PDs, and support the effectiveness of long-term psychotherapy for rehabilitating these patients, facilitating their re-entry into the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Bernstein
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Marike Lancel
- FPK Assen, Assen, the Netherlands
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Bogaerts
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
- FPC De Kijvelanden, Poortugaal, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte Slaats
- FPK Assen, Assen, the Netherlands
- FPC Dr S. Van Mesdag, Groningen, the Netherlands
- FPC Veldzicht, Balkbrug, the Netherlands
| | - Nick J. Broers
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | | | - Arnoud Arntz
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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4
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Dumont E, Jansen A, Duker PC, Seys DM, Broers NJ, Mulkens S. Feeding/Eating problems in children: Who does (not) benefit after behavior therapy? A retrospective chart review. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1108185. [PMID: 36925666 PMCID: PMC10013195 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1108185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treating disordered feeding at a young age reduces risks of future feeding problems, but not all children profit equally; can we define predictors of a worse prognosis? Objectives In 252 children, with a mean age of 4; 7 years (SD = 3 years; range 5 months to 17; 10 years), who had undergone behavioral day treatment in the past, several variables were investigated, retrieved from initial consultation (t1) and re-assessed at follow-up (t2). Method Logistic regressions were carried out with sex, gastro-intestinal problems, refusal of the first nutrition, syndrome/intellectual disability, Down's syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, comorbidity of medical diseases (other than gastro-intestinal problems), restrictive caloric food intake and selective food intake, as the predictor variables from t1, and age-appropriate food intake at t2 as the dependent variable. The potential role of sensory processing problems was reviewed at t2. Results About 73% had improved towards an age-appropriate food intake. Sex (boys), syndrome/intellectual disability, and a lack of varied nutritional intake at t1 were predictors of a worse prognosis. We found a small, but significant correlation between current selective eating patterns and general sensory processing problems. Conclusion Feeding disordered children, especially boys, with intellectual disabilities or selective eating patterns are at risk for not achieving an age-adequate food intake at a later age, despite behavioral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Dumont
- Deparment of Research and Development, SeysCentra, Malden, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Anita Jansen
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Pieter C Duker
- Deparment of Research and Development, SeysCentra, Malden, Netherlands
| | - Daniel M Seys
- Deparment of Research and Development, SeysCentra, Malden, Netherlands
| | - Nick J Broers
- Department of Methodology & Statistics, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sandra Mulkens
- Deparment of Research and Development, SeysCentra, Malden, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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5
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Abstract
Around the world, an increasing number of people, predominantly women, are choosing to undergo cosmetic surgery—despite the associated health risks. This study aimed to promote a better cross-cultural understanding of the correlates and predictors of favorable attitudes toward cosmetic surgery among women in China (an Eastern country where cosmetic surgery is increasing most rapidly) and the Netherlands (a Western country). Questionnaire data were obtained from 763 adult women; 245 were Chinese women in China (Mage = 29.71), 265 were Chinese women in the Netherlands (Mage = 25.81), and 253 were Dutch women (Mage = 29.22). Facial appearance concerns and materialistic belief were significant predictors of favorable attitudes towards cosmetic surgery for all three cultural groups. Body appreciation was a significant positive predictor among Chinese women in both China and the Netherlands, whereas age and beauty-ideal internalization were significant positive predictors only among Chinese women in China. The findings and their implications are discussed with respect to the characteristics of Chinese culture that could explain the identified differences between Chinese and Dutch women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica M. Alleva
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick J. Broers
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Mulkens
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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6
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Ersayan AE, Çankaya B, Erdem G, Broers NJ, de Ruiter C. The link between attitudes toward probationers and job burnout in Turkish probation officers. J Community Psychol 2022; 50:727-741. [PMID: 34269425 PMCID: PMC9291604 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to investigate individual-level factors associated with job burnout among probation officers (POs) and, specifically, to examine if attitudes toward probationers were linked with job burnout in the context of the recently established probation system in Turkey. Participants (N = 115) were recruited from a probation office in Istanbul. Job burnout was assessed via three components: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and professional accomplishment. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that more favorable attitudes toward probationers were related to a lower sense of depersonalization and higher experience of professional accomplishment. However, POs' attitudes toward probationers were not associated with emotional exhaustion. Our findings are discussed in light of the present empirical literature on the contextual factors influential in job burnout. Practical implications for burnout prevention point to the potential effectiveness of working on attitudes among POs toward the people they supervise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe E. Ersayan
- Department of Clinical and Psychological ScienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of PsychologyKoç UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Banu Çankaya
- Department of PsychologyMEF UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Gizem Erdem
- Department of PsychologyKoç UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Nick J. Broers
- Department of Methodology and StatisticsMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Corine de Ruiter
- Department of Clinical and Psychological ScienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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7
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Dumont E, Jansen A, Duker PC, Seys DM, Broers NJ, Mulkens S. Feeding/Eating Problems in Children Who Refrained From Treatment in the Past: Who Did (Not) Recover? Front Pediatr 2022; 10:860785. [PMID: 35592845 PMCID: PMC9113402 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.860785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young children with disordered feeding may be at increased risk for problematic eating in the future. This retrospective study attempts to identify predictors of later feeding problems. OBJECTIVES Children (N = 236) with disordered feeding, who refrained from behavioral treatment after consultation at a tertiary treatment center for feeding and eating problems were followed-up after, on average, 6 years and 3 months (timepoint 2). METHOD Logistic regressions were carried out with characteristics taken at intake (timepoint 1)-sex, pre/dysmaturity, gastro-intestinal disease, history of age-adequate feeding, syndrome/developmental impairment, autism spectrum disorder, comorbidity, age, and several variables of a restrictive- and selective food intake-and duration between timepoint 1 and 2, as predictor variables, and age-appropriate food intake at t2 as the dependent variable. RESULTS Despite improvement over time, 63% did not reach an age-adequate food intake at t2. Predictors of age-inadequate food intake were: (a) older age; (b) sex (male), (c) longer duration between timepoint 1 and timepoint 2; (d) autism spectrum disorder; (e) selective texture choices and (f) lack of varied nutritional intake. CONCLUSION This study shows that most untreated young children's feeding problems do not improve over years. Besides the advice to seek help at an early age, it seems especially recommended to treat (male) children with autism spectrum disorder and selective feeding patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Dumont
- Department of Research and Development, SeysCentra, Malden, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Anita Jansen
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Pieter C Duker
- Department of Research and Development, SeysCentra, Malden, Netherlands
| | - Daniel M Seys
- Department of Research and Development, SeysCentra, Malden, Netherlands
| | - Nick J Broers
- Department of Methodology & Statistics, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sandra Mulkens
- Department of Research and Development, SeysCentra, Malden, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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8
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van Oorsouw KI, Uthaug MV, Mason NL, Broers NJ, Ramaekers JG. Sub-acute and long-term effects of ayahuasca on mental health and well-being in healthy ceremony attendants: A replication study. JPS 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/2054.2021.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background and aims
There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the psychedelic plant tea, ayahuasca, holds therapeutic potential. Uthaug et al. (2018) demonstrated that a single dose of ayahuasca improved mental health sub-acutely and 4-weeks post-ceremony in healthy participants. The present study aimed to replicate and extend these findings. A first objective was to assess the sub-acute and long-term effects of ayahuasca on mental health and well-being in first-time and experienced users. A second aim was to extend the assessment of altered states of consciousness and how they relate to changes in mental health.
Method
Ayahuasca ceremony attendants (N = 73) were assessed before, the day after, and four weeks following the ceremony.
Results
We replicated the reduction in self-reported stress 4-weeks post ceremony, but, in contrast, found no reduction in depression. Also, increased satisfaction with life and awareness the day after the ceremony, and its return to baseline 4 weeks later, were replicated. New findings were: reduced ratings of anxiety and somatization, and increased levels of non-judging 4-weeks post-ceremony. We replicated the relation between altered states of consciousness (e.g., experienced ego dissolution during the ceremony) and mental health outcomes sub-acutely. The effects of ayahuasca did not differ between experienced and first-time users.
Conclusion
Partly in line with previous findings, ayahuasca produces long-term improvements in affect in non-clinical users. Furthermore, sub-acute mental health ratings are related to the intensity of the psychedelic experience. Although findings replicate and highlight the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca, this needs to be confirmed in placebo-controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim I. van Oorsouw
- 1 Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Malin V. Uthaug
- 1 Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
- 2 Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Natasha L. Mason
- 3 Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Nick J. Broers
- 4 Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. Ramaekers
- 3 Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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9
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Abstract
One particular weakness of psychology that was left implicit by Meehl is the fact that psychological theories tend to be verbal theories, permitting at best ordinal predictions. Such predictions do not enable the high-risk tests that would strengthen our belief in the verisimilitude of theories but instead lead to the practice of null-hypothesis significance testing, a practice Meehl believed to be a major reason for the slow theoretical progress of soft psychology. The rising popularity of meta-analysis has led some to argue that we should move away from significance testing and focus on the size and stability of effects instead. Proponents of this reform assume that a greater emphasis on quantity can help psychology to develop a cumulative body of knowledge. The crucial question in this endeavor is whether the resulting numbers really have theoretical meaning. Psychological science lacks an undisputed, preexisting domain of observations analogous to the observations in the space-time continuum in physics. It is argued that, for this reason, effect sizes do not really exist independently of the adopted research design that led to their manifestation. Consequently, they can have no bearing on the verisimilitude of a theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J Broers
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University
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10
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Oorsouw K, Broers NJ, Sauerland M. Alcohol intoxication impairs eyewitness memory and increases suggestibility: Two field studies. Appl Cognit Psychol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Oorsouw
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Forensic Psychology SectionMaastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Nick J. Broers
- Department of Methodology and StatisticsMaastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Melanie Sauerland
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Forensic Psychology SectionMaastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands
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11
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Schols MWA, Serie CMB, Broers NJ, de Ruiter C. Factor analysis and predictive validity of the Early Risks of Physical Abuse and Neglect Scale (ERPANS): A prospective study in Dutch public youth healthcare. Child Abuse Negl 2019; 88:71-83. [PMID: 30447504 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of child abuse risk factors in families of new-born babies is an important task of the public youth health care system in the Netherlands. The Early Risks of Physical Abuse and Neglect Scale (ERPANS) was originally developed in Belgium as an observation scale for public child healthcare nurses. The present longitudinal study is an independent prospective validation of the ERPANS in a Dutch community sample (N = 1257) of families with a new-born. Results showed a commonality of underlying subsets of items belonging to the 'Disturbed parent-child relationship' and 'Psychological problems' factors, but the factor 'Communication problems' of the original ERPANS could not be replicated. We found that parental psychological problems were a significant predictor of family problems, including involvement of child protection authorities, at an average follow-up of 22 months. Parents who reported feeling unloved by their own parents were at higher risk of reports of serious concern to child protection authorities at 22 months after birth. These findings support the utility of at least a subset of the ERPANS items as a screening tool for child abuse risk in preventive public youth health care for new-born babies. Our research adds to a growing body of evidence which points to the importance of parental mental health problems and adverse childhood experiences as precursors to child abuse risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colinda M B Serie
- Maastricht University, Netherlands and Catholic University Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Tupper N, Sauerland M, Sauer JD, Broers NJ, Charman SD, Hope L. Showup identification decisions for multiple perpetrator crimes: Testing for sequential dependencies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208403. [PMID: 30521572 PMCID: PMC6283529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in perception and recognition demonstrates that a current decision (i) can be influenced by previous ones (i–j), meaning that subsequent responses are not always independent. Experiments 1 and 2 tested whether initial showup identification decisions impact choosing behavior for subsequent showup identification responses. Participants watched a mock crime film involving three perpetrators and later made three showup identification decisions, one showup for each perpetrator. Across both experiments, evidence for sequential dependencies for choosing behavior was not consistently predictable. In Experiment 1, responses on the third, target-present showup assimilated towards previous choosing. In Experiment 2, responses on the second showup contrasted previous choosing regardless of target-presence. Experiment 3 examined whether differences in number of test trials in the eyewitness (vs. basic recognition) paradigm could account for the absence of hypothesized ability to predict patterns of sequential dependencies in Experiments 1 and 2. Sequential dependencies were detected in recognition decisions over many trials, including recognition for faces: the probability of a yes response on the current trial increased if the previous response was also yes (vs. no). However, choosing behavior on previous trials did not predict individual recognition decisions on the current trial. Thus, while sequential dependencies did arise to some extent, results suggest that the integrity of identification and recognition decisions are not likely to be impacted by making multiple decisions in a row.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Tupper
- Maastricht University, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- University of Portsmouth, Department of Psychology, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Melanie Sauerland
- Maastricht University, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - James D. Sauer
- University of Portsmouth, Department of Psychology, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- University of Tasmania, Division of Psychology, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nick J. Broers
- Maastricht University, Department of Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steve D. Charman
- Florida International University, Department of Psychology, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lorraine Hope
- University of Portsmouth, Department of Psychology, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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13
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Uthaug MV, van Oorsouw K, Kuypers KPC, van Boxtel M, Broers NJ, Mason NL, Toennes SW, Riba J, Ramaekers JG. Sub-acute and long-term effects of ayahuasca on affect and cognitive thinking style and their association with ego dissolution. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2979-2989. [PMID: 30105399 PMCID: PMC6182612 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ayahuasca is a psychotropic plant tea from South America used for religious purposes by indigenous people of the Amazon. Increasing evidence indicates that ayahuasca may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of mental health disorders and can enhance mindfulness-related capacities. Most research so far has focused on acute and sub-acute effects of ayahuasca on mental health-related parameters and less on long-term effects. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to assess sub-acute and long-term effects of ayahuasca on well-being and cognitive thinking style. The second objective was to assess whether sub-acute and long-term effects of ayahuasca depend on the degree of ego dissolution that was experienced after consumption of ayahuasca. RESULTS Ayahuasca ceremony attendants (N = 57) in the Netherlands and Colombia were assessed before, the day after, and 4 weeks following the ritual. Relative to baseline, ratings of depression and stress significantly decreased after the ayahuasca ceremony and these changes persisted for 4 weeks. Likewise, convergent thinking improved post-ayahuasca ceremony up until the 4 weeks follow-up. Satisfaction with life and several aspects of mindfulness increased the day after the ceremony, but these changes failed to reach significance 4 weeks after. Changes in affect, satisfaction with life, and mindfulness were significantly correlated to the level of ego dissolution experienced during the ayahuasca ceremony and were unrelated to previous experience with ayahuasca. CONCLUSION It is concluded that ayahuasca produces sub-acute and long-term improvements in affect and cognitive thinking style in non-pathological users. These data highlight the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca in the treatment of mental health disorders, such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Uthaug
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - K van Oorsouw
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - K P C Kuypers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M van Boxtel
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - N J Broers
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - N L Mason
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S W Toennes
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J Riba
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J G Ramaekers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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14
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van Wijk-Herbrink MF, Roelofs J, Broers NJ, Rijkeboer MM, Arntz A, Bernstein DP. Validation of Schema Coping Inventory and Schema Mode Inventory in Adolescents. J Pers Disord 2018; 32:220-241. [PMID: 28604277 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2017_31_295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether the schema therapy constructs of schema coping and schema modes have val dity in adolescents. We examined the validity and reliability of the Schema Coping Inventory (SCI) and an 80-item version of the Schema Mode Inventory (SMI) in a mixed sample of adolescents. Confirmatory factor analyse showed that the first-order factor structures of the SCI and SMI were replicated, but that the hypothesized higher-order models of the SMI were not confirmed. Instead, we proposed an alternative higher-order model of Internalizing, Externalizing, Overachieving, and Healthy modes. In general, the SCI and SMI scales were able o distinguish the clinical sample from the community sample, and meaningful relationships were found between oping styles, schema modes, and behavior problems. In conclusion, our study supports the theorized relations ips between schema coping styles, schema modes, and behavior, problems in adolescents, and provides initial validation for the SCI and the, 80-item SMI in adolescent populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein F van Wijk-Herbrink
- Conrisq Group, Zetten, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychological, Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Roelofs
- Department of Clinical Psychological, Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Maastricht University
| | - Nick J Broers
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht University
| | | | - Arnoud Arntz
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David P Bernstein
- Conrisq Group, Zetten, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychological, Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Departmentof Forensic Psychology, Maastricht University
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15
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van Wijk-Herbrink MF, Bernstein DP, Broers NJ, Roelofs J, Rijkeboer MM, Arntz A. Correction to: Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors Share a Common Predictor: the Effects of Early Maladaptive Schemas Are Mediated by Coping Responses and Schema Modes. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2018; 46:921. [PMID: 29569166 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The authors would like to note that one of the co-author's names was displayed incorrectly. Not Arnoud A. Arntz, but Arnoud Arntz co-authored this article as shown above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein F van Wijk-Herbrink
- Conrisq Group, Post Box 1, 6670, AA, Zetten, The Netherlands. .,Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Post Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - David P Bernstein
- Conrisq Group, Post Box 1, 6670, AA, Zetten, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Post Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick J Broers
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht University, Post Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Roelofs
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Post Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen M Rijkeboer
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Utrecht, Post Box 80140, 3508, TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Arntz
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Post Box 19268, 1000, GG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The usefulness of roles to support small group performance can often be read; however, their effect is rarely empirically assessed. This article reports the effects of functional roles on group performance, efficiency, and collaboration during computer-supported collaborative learning. A comparison of 33 questionnaire observations, distributed over 10 groups in two research conditions (role and nonrole) revealed no main effect for performance (grade). A latent variable was interpreted as perceived group efficiency (PGE). Multilevel modeling yielded a positive, marginal effect for PGE. Groups in the role condition appear to be more aware of their efficiency as compared to groups in the nonrole condition, regardless of whether they performed well or poorly. Content analysis reveals more task-content focused statements in the role condition; however, this was not as we hypothesized (i.e., the premise that roles decrease coordination). In fact, roles appear to stimulate coordination that simultaneously increases the amount of task-content focused statements.
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17
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Sauerland M, Raymaekers LHC, Otgaar H, Memon A, Waltjen TT, Nivo M, Slegers C, Broers NJ, Smeets T. Stress, stress-induced cortisol responses, and eyewitness identification performance. Behav Sci Law 2016; 34:580-94. [PMID: 27417874 PMCID: PMC5129533 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the eyewitness identification literature, stress and arousal at the time of encoding are considered to adversely influence identification performance. This assumption is in contrast with findings from the neurobiology field of learning and memory, showing that stress and stress hormones are critically involved in forming enduring memories. This discrepancy may be related to methodological differences between the two fields of research, such as the tendency for immediate testing or the use of very short (1-2 hours) retention intervals in eyewitness research, while neurobiology studies insert at least 24 hours. Other differences refer to the extent to which stress-responsive systems (i.e., the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) are stimulated effectively under laboratory conditions. The aim of the current study was to conduct an experiment that accounts for the contemporary state of knowledge in both fields. In all, 123 participants witnessed a live staged theft while being exposed to a laboratory stressor that reliably elicits autonomic and glucocorticoid stress responses or while performing a control task. Salivary cortisol levels were measured to control for the effectiveness of the stress induction. One week later, participants attempted to identify the thief from target-present and target-absent line-ups. According to regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses, stress did not have robust detrimental effects on identification performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2016 The Authors Behavioral Sciences & the Law Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Sauerland
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Linsey H C Raymaekers
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Otgaar
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
- City University London, UK
| | | | - Thijs T Waltjen
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Maud Nivo
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Chiel Slegers
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Nick J Broers
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Smeets
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
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18
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Roelofs J, Muris P, van Wesemael D, Broers NJ, Shaw I, Farrell J. Group-Schematherapy for Adolescents: Results from a Naturalistic Multiple Case Study. J Child Fam Stud 2016; 25:2246-2257. [PMID: 27375347 PMCID: PMC4906065 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-016-0391-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Personality disorders are complex mental health problems, associated with chronic dysfunction in several life domains. Adolescents suffer from these disorders as well. The present study is a naturalistic case study, investigating whether group schematherapy (GST) can be applied to adolescents with personality disorders or personality disorder traits. Four clinically referred patients were included and completed questionnaires on quality of life, symptoms of psychopathology, schema modes, early maladaptive schemas, and schema coping styles. Patients participated in weekly GST sessions complemented by weekly or 2-weekly individual sessions. The parents of the adolescents participated in a separate parent group. From pre- to post-treatment, results demonstrated improvements for some patients in quality of life and symptoms of psychopathology. Changes in a number of modes and schemas were observed in all patients from pre- to post-therapy. In addition to assessing changes from pre- to post-treatment, the current study investigated the temporal changes in modes during therapy as well. Results demonstrated that maladaptive modes decreased, whereas healthy modes increased for all patients across the course of therapy. The present study provides preliminary support for the applicability of GST for adolescents as well as the effectiveness of GST. It is a starting point for further research on this intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Roelofs
- />Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- />Virenze-RIAGG Maastricht, Parallelweg 45-47, 6221 BD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Muris
- />Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- />Virenze-RIAGG Maastricht, Parallelweg 45-47, 6221 BD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Doret van Wesemael
- />Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- />Virenze-RIAGG Maastricht, Parallelweg 45-47, 6221 BD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick J. Broers
- />Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ida Shaw
- />Schema Therapy Institute Midwest – Indianapolis, 618 E 46th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46205 USA
| | - Joan Farrell
- />Center for Borderline Personality Disorder Treatment and Research, Indiana University Purdue University, 5610 Crawfordville Rd Suite 2201, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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Jippes M, Driessen EW, Broers NJ, Majoor GD, Gijselaers WH, van der Vleuten CPM. Culture Matters in Successful Curriculum Change: An International Study of the Influence of National and Organizational Culture Tested With Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling. Acad Med 2015; 90:921-929. [PMID: 25785674 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE National culture has been shown to play a role in curriculum change in medical schools, and business literature has described a similar influence of organizational culture on change processes in organizations. This study investigated the impact of both national and organizational culture on successful curriculum change in medical schools internationally. METHOD The authors tested a literature-based conceptual model using multilevel structural equation modeling. For the operationalization of national and organizational culture, the authors used Hofstede's dimensions of culture and Quinn and Spreitzer's competing values framework, respectively. To operationalize successful curriculum change, the authors used two derivates: medical schools' organizational readiness for curriculum change developed by Jippes and colleagues, and change-related behavior developed by Herscovitch and Meyer. The authors administered a questionnaire in 2012 measuring the described operationalizations to medical schools in the process of changing their curriculum. RESULTS Nine hundred ninety-one of 1,073 invited staff members from 131 of 345 medical schools in 56 of 80 countries completed the questionnaire. An initial poor fit of the model improved to a reasonable fit by two suggested modifications which seemed theoretically plausible. In sum, characteristics of national culture and organizational culture, such as a certain level of risk taking, flexible policies and procedures, and strong leadership, affected successful curriculum change. CONCLUSIONS National and organizational culture influence readiness for change in medical schools. Therefore, medical schools considering curriculum reform should anticipate the potential impact of national and organizational culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle Jippes
- M. Jippes was, at the time of this research, a PhD candidate, Department of Educational Development and Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Currently, she is a plastic surgery resident, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, the Netherlands. E.W. Driessen is associate professor, Department of Educational Development and Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands. N.J. Broers is assistant professor, Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands. G.D. Majoor is associate professor (retired), Institute for Education, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands. W.H. Gijselaers is full professor, Department of Educational Research and Development, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands. C.P.M. van der Vleuten is full professor, Department of Educational Development and Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Sauerland M, Sagana A, Otgaar H, Broers NJ. Self-relevance does not moderate choice blindness in adolescents and children. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98563. [PMID: 24887431 PMCID: PMC4041888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In two experiments we tested the choice blindness phenomenon in adolescents aged 11-16 years (Experiment 1, N = 87) and children aged 7-10 years (Experiment 2, N = 117) for the first time. Analogous to previously reported findings with adult participants, we expected to replicate the robust effect in these age groups. Furthermore, we investigated the hypothesis that self-relevance of choices, defined as the extent to which the self is implicated in a choice, moderates the choice blindness effect in adolescents and children. To this end, we directly compared high and low self-relevance conditions. As expected, the choice blindness effect was robust across age groups. Little support was found for the idea that self-relevance moderates the choice blindness effect. Specifically, no effect of self-relevance on choice blindness was found in adolescents, while the findings in the child sample were inconsistent. Different possible interpretations of the results as well as the possible role of ambiguity for the choice blindness effect are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Sauerland
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Sagana
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Otgaar
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick J. Broers
- Department of Statistics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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21
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Bogaard G, Meijer EH, Vrij A, Broers NJ, Merckelbach H. Contextual Bias in Verbal Credibility Assessment: Criteria-Based Content Analysis, Reality Monitoring and Scientific Content Analysis. Appl Cognit Psychol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.2959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Bogaard
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science; Maastricht University; Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Ewout H. Meijer
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science; Maastricht University; Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
| | - Nick J. Broers
- Department of Methodology and Statistics; Maastricht University; Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Harald Merckelbach
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science; Maastricht University; Maastricht the Netherlands
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22
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Jippes M, Driessen EW, Broers NJ, Majoor GD, Gijselaers WH, van der Vleuten CPM. A medical school's organizational readiness for curriculum change (MORC): development and validation of a questionnaire. Acad Med 2013; 88:1346-56. [PMID: 23887017 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0b013e31829f0869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Because successful change implementation depends on organizational readiness for change, the authors developed and assessed the validity of a questionnaire, based on a theoretical model of organizational readiness for change, designed to measure, specifically, a medical school's organizational readiness for curriculum change (MORC). METHOD In 2012, a panel of medical education experts judged and adapted a preliminary MORC questionnaire through a modified Delphi procedure. The authors administered the resulting questionnaire to medical school faculty involved in curriculum change and tested the psychometric properties using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and generalizability analysis. RESULTS The mean relevance score of the Delphi panel (n = 19) reached 4.2 on a five-point Likert-type scale (1 = not relevant and 5 = highly relevant) in the second round, meeting predefined criteria for completing the Delphi procedure. Faculty (n = 991) from 131 medical schools in 56 countries completed MORC. Exploratory factor analysis yielded three underlying factors-motivation, capability, and external pressure-in 12 subscales with 53 items. The scale structure suggested by exploratory factor analysis was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach alpha ranged from 0.67 to 0.92 for the subscales. Generalizability analysis showed that the MORC results of 5 to 16 faculty members can reliably evaluate a school's organizational readiness for change. CONCLUSIONS MORC is a valid, reliable questionnaire for measuring organizational readiness for curriculum change in medical schools. It can identify which elements in a change process require special attention so as to increase the chance of successful implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle Jippes
- Department of Educational Development and Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Wetzels SAJ, Kester L, van Merriënboer JJG, Broers NJ. The influence of prior knowledge on the retrieval-directed function of note taking in prior knowledge activation. Br J Educ Psychol 2011; 81:274-91. [PMID: 21542819 DOI: 10.1348/000709910x517425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior knowledge activation facilitates learning. Note taking during prior knowledge activation (i.e., note taking directed at retrieving information from memory) might facilitate the activation process by enabling learners to build an external representation of their prior knowledge. However, taking notes might be less effective in supporting prior knowledge activation if available prior knowledge is limited. AIMS This study investigates the effects of the retrieval-directed function of note taking depending on learners' level of prior knowledge. It is hypothesized that the effectiveness of note taking is influenced by the amount of prior knowledge learners already possess. SAMPLE Sixty-one high school students participated in this study. A prior knowledge test was used to ascertain differences in level of prior knowledge and assign participants to a low or a high prior knowledge group. METHOD A 2×2 factorial design was used to investigate the effects of note taking during prior knowledge activation (yes, no) depending on learners' level of prior knowledge (low, high) on mental effort, performance, and mental efficiency. RESULTS Note taking during prior knowledge activation lowered mental effort and increased mental efficiency for high prior knowledge learners. For low prior knowledge learners, note taking had the opposite effect on mental effort and mental efficiency. CONCLUSIONS The effects of the retrieval-directed function of note taking are influenced by learners' level of prior knowledge. Learners with high prior knowledge benefit from taking notes while activating prior knowledge, whereas note taking has no beneficial effects for learners with limited prior knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A J Wetzels
- Centre for Learning Sciences and Technologies/Netherlands Laboratory for Lifelong Learning, Open Universiteit in the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
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Könings KD, Brand-Gruwel S, van Merriënboer JJG, Broers NJ. Does a new learning environment come up to students' expectations? A longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology 2008. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-0663.100.3.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Strijbos JW, Martens RL, Jochems WM, Broers NJ. The effect of functional roles on perceived group efficiency during computer-supported collaborative learning: a matter of triangulation. Computers in Human Behavior 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2004.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dewiyanti S, Brand-Gruwel S, Jochems W, Broers NJ. Students’ experiences with collaborative learning in asynchronous Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning environments. Computers in Human Behavior 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2004.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
In 1984 the Dental Attitudes Questionnaire, an instrument for assessing oral health care attitudes, was proposed. The DAQ has six content scales (Cynicism, Health Concern, Motivation, Oral Function, Social Aesthetic, Susceptibility) and two validity scales (Halo, Infrequency). The original items had an 'agree-disagree' format. We compared this dichotomous format with a six-point response format. Results obtained with the two-point scale did not meet acceptable psychometric criteria. The six-point scale resulted in acceptable item and subtest parameters and variance, internal reliability and test/retest reliability. For eight items, rewording was suggested. Future research is indicated.
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Hoogstraten J, Broers NJ. [Oral health care attitudes: construction of a Netherlands version of the Dental Attitudes Questionnaire]. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 1986; 93:321-6. [PMID: 3466050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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