1
|
Hollemans RA, Timmerhuis HC, Besselink MG, Bouwense SAW, Bruno M, van Duijvendijk P, van Geenen EJ, Hadithi M, Hofker S, Van-Hooft JE, Kager LM, Manusama ER, Poley JW, Quispel R, Römkens T, van der Schelling GP, Schwartz MP, Spanier BWM, Stommel M, Tan A, Venneman NG, Vleggaar F, van Wanrooij RLJ, Bollen TL, Voermans RP, Verdonk RC, van Santvoort HC. Long-term follow-up study of necrotising pancreatitis: interventions, complications and quality of life. Gut 2024; 73:787-796. [PMID: 38267201 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-329735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the long-term consequences of necrotising pancreatitis, including complications, the need for interventions and the quality of life. DESIGN Long-term follow-up of a prospective multicentre cohort of 373 necrotising pancreatitis patients (2005-2008) was performed. Patients were prospectively evaluated and received questionnaires. Readmissions (ie, for recurrent or chronic pancreatitis), interventions, pancreatic insufficiency and quality of life were compared between initial treatment groups: conservative, endoscopic/percutaneous drainage alone and necrosectomy. Associations of patient and disease characteristics during index admission with outcomes during follow-up were assessed. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 13.5 years (range 12-15.5 years), 97/373 patients (26%) were readmitted for recurrent pancreatitis. Endoscopic or percutaneous drainage was performed in 47/373 patients (13%), of whom 21/47 patients (45%) were initially treated conservatively. Pancreatic necrosectomy or pancreatic surgery was performed in 31/373 patients (8%), without differences between treatment groups. Endocrine insufficiency (126/373 patients; 34%) and exocrine insufficiency (90/373 patients; 38%), developed less often following conservative treatment (p<0.001 and p=0.016, respectively). Quality of life scores did not differ between groups. Pancreatic gland necrosis >50% during initial admission was associated with percutaneous/endoscopic drainage (OR 4.3 (95% CI 1.5 to 12.2)), pancreatic surgery (OR 3.2 (95% CI 1.1 to 9.5) and development of endocrine insufficiency (OR13.1 (95% CI 5.3 to 32.0) and exocrine insufficiency (OR6.1 (95% CI 2.4 to 15.5) during follow-up. CONCLUSION Acute necrotising pancreatitis carries a substantial disease burden during long-term follow-up in terms of recurrent disease, the necessity for interventions and development of pancreatic insufficiency, even when treated conservatively during the index admission. Extensive (>50%) pancreatic parenchymal necrosis seems to be an important predictor of interventions and complications during follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robbert A Hollemans
- Department of Surgery, St Antonius Hospital Location, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Research and Development, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | | | - Marc G Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stefan A W Bouwense
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marco Bruno
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Erwin-Jan van Geenen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Muhammed Hadithi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sybrand Hofker
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jeanin E Van-Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Leiden Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth M Kager
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, Netherlands
| | - Eric R Manusama
- Department of Surgery, Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, Netherlands
| | - Jan-Werner Poley
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Rutger Quispel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Tessa Römkens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch Ziekenhuis, Den Bosch, Netherlands
| | | | - Matthijs P Schwartz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, Netherlands
| | - Bernhard W M Spanier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, Netherlands
| | | | - Adriaan Tan
- Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Frank Vleggaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Roy L J van Wanrooij
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas L Bollen
- Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital Location, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rogier P Voermans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert C Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Antonius Hospital Location, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar C van Santvoort
- Department of Surgery, St Antonius Hospital Location, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Van Veldhuisen CL, Sissingh NJ, Boxhoorn L, van Dijk SM, van Grinsven J, Verdonk RC, Boermeester MA, Bouwense SA, Bruno MJ, Cappendijk VC, van Duijvendijk P, van Eijck CHJ, Fockens P, van Goor H, Hadithi M, Haveman JW, Jacobs MA, Jansen JM, Kop MP, Manusama ER, Mieog JSD, Molenaar IQ, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Poen AC, Poley JW, Quispel R, Römkens TE, Schwartz MP, Seerden TC, Dijkgraaf MG, Stommel MW, Straathof JWA, Venneman NG, Voermans RP, van Hooft JE, van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG. Long-Term Outcome of Immediate Versus Postponed Intervention in Patients With Infected Necrotizing Pancreatitis (POINTER): Multicenter Randomized Trial. Ann Surg 2024; 279:671-678. [PMID: 37450701 PMCID: PMC10922655 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000006001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the long-term outcomes of immediate drainage versus the postponed-drainage approach in patients with infected necrotizing pancreatitis. BACKGROUND In the randomized POINTER trial, patients assigned to the postponed-drainage approach using antibiotic treatment required fewer interventions, as compared with immediate drainage, and over a third were treated without any intervention. METHODS Clinical data of those patients alive after the initial 6-month follow-up were re-evaluated. The primary outcome was a composite of death and major complications. RESULTS Out of 104 patients, 88 were re-evaluated with a median follow-up of 51 months. After the initial 6-month follow-up, the primary outcome occurred in 7 of 47 patients (15%) in the immediate-drainage group and 7 of 41 patients (17%) in the postponed-drainage group (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.33-2.28; P =0.78). Additional drainage procedures were performed in 7 patients (15%) versus 3 patients (7%) (RR 2.03; 95% CI 0.56-7.37; P =0.34). The median number of additional interventions was 0 (IQR 0-0) in both groups ( P =0.028). In the total follow-up, the median number of interventions was higher in the immediate-drainage group than in the postponed-drainage group (4 vs. 1, P =0.001). Eventually, 14 of 15 patients (93%) in the postponed-drainage group who were successfully treated in the initial 6-month follow-up with antibiotics and without any intervention remained without intervention. At the end of follow-up, pancreatic function and quality of life were similar. CONCLUSIONS Also, during long-term follow-up, a postponed-drainage approach using antibiotics in patients with infected necrotizing pancreatitis results in fewer interventions as compared with immediate drainage and should therefore be the preferred approach. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN33682933.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L. Van Veldhuisen
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, The Netherlands
- Department of Research and Development, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Noor J. Sissingh
- Department of Research and Development, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Boxhoorn
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven M. van Dijk
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke van Grinsven
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C. Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Marja A. Boermeester
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan A.W. Bouwense
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J. Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Paul Fockens
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Muhammed Hadithi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Haveman
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten A.J.M. Jacobs
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen M. Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marnix P.M. Kop
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric R. Manusama
- Department of Surgery, Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - J. Sven D. Mieog
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - I. Quintus Molenaar
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alexander C. Poen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Werner Poley
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger Quispel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Group, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa E.H. Römkens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs P. Schwartz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Tom C. Seerden
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel G.W. Dijkgraaf
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn W.J. Stommel
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem A. Straathof
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Niels G. Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier P. Voermans
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanin E. van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar C. van Santvoort
- Department of Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc G. Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mackay TM, Latenstein AEJ, Augustinus S, van der Geest LG, Bogte A, Bonsing BA, Cirkel GA, Hol L, Busch OR, den Dulk M, van Driel LMJ, Festen S, de Groot DJA, de Groot JWB, Groot Koerkamp B, Haj Mohammad N, Haver JT, van der Harst E, de Hingh IH, Homs MYV, Los M, Luelmo SAC, de Meijer VE, Mekenkamp L, Molenaar IQ, Patijn GA, Quispel R, Römkens TEH, van Santvoort HC, Stommel MW, Venneman NG, Verdonk RC, van Vilsteren FGI, de Vos-Geelen J, van Werkhoven CH, van Hooft JE, van Eijck CHJ, Wilmink JW, van Laarhoven HWM, Besselink MG. Implementation of Best Practices in Pancreatic Cancer Care in the Netherlands: A Stepped-Wedge Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg 2024; 159:429-437. [PMID: 38353966 PMCID: PMC10867778 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2023.7872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Importance Implementation of new cancer treatment strategies as recommended by evidence-based guidelines is often slow and suboptimal. Objective To improve the implementation of guideline-based best practices in the Netherlands in pancreatic cancer care and assess the impact on survival. Design, setting, and participants This multicenter, stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial compared enhanced implementation of best practices with usual care in consecutive patients with all stages of pancreatic cancer. It took place from May 22, 2018 through July 9, 2020. Data were analyzed from April 1, 2022, through February 1, 2023. It included all patients in the Netherlands with pathologically or clinically diagnosed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. This study reports 1-year follow-up (or shorter in case of deceased patients). Intervention The 5 best practices included optimal use of perioperative chemotherapy, palliative chemotherapy, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT), referral to a dietician, and use of metal stents in patients with biliary obstruction. A 6-week implementation period was completed, in a randomized order, in all 17 Dutch networks for pancreatic cancer care. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was 1-year survival. Secondary outcomes included adherence to best practices and quality of life (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer [EORTC] global health score). Results Overall, 5887 patients with pancreatic cancer (median age, 72.0 [IQR, 64.0-79.0] years; 50% female) were enrolled, 2641 before and 2939 after implementation of best practices (307 during wash-in period). One-year survival was 24% vs 23% (hazard ratio, 0.98, 95% CI, 0.88-1.08). There was no difference in the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (11% vs 11%), adjuvant chemotherapy (48% vs 51%), and referral to a dietician (59% vs 63%), while the use of palliative chemotherapy (24% vs 30%; odds ratio [OR], 1.38; 95% CI, 1.10-1.74), PERT (34% vs 45%; OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.28-2.11), and metal biliary stents increased (74% vs 83%; OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.13-2.80). The EORTC global health score did not improve (area under the curve, 43.9 vs 42.8; median difference, -1.09, 95% CI, -3.05 to 0.94). Conclusions and Relevance In this randomized clinical trial, implementation of 5 best practices in pancreatic cancer care did not improve 1-year survival and quality of life. The finding that most patients received no tumor-directed treatment paired with the poor survival highlights the need for more personalized treatment options. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03513705.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara M. Mackay
- Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk E. J. Latenstein
- Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Augustinus
- Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lydia G. van der Geest
- Department of Research and Development, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Auke Bogte
- Department of Gastroenterology, Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht & St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Bert A. Bonsing
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Geert A. Cirkel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht & St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Lieke Hol
- Department of Gastroenterology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Olivier R. Busch
- Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel den Dulk
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, Germany, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nadia Haj Mohammad
- Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht & St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Joyce T. Haver
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Department of nutrition and dietetics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Maartje Los
- Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht & St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | | | - Vincent E. de Meijer
- Department of Surgery, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie Mekenkamp
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - I. Quintus Molenaar
- Department of Surgery, Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht & St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rutger Quispel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Tessa E. H. Römkens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar C. van Santvoort
- Department of Surgery, Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht & St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | | | - Niels G. Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C. Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology, Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht & St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | | | - Judith de Vos-Geelen
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and primary care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - C. Henri van Werkhoven
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and primary care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanin E. van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Johanna W. Wilmink
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hanneke W. M. van Laarhoven
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc G. Besselink
- Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Umans DS, Timmerhuis HC, Anten MPGF, Bhalla A, Bijlsma RA, Boxhoorn L, Brink MA, Bruno MJ, Curvers WL, van Eijck BC, Erkelens GW, van Geenen EJM, Hazen WL, Hoge CV, Hol L, Inderson A, Kager LM, Kuiken SD, Perk LE, Quispel R, Römkens TEH, Sperna Weiland CJ, Thijssen AY, Venneman NG, Verdonk RC, van Wanrooij RLJ, Witteman BJ, Besselink MG, van Hooft JE. Prospective multicentre study of indications for surgery in patients with idiopathic acute pancreatitis following endoscopic ultrasonography (PICUS). Br J Surg 2023; 110:1877-1882. [PMID: 37811814 PMCID: PMC10638543 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znad318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholecystectomy in patients with idiopathic acute pancreatitis (IAP) is controversial. A randomized trial found cholecystectomy to reduce the recurrence rate of IAP but did not include preoperative endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). As EUS is effective in detecting gallstone disease, cholecystectomy may be indicated only in patients with gallstone disease. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of EUS in patients with IAP, and the rate of recurrent pancreatitis in patients in whom EUS could not determine the aetiology (EUS-negative IAP). METHODS This prospective multicentre cohort study included patients with a first episode of IAP who underwent outpatient EUS. The primary outcome was detection of aetiology by EUS. Secondary outcomes included adverse events after EUS, recurrence of pancreatitis, and quality of life during 1-year follow-up. RESULTS After screening 957 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis from 24 centres, 105 patients with IAP were included and underwent EUS. In 34 patients (32 per cent), EUS detected an aetiology: (micro)lithiasis and biliary sludge (23.8 per cent), chronic pancreatitis (6.7 per cent), and neoplasms (2.9 per cent); 2 of the latter patients underwent pancreatoduodenectomy. During 1-year follow-up, the pancreatitis recurrence rate was 17 per cent (12 of 71) among patients with EUS-negative IAP versus 6 per cent (2 of 34) among those with positive EUS. Recurrent pancreatitis was associated with poorer quality of life. CONCLUSION EUS detected an aetiology in a one-third of patients with a first episode of IAP, requiring mostly cholecystectomy or pancreatoduodenectomy. The role of cholecystectomy in patients with EUS-negative IAP remains uncertain and warrants further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devica S Umans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Research and Development, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Hester C Timmerhuis
- Department of Research and Development, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Paule G F Anten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Franciscus Gasthuis and Vlietland, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abha Bhalla
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Haga Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Rina A Bijlsma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Martini Hospital, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lotte Boxhoorn
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Research and Development, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Menno A Brink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter L Curvers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Brechje C van Eijck
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - G Willemien Erkelens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gelre Hospital, Apeldoorn, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin J M van Geenen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter L Hazen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Chantal V Hoge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lieke Hol
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Akin Inderson
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth M Kager
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd D Kuiken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, OLVG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lars E Perk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Centre Haaglanden, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger Quispel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Tessa E H Römkens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Netherlands
| | - Christina J Sperna Weiland
- Department of Research and Development, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Y Thijssen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Roy L J van Wanrooij
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben J Witteman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands
| | - Marc G Besselink
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanin E van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Quispel R, Schutz HM, Keultjes AWP, Erler NS, Janssen QP, van Hooft JE, Venneman NG, Honkoop P, Hol L, Scheffer RC, Bisseling TM, Voermans RP, Vleggaar FP, Schwartz MP, Verdonk RC, Hoge CV, Kuiken SD, Curvers WL, van Vilsteren FGI, Poen AC, Spanier MB, Bruggink AH, Smedts FM, van Velthuysen MLF, van Eijck CH, Besselink MG, Veldt BJ, Koerkamp BG, van Driel LMJW, Bruno MJ. Diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography-guided tissue acquisition prior to resection of pancreatic carcinoma: a nationwide analysis. HPB (Oxford) 2023; 25:1438-1445. [PMID: 37550169 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2023.07.900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endoscopic ultrasonography guided tissue acquisition (EUS + TA) is used to provide a tissue diagnosis in patients with suspected pancreatic cancer. Key performance indicators (KPI) for these procedures are rate of adequate sample (RAS) and sensitivity for malignancy (SFM). AIM assess practice variation regarding KPI of EUS + TA prior to resection of pancreatic carcinoma in the Netherlands. PATIENTS AND METHODS Results of all EUS + TA prior to resection of pancreatic carcinoma from 2014-2018, were extracted from the national Dutch Pathology Registry (PALGA). Pathology reports were classified as: insufficient for analysis (b1), benign (b2), atypia (b3), neoplastic other (b4), suspected malignant (b5), and malignant (b6). RAS was defined as the proportion of EUS procedures yielding specimen sufficient for analysis. SFM was calculated using a strict definition (malignant only, SFM-b6), and a broader definition (SFM-b5+6). RESULTS 691 out of 1638 resected patients (42%) underwent preoperative EUS + TA. RAS was 95% (range 89-100%), SFM-b6 was 44% (20-77%), and SFM-b5+6 was 65% (53-90%). All centers met the performance target RAS>85%. Only 9 out of 17 met the performance target SFM-b5+6 > 85%. CONCLUSION This nationwide study detected significant practice variation regarding KPI of EUS + TA procedures prior to surgical resection of pancreatic carcinoma. Therefore, quality improvement of EUS + TA is indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rutger Quispel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Hannah M Schutz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Augustinus W P Keultjes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole S Erler
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Quisette P Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanin E van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Honkoop
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Ziekenhuis, Dordrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lieke Hol
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Ziekenhuis, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C Scheffer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch Ziekenhuis, 's Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Tanya M Bisseling
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier P Voermans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank P Vleggaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Utrecht University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs P Schwartz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Chantal V Hoge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd D Kuiken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter L Curvers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Frederike G I van Vilsteren
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander C Poen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel B Spanier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | | | - Frank M Smedts
- Department of Pathology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands
| | | | - Casper H van Eijck
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc G Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart J Veldt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Bas G Koerkamp
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lydi M J W van Driel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Timmerhuis HC, van den Berg FF, Noorda PC, van Dijk SM, van Grinsven J, Sperna Weiland CJ, Umans DS, Mohamed YA, Curvers WL, Bouwense SAW, Hadithi M, Inderson A, Issa Y, Jansen JM, de Jonge PJF, Quispel R, Schwartz MP, Stommel MWJ, Tan ACITL, Venneman NG, Besselink MG, Bruno MJ, Bollen TL, Sieswerda E, Verdonk RC, Voermans RP, van Santvoort HC. Overuse and Misuse of Antibiotics and the Clinical Consequence in Necrotizing Pancreatitis: An Observational Multicenter Study. Ann Surg 2023; 278:e812-e819. [PMID: 36728517 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use and impact of antibiotics and the impact of causative pathogens on clinical outcomes in a large real-world cohort covering the entire clinical spectrum of necrotizing pancreatitis remain unknown. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA International guidelines recommend broad-spectrum antibiotics in patients with suspected infected necrotizing pancreatitis. This recommendation is not based on high-level evidence and clinical effects are unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study is a post-hoc analysis of a nationwide prospective cohort of 401 patients with necrotizing pancreatitis in 15 Dutch centers (2010-2019). Across the patient population from the time of admission to 6 months postadmission, multivariable regression analyses were used to analyze (1) microbiological cultures and (2) antibiotic use. RESULTS Antibiotics were started in 321/401 patients (80%) administered at a median of 5 days (P25-P75: 1-13) after admission. The median duration of antibiotics was 27 days (P25-P75: 15-48). In 221/321 patients (69%) infection was not proven by cultures at the time of initiation of antibiotics. Empirical antibiotics for infected necrosis provided insufficient coverage in 64/128 patients (50%) with a pancreatic culture. Prolonged antibiotic therapy was associated with Enterococcus infection (OR 1.08 [95% CI 1.03-1.16], P =0.01). Enterococcus infection was associated with new/persistent organ failure (OR 3.08 [95% CI 1.35-7.29], P <0.01) and mortality (OR 5.78 [95% CI 1.46-38.73], P =0.03). Yeast was found in 30/147 cultures (20%). DISCUSSION In this nationwide study of patients with necrotizing pancreatitis, the vast majority received antibiotics, typically administered early in the disease course and without a proven infection. Empirical antibiotics were inappropriate based on pancreatic cultures in half the patients. Future clinical research and practice must consider antibiotic selective pressure due to prolonged therapy and coverage of Enterococcus and yeast. Improved guidelines on antimicrobial diagnostics and therapy could reduce inappropriate antibiotic use and improve clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fons F van den Berg
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism
| | | | - Sven M van Dijk
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism
| | - Janneke van Grinsven
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism
| | | | - Devica S Umans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam
| | | | - Wouter L Curvers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven
| | | | - Muhammed Hadithi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital
| | - Akin Inderson
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden
| | - Yama Issa
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam
- Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospital, Apeldoorn
| | - Jeroen M Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam
| | | | - Rutger Quispel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft
| | - Matthijs P Schwartz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort
| | | | - Adriaan C I T L Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede
| | - Marc G Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam
| | | | - Elske Sieswerda
- Department of Medical Microbiology
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University
| | - Robert C Verdonk
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein
| | - Rogier P Voermans
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kastelijn JB, van de Pavert YL, Besselink MG, Fockens P, Voermans RP, van Wanrooij RLJ, de Wijkerslooth TR, Curvers WL, de Hingh IHJT, Bruno MJ, Koerkamp BG, Patijn GA, Poen AC, van Hooft JE, Inderson A, Mieog JSD, Poley JW, Bijlsma A, Lips DJ, Venneman NG, Verdonk RC, van Dullemen HM, Hoogwater FJH, Frederix GWJ, Molenaar IQ, Welsing PMJ, Moons LMG, van Santvoort HC, Vleggaar FP. Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided gastroenterostomy versus surgical gastrojejunostomy for palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction (ENDURO): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2023; 24:608. [PMID: 37749590 PMCID: PMC10518948 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is a debilitating condition that frequently occurs in patients with malignancies of the distal stomach and (peri)ampullary region. The standard palliative treatment for patients with a reasonable life expectancy and adequate performance status is a laparoscopic surgical gastrojejunostomy (SGJ). Recently, endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE) emerged as a promising alternative to the surgical approach. The present study aims to compare these treatment modalities in terms of efficacy, safety, and costs. METHODS The ENDURO-study is a multicentre, open-label, parallel-group randomized controlled trial. In total, ninety-six patients with gastric outlet obstruction caused by an irresectable or metastasized malignancy will be 1:1 randomized to either SGJ or EUS-GE. The primary endpoint is time to tolerate at least soft solids. The co-primary endpoint is the proportion of patients with persisting or recurring symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction for which a reintervention is required. Secondary endpoints are technical and clinical success, quality of life, gastroenterostomy dysfunction, reinterventions, time to reintervention, adverse events, quality of life, time to start chemotherapy, length of hospital stay, readmissions, weight, survival, and costs. DISCUSSION The ENDURO-study assesses whether EUS-GE, as compared to SGJ, results in a faster resumption of solid oral intake and is non-inferior regarding reinterventions for persistent or recurrent obstructive symptoms in patients with malignant GOO. This trial aims to guide future treatment strategies and to improve quality of life in a palliative setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP): NL9592. Registered on 07 July 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine B Kastelijn
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yorick L van de Pavert
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Marc G Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Fockens
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier P Voermans
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roy L J van Wanrooij
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas R de Wijkerslooth
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter L Curvers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Groot Koerkamp
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs A Patijn
- Department of Surgery, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander C Poen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanin E van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Akin Inderson
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J Sven D Mieog
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Werner Poley
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Alderina Bijlsma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Martini Hospital, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Daan J Lips
- Department of Surgery, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik M van Dullemen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik J H Hoogwater
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Geert W J Frederix
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - I Quintus Molenaar
- Department of Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paco M J Welsing
- Division of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Leon M G Moons
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar C van Santvoort
- Department of Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank P Vleggaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hallensleben ND, Stassen PMC, Schepers NJ, Besselink MG, Anten MPGF, Bakker OJ, Bollen TL, da Costa DW, van Dijk SM, van Dullemen HM, Dijkgraaf MGW, van Eijck B, van Eijck CHJ, Erkelens W, Erler NS, Fockens P, van Geenen EJM, van Grinsven J, Hazen WL, Hollemans RA, van Hooft JE, Jansen JM, Kubben FJGM, Kuiken SD, Poen AC, Quispel R, de Ridder RJ, Römkens TEH, Schoon EJ, Schwartz MP, Seerden TCJ, Smeets XJNM, Spanier BWM, Tan ACITL, Thijs WJ, Timmer R, Umans DS, Venneman NG, Verdonk RC, Vleggaar FP, van de Vrie W, van Wanrooij RLJ, Witteman BJ, van Santvoort HC, Bouwense SAW, Bruno MJ. Patient selection for urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography by endoscopic ultrasound in predicted severe acute biliary pancreatitis (APEC-2): a multicentre prospective study. Gut 2023:gutjnl-2022-328258. [PMID: 36849226 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-328258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Routine urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy (ES) does not improve outcome in patients with predicted severe acute biliary pancreatitis. Improved patient selection for ERCP by means of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) for stone/sludge detection may challenge these findings. DESIGN A multicentre, prospective cohort study included patients with predicted severe acute biliary pancreatitis without cholangitis. Patients underwent urgent EUS, followed by ERCP with ES in case of common bile duct stones/sludge, within 24 hours after hospital presentation and within 72 hours after symptom onset. The primary endpoint was a composite of major complications or mortality within 6 months after inclusion. The historical control group was the conservative treatment arm (n=113) of the randomised APEC trial (Acute biliary Pancreatitis: urgent ERCP with sphincterotomy versus conservative treatment, patient inclusion 2013-2017) applying the same study design. RESULTS Overall, 83 patients underwent urgent EUS at a median of 21 hours (IQR 17-23) after hospital presentation and at a median of 29 hours (IQR 23-41) after start of symptoms. Gallstones/sludge in the bile ducts were detected by EUS in 48/83 patients (58%), all of whom underwent immediate ERCP with ES. The primary endpoint occurred in 34/83 patients (41%) in the urgent EUS-guided ERCP group. This was not different from the 44% rate (50/113 patients) in the historical conservative treatment group (risk ratio (RR) 0.93, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.29; p=0.65). Sensitivity analysis to correct for baseline differences using a logistic regression model also showed no significant beneficial effect of the intervention on the primary outcome (adjusted OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.90, p=0.92). CONCLUSION In patients with predicted severe acute biliary pancreatitis without cholangitis, urgent EUS-guided ERCP with ES did not reduce the composite endpoint of major complications or mortality, as compared with conservative treatment in a historical control group. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN15545919.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora D Hallensleben
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline M C Stassen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolien J Schepers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Marc G Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Paule G F Anten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sint Franciscus Vlietland Groep, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf J Bakker
- Department of Surgery, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas L Bollen
- Department of Radiology, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - David W da Costa
- Department of Radiology, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Sven M van Dijk
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik M van Dullemen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Universtiy of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel G W Dijkgraaf
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands
- Methodology department, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Brechje van Eijck
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Casper H J van Eijck
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Willemien Erkelens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole S Erler
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Wouter L Hazen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, Noord-Brabant, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert A Hollemans
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanin E van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen M Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology, OLVG, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J G M Kubben
- Department of Gastroenterology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd D Kuiken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, OLVG, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander C Poen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, Overijssel, Netherlands
| | - Rutger Quispel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier J de Ridder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa E H Römkens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch Ziekenhuis, Den Bosch, Noord-Brabant, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J Schoon
- Gastroenterology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs P Schwartz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Tom C J Seerden
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier J N M Smeets
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - B W Marcel Spanier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | | | - Willem J Thijs
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Martini Hospital, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Timmer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Devica S Umans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Frank P Vleggaar
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van de Vrie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Heptatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Roy L J van Wanrooij
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Ben J Witteman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar C van Santvoort
- Department of Surgery, Dutch Acute Pancreatitis Study Group, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan A W Bouwense
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum+, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Boxhoorn L, Verdonk RC, Besselink MG, Boermeester M, Bollen TL, Bouwense SA, Cappendijk VC, Curvers WL, Dejong CH, van Dijk SM, van Dullemen HM, van Eijck CH, van Geenen EJ, Hadithi M, Hazen WL, Honkoop P, van Hooft JE, Jacobs MA, Kievits JE, Kop MP, Kouw E, Kuiken SD, Ledeboer M, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Perk LE, Poley JW, Quispel R, de Ridder RJ, van Santvoort HC, Sperna Weiland CJ, Stommel MW, Timmerhuis HC, Witteman BJ, Umans DS, Venneman NG, Vleggaar FP, van Wanrooij RL, Bruno MJ, Fockens P, Voermans RP. Comparison of lumen-apposing metal stents versus double-pigtail plastic stents for infected necrotising pancreatitis. Gut 2023; 72:66-72. [PMID: 35701094 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS) are believed to clinically improve endoscopic transluminal drainage of infected necrosis when compared with double-pigtail plastic stents. However, comparative data from prospective studies are very limited. DESIGN Patients with infected necrotising pancreatitis, who underwent an endoscopic step-up approach with LAMS within a multicentre prospective cohort study were compared with the data of 51 patients in the randomised TENSION trial who had been assigned to the endoscopic step-up approach with double-pigtail plastic stents. The clinical study protocol was otherwise identical for both groups. Primary end point was the need for endoscopic transluminal necrosectomy. Secondary end points included mortality, major complications, hospital stay and healthcare costs. RESULTS A total of 53 patients were treated with LAMS in 16 hospitals during 27 months. The need for endoscopic transluminal necrosectomy was 64% (n=34) and was not different from the previous trial using plastic stents (53%, n=27)), also after correction for baseline characteristics (OR 1.21 (95% CI 0.45 to 3.23)). Secondary end points did not differ between groups either, which also included bleeding requiring intervention-5 patients (9%) after LAMS placement vs 11 patients (22%) after placement of plastic stents (relative risk 0.44; 95% CI 0.16 to 1.17). Total healthcare costs were also comparable (mean difference -€6348, bias-corrected and accelerated 95% CI -€26 386 to €10 121). CONCLUSION Our comparison of two patient groups from two multicentre prospective studies with a similar design suggests that LAMS do not reduce the need for endoscopic transluminal necrosectomy when compared with double-pigtail plastic stents in patients with infected necrotising pancreatitis. Also, the rate of bleeding complications was comparable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Boxhoorn
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Research and Development, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Marc G Besselink
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Boermeester
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas L Bollen
- Department of Radiology, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Aw Bouwense
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent C Cappendijk
- Department of Radiology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter L Curvers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Dejong
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sven M van Dijk
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Research and Development, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik M van Dullemen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Casper Hj van Eijck
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Jm van Geenen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Muhammed Hadithi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter L Hazen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Honkoop
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanin E van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Ajm Jacobs
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - June Ec Kievits
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marnix Pm Kop
- Department of Radiology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Kouw
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gelre Hospital, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd D Kuiken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Ledeboer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lars E Perk
- Department of Gastroenterology, Haaglanden Medical Center, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Werner Poley
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger Quispel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Jj de Ridder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar C van Santvoort
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Christina J Sperna Weiland
- Department of Research and Development, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Wj Stommel
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hester C Timmerhuis
- Department of Research and Development, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Ben J Witteman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Devica S Umans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Research and Development, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frank P Vleggaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Lj van Wanrooij
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier P Voermans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Geertsema S, Meinds RJ, Venneman NG. Recurrent Cholecystitis Due to Gallstone Obstruction of a Lumen-Apposing Metal Stent. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:A28. [PMID: 35643413 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sem Geertsema
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Rob J Meinds
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Onnekink AM, Boxhoorn L, Timmerhuis HC, Bac ST, Besselink MG, Boermeester MA, Bollen TL, Bosscha K, Bouwense SAW, Bruno MJ, van Brunschot S, Cappendijk VC, Consten ECJ, Dejong CH, Dijkgraaf MGW, van Eijck CHJ, Erkelens WG, van Goor H, van Grinsven J, Haveman JW, van Hooft JE, Jansen JM, van Lienden KP, Meijssen MAC, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Poley JW, Quispel R, de Ridder RJ, Römkens TEH, van Santvoort HC, Scheepers JJ, Schwartz MP, Seerden T, Spanier MBW, Straathof JWA, Timmer R, Venneman NG, Verdonk RC, Vleggaar FP, van Wanrooij RL, Witteman BJM, Fockens P, Voermans RP. Endoscopic Versus Surgical Step-Up Approach for Infected Necrotizing Pancreatitis (ExTENSION): Long-term Follow-up of a Randomized Trial. Gastroenterology 2022; 163:712-722.e14. [PMID: 35580661 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Previous randomized trials, including the Transluminal Endoscopic Step-Up Approach Versus Minimally Invasive Surgical Step-Up Approach in Patients With Infected Pancreatic Necrosis (TENSION) trial, demonstrated that the endoscopic step-up approach might be preferred over the surgical step-up approach in patients with infected necrotizing pancreatitis based on favorable short-term outcomes. We compared long-term clinical outcomes of both step-up approaches after a period of at least 5 years. METHODS In this long-term follow-up study, we reevaluated all clinical data on 83 patients (of the originally 98 included patients) from the TENSION trial who were still alive after the initial 6-month follow-up. The primary end point, similar to the TENSION trial, was a composite of death and major complications. Secondary end points included individual major complications, pancreaticocutaneous fistula, reinterventions, pancreatic insufficiency, and quality of life. RESULTS After a mean follow-up period of 7 years, the primary end point occurred in 27 patients (53%) in the endoscopy group and in 27 patients (57%) in the surgery group (risk ratio [RR], 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65-1.32; P = .688). Fewer pancreaticocutaneous fistulas were identified in the endoscopy group (8% vs 34%; RR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.08-0.83). After the initial 6-month follow-up, the endoscopy group needed fewer reinterventions than the surgery group (7% vs 24%; RR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.09-0.99). Pancreatic insufficiency and quality of life did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS At long-term follow-up, the endoscopic step-up approach was not superior to the surgical step-up approach in reducing death or major complications in patients with infected necrotizing pancreatitis. However, patients assigned to the endoscopic approach developed overall fewer pancreaticocutaneous fistulas and needed fewer reinterventions after the initial 6-month follow-up. Netherlands Trial Register no: NL8571.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anke M Onnekink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Research and Development, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Lotte Boxhoorn
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Research and Development, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Hester C Timmerhuis
- Department of Research and Development, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Simon T Bac
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc G Besselink
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marja A Boermeester
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas L Bollen
- Department of Radiology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Koop Bosscha
- Department of Surgery, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan A W Bouwense
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra van Brunschot
- Department of Research and Development, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent C Cappendijk
- Department of Radiology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Esther C J Consten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Dejong
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel G W Dijkgraaf
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Casper H J van Eijck
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Willemien G Erkelens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gelre Hospital, Apeldoorn, the Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Surgery, Radboudumc, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke van Grinsven
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem Haveman
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanin E van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen M Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (OLVG), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Krijn P van Lienden
- Department of Radiology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten A C Meijssen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jan-Werner Poley
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger Quispel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Group, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier J de Ridder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tessa E H Römkens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar C van Santvoort
- Department of Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris J Scheepers
- Department of Surgery, Reinier de Graaf Group, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs P Schwartz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Seerden
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel B W Spanier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem A Straathof
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Robin Timmer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Frank P Vleggaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roy L van Wanrooij
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben J M Witteman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier P Voermans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Doornebosch VLE, van Baarlen J, Venneman NG. [Jaundice due to a rare cause: detection through systematic analysis]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2022; 166:D6286. [PMID: 35499591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jaundice is a clinical symptom as a result of cholestasis. It can be caused by a wide variety of disorders. Its differential diagnosis is broad. Therefore, it is important to determine whether the cause of the cholestasis is intrahepatic, hepatic or extrahepatic. Case description This article describes a 61-year-old male who was referred to our Gastroenterology Department. Transabdominal ultrasound showed dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts and the common bile duct, probably caused by a sludge ball. He underwent an ERCP during which a mass instead of a gallstone was extracted. Histological examination showed (a metastasis of) a melanoma. The patient was referred to the dermatologist who found a melanoma on the chest. The final diagnosis was metastasis of melanoma to the common bile duct. CONCLUSION Jaundice can be caused by a variety of disorders. A systematic approach based on signs and symptoms is essential to recognize uncommon diagnoses without unnecessary delay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veerle L E Doornebosch
- Medisch Spectrum Twente, afd. Maag-, Darm en Leverziekten, Enschede
- Contact: Veerle L.E. Doornebosch
| | | | - Niels G Venneman
- Medisch Spectrum Twente, afd. Maag-, Darm en Leverziekten, Enschede
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sperna Weiland CJ, Smeets XJ, Verdonk RC, Poen AC, Bhalla A, Venneman NG, Kievit W, Timmerhuis HC, Umans DS, van Hooft JE, Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Fockens P, Bruno MJ, Drenth JP, van Geenen EJ. Optimal timing of rectal diclofenac in preventing post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis. Endosc Int Open 2022; 10:E246-E253. [PMID: 35295242 PMCID: PMC8920594 DOI: 10.1055/a-1675-2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and study aims Rectal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) prophylaxis reduces incidence of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis. Direct comparisons to the optimal timing of administration, before or after ERCP, are lacking. Therefore, we aimed to assess whether timing of rectal NSAID prophylaxis affects the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Patients and methods We conducted an analysis of prospectively collected data from a randomized clinical trial. We included patients with a moderate to high risk of developing post-ERCP pancreatitis, all of whom received rectal diclofenac monotherapy 100-mg prophylaxis. Administration was within 30 minutes before or after the ERCP at the discretion of the endoscopist. The primary endpoint was post-ERCP pancreatitis. Secondary endpoints included severity of pancreatitis, length of hospitalization, and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admittance. Results We included 346 patients who received the rectal NSAID before ERCP and 63 patients who received it after ERCP. No differences in baseline characteristics were observed. Post-ERCP pancreatitis incidence was lower in the group that received pre-procedure rectal NSAIDs (8 %), compared to post-procedure (18 %) (relative risk: 2.32; 95% confidence interval: 1.21 to 4.46, P = 0.02). Hospital stays were significantly longer with post-procedure prophylaxis (1 day; interquartile range [IQR] 1-2 days vs. 1 day; IQR 1-4 days; P = 0.02). Patients from the post-procedure group were more likely to be admitted to the ICU (1 patient [0.3 %] vs. 4 patients [6 %]; P = 0.002). Conclusions Pre-procedure administration of rectal diclofenac is associated with a significant reduction in post-ERCP pancreatitis incidence compared to post-procedure use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina J. Sperna Weiland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands,Department of Research and Development, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Xavier J.N.M. Smeets
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch ziekenhuis, Den Bosch, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C. Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander C. Poen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - Abha Bhalla
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hagaziekenhuis, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Niels G. Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Wietske Kievit
- Department for Health evidence, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hester C. Timmerhuis
- Department of Research and Development, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Devica S. Umans
- Department of Research and Development, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanin E. van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marc G. Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar C. van Santvoort
- Department of Surgery, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands ,Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marco J. Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost P.H. Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin J.M. van Geenen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sperna Weiland CJ, Busch CBE, Bhalla A, Bruno MJ, Fockens P, van Hooft JE, Poen AC, Timmerhuis HC, Umans DS, Venneman NG, Verdonk RC, Drenth JPH, de Wijkerslooth TR, van Geenen EJM. Performance of diagnostic tools for acute cholangitis in patients with suspected biliary obstruction. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2021; 29:479-486. [PMID: 34932265 PMCID: PMC9306734 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Background Acute cholangitis is an infection requiring endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and antibiotics. Several diagnostic tools help to diagnose cholangitis. Because diagnostic performance of these tools has not been studied and might therefore impose unnecessary ERCPs, we aimed to evaluate this. Methods We established a nationwide prospective cohort of patients with suspected biliary obstruction who underwent an ERCP. We assessed the diagnostic performance of Tokyo Guidelines (TG18), Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group (DPSG) criteria, and Charcot triad relative to real‐world cholangitis as the reference standard. Results 127 (16%) of 794 patients were diagnosed with real‐world cholangitis. Using the TG18, DPSG, and Charcot triad, 345 (44%), 55 (7%), and 66 (8%) patients were defined as having cholangitis, respectively. Sensitivity for TG18 was 82% (95% CI 74‐88) and specificity 60% (95% CI 56‐63). The sensitivity for DPSG and Charcot was 42% (95% CI 33‐51) and 46% (95% CI 38‐56), specificity was 99.7% (95% CI 99‐100) and 99% (95% CI 98‐100), respectively. Conclusions TG18 criteria incorrectly diagnoses four out of ten patients with real‐world cholangitis, while DPSG and Charcot criteria failed to diagnose more than half of patients. As the cholangitis diagnosis has many consequences for treatment, there is a need for more accurate diagnostic tools or work‐up towards ERCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Sperna Weiland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Research and Development, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Celine B E Busch
- Department of Research and Development, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Abha Bhalla
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hagaziekenhuis, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanin E van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander C Poen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Hester C Timmerhuis
- Department of Research and Development, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Devica S Umans
- Department of Research and Development, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P H Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas R de Wijkerslooth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin J M van Geenen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Boxhoorn L, van Dijk SM, van Grinsven J, Verdonk RC, Boermeester MA, Bollen TL, Bouwense SAW, Bruno MJ, Cappendijk VC, Dejong CHC, van Duijvendijk P, van Eijck CHJ, Fockens P, Francken MFG, van Goor H, Hadithi M, Hallensleben NDL, Haveman JW, Jacobs MAJM, Jansen JM, Kop MPM, van Lienden KP, Manusama ER, Mieog JSD, Molenaar IQ, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Poen AC, Poley JW, van de Poll M, Quispel R, Römkens TEH, Schwartz MP, Seerden TC, Stommel MWJ, Straathof JWA, Timmerhuis HC, Venneman NG, Voermans RP, van de Vrie W, Witteman BJ, Dijkgraaf MGW, van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG. Immediate versus Postponed Intervention for Infected Necrotizing Pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:1372-1381. [PMID: 34614330 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infected necrotizing pancreatitis is a potentially lethal disease that is treated with the use of a step-up approach, with catheter drainage often delayed until the infected necrosis is encapsulated. Whether outcomes could be improved by earlier catheter drainage is unknown. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, randomized superiority trial involving patients with infected necrotizing pancreatitis, in which we compared immediate drainage within 24 hours after randomization once infected necrosis was diagnosed with drainage that was postponed until the stage of walled-off necrosis was reached. The primary end point was the score on the Comprehensive Complication Index, which incorporates all complications over the course of 6 months of follow-up. RESULTS A total of 104 patients were randomly assigned to immediate drainage (55 patients) or postponed drainage (49 patients). The mean score on the Comprehensive Complication Index (scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating more severe complications) was 57 in the immediate-drainage group and 58 in the postponed-drainage group (mean difference, -1; 95% confidence interval [CI], -12 to 10; P = 0.90). Mortality was 13% in the immediate-drainage group and 10% in the postponed-drainage group (relative risk, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.42 to 3.68). The mean number of interventions (catheter drainage and necrosectomy) was 4.4 in the immediate-drainage group and 2.6 in the postponed-drainage group (mean difference, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.6 to 3.0). In the postponed-drainage group, 19 patients (39%) were treated conservatively with antibiotics and did not require drainage; 17 of these patients survived. The incidence of adverse events was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS This trial did not show the superiority of immediate drainage over postponed drainage with regard to complications in patients with infected necrotizing pancreatitis. Patients randomly assigned to the postponed-drainage strategy received fewer invasive interventions. (Funded by Fonds NutsOhra and Amsterdam UMC; POINTER ISRCTN Registry number, ISRCTN33682933.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Boxhoorn
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Sven M van Dijk
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Janneke van Grinsven
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Robert C Verdonk
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Marja A Boermeester
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Thomas L Bollen
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Stefan A W Bouwense
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Vincent C Cappendijk
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H C Dejong
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Peter van Duijvendijk
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Casper H J van Eijck
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Paul Fockens
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Michiel F G Francken
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Muhammed Hadithi
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Nora D L Hallensleben
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Haveman
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Maarten A J M Jacobs
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen M Jansen
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Marnix P M Kop
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Krijn P van Lienden
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Eric R Manusama
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - J Sven D Mieog
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - I Quintus Molenaar
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Vincent B Nieuwenhuijs
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Alexander C Poen
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Werner Poley
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Marcel van de Poll
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Rutger Quispel
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Tessa E H Römkens
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs P Schwartz
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Tom C Seerden
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Martijn W J Stommel
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem A Straathof
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Hester C Timmerhuis
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Rogier P Voermans
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Wim van de Vrie
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Ben J Witteman
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Marcel G W Dijkgraaf
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar C van Santvoort
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| | - Marc G Besselink
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (L.B., P.F., R.P.V.), Surgery (S.M.D., J.G., M.A.B., M.F.G.F., M.G.B.), Radiology (M.P.M.K., K.P.L.), and Epidemiology and Data Science (M.G.W.D.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (M.A.J.M.J.), Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (J.M.J.), Amsterdam, the Departments of Research and Development (L.B., S.M.D., N.D.L.H., H.C.T.), Gastroenterology and Hepatology (R.C.V.), Radiology (T.L.B., K.P.L.), and Surgery (H.C.T., H.C.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht (S.A.W.B., C.H.C.D., M.P.), the Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (M.J.B., J.-W.P.), and Surgery (C.H.J.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital (M.H.), Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (V.C.C.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (T.E.H.R.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Department of Surgery, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn (P.D.), the Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (H.G., M.W.J.S.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen (J.W.H.), the Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (E.R.M.), the Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden (J.S.D.M.), the Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht (I.Q.M., H.C.S.), the Departments of Surgery (V.B.N.), and Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.C.P.), Isala Clinics, Zwolle, the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft (R.Q.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort (M.P.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (T.C.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven (J.W.A.S.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede (N.G.V.), the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht (W.V.), and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede (B.J.W.) - all in the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Quispel R, Schutz HM, Hallensleben ND, Bhalla A, Timmer R, van Hooft JE, Venneman NG, Erler NS, Veldt BJ, van Driel LM, Bruno MJ. Do endosonographers agree on the presence of bile duct sludge and the subsequent need for intervention? Endosc Int Open 2021; 9:E911-E917. [PMID: 34079877 PMCID: PMC8159618 DOI: 10.1055/a-1452-8919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and study aims Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is a tool widely used to diagnose bile duct lithiasis. In approximately one out of five patients with positive findings at EUS, sludge is detected in the bile duct instead of stones. The objective of this study was to establish the agreement among endosonographers regarding: 1. presence of common bile duct (CBD) stones, microlithiasis and sludge; and 2. the need for subsequent treatment. Patients and methods 30 EUS videos of patients with an intermediate probability of CBD stones were evaluated by 41 endosonographers. Experience in EUS and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and the endosonographers' type of practices were recorded. Fleiss' kappa statistics were used to quantify the agreement. Associations between levels of experience and both EUS ratings and treatment decisions were investigated using mixed effects models. Results A total of 1230 ratings and treatment decisions were evaluated. The overall agreement on EUS findings was fair (Fleiss' κ 0.32). The agreement on presence of stones was moderate (κ 0.46). For microlithiasis it was fair (κ 0.25) and for sludge it was slight (κ 0.16). In cases with CBD stones there was an almost perfect agreement for the decision to subsequently perform an ERC + ES. In case of presumed microlithiasis or sludge an ERC was opted for in 78 % and 51 % of cases, respectively. Differences in experience and types of practice appear unrelated to the agreement on both EUS findings and the decision for subsequent treatment. Conclusions There is only slight agreement among endosonographers regarding the presence of bile duct sludge. Regarding the need for subsequent treatment of bile duct sludge there is no consensus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rutger Quispel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Hannah M. Schutz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Nora D. Hallensleben
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Abha Bhalla
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, HAGA Hospital, Den Haag, Netherlands
| | - Robin Timmer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Jeanin E. van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Niels G. Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Nicole S. Erler
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart J. Veldt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Lydi M.J.W. van Driel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marco J. Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lichtenbeld EA, Ter Borg EJ, Venneman NG, Janssens RWA, Eijken EJE, van Kempen G. [Pancreatic panniculitis with polyarthritis: PPP syndrome]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2021; 165:D5135. [PMID: 33914425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diseases of the pancreas may present with extrapancreatic symptoms, such as (poly)arthritis or necrosis of subcutaneous fat. A combination of pancreatitis, panniculitis and (poly)arthritis is referred to as the PPP syndrome, which is associated with acute and chronic pancreatitis, as well as pancreatic malignancies. CASE DESCRIPTION This article describes a patient which was admitted to our hospital with severe polyarthritis and panniculitis. A meticulous work-up revealed an underlying focal alcoholic pancreatitis. The clinical course in our patient illustrates the severity of the PPP syndrome and emphasizes the need of a multidisciplinary approach. CONCLUSION Panniculitis and/or (poly)arthritis may be the first symptom of underlying pancreatic disease. Timely recognition and diagnosis is imperative for successful treatment and outcome. The multi-organ involvement in the PPP syndrome requires close collaboration across different medical departments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Lichtenbeld
- Saxenburgh Medisch Centrum, afd. Interne Geneeskunde, Hardenberg
- Contact: Erik A. Lichtenbeld
| | | | - Niels G Venneman
- Saxenburgh Medisch Centrum, afd. Maag-, Darm- en Leverziekten, Hardenberg
| | | | | | - Gijs van Kempen
- Saxenburgh Medisch Centrum, afd. Interne Geneeskunde, Hardenberg
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sperna Weiland CJ, Smeets XJNM, Kievit W, Verdonk RC, Poen AC, Bhalla A, Venneman NG, Witteman BJM, da Costa DW, van Eijck BC, Schwartz MP, Römkens TEH, Vrolijk JM, Hadithi M, Voorburg AMCJ, Baak LC, Thijs WJ, van Wanrooij RL, Tan ACITL, Seerden TCJ, Keulemans YCA, de Wijkerslooth TR, van de Vrie W, van der Schaar P, van Dijk SM, Hallensleben NDL, Sperna Weiland RL, Timmerhuis HC, Umans DS, van Hooft JE, van Goor H, van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, Bruno MJ, Fockens P, Drenth JPH, van Geenen EJM. Aggressive fluid hydration plus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs versus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs alone for post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (FLUYT): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6:350-358. [PMID: 33740415 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(21)00057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatitis is the most common complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Prophylactic rectal administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is considered as standard of care to reduce the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis. It has been suggested that aggressive hydration might further reduce this risk. Guidelines already recommend aggressive hydration in patients who are unable to receive rectal NSAIDs, although it is laborious and time consuming. We aimed to evaluate the added value of aggressive hydration in patients receiving prophylactic rectal NSAIDs. METHODS FLUYT, a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled trial done across 22 Dutch hospitals, included patients aged between 18 and 85 years with moderate to high risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) by a web-based module with varying block sizes to a combination of aggressive hydration and rectal NSAIDs (100 mg diclofenac or indomethacin; aggressive hydration group) or rectal NSAIDs (100 mg diclofenac or indomethacin) alone (control group). Randomisation was stratified according to treatment centre. Aggressive hydration comprised 20 mL/kg intravenous Ringer's lactate solution within 60 min from the start of ERCP, followed by 3 mL/kg per h for 8 h. The control group received normal intravenous saline with a maximum of 1·5 mL/kg per h and 3 L per 24 h. The primary endpoint was post-ERCP pancreatitis and was analysed on a modified intention-to-treat basis (including all patients who underwent randomisation and an ERCP and for whom data regarding the primary outcome were available). The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN13659155. FINDINGS Between June 5, 2015, and June 6, 2019, 826 patients were randomly assigned, of whom 388 in the aggressive hydration group and 425 in the control group were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis. Post-ERCP pancreatitis occurred in 30 (8%) patients in the aggressive hydration group and in 39 (9%) patients in the control group (relative risk 0·84, 95% CI 0·53-1·33, p=0·53). There were no differences in serious adverse events, including hydration-related complications (relative risk 0·99, 95% CI 0·59-1·64; p=1·00), ERCP-related complications (0·90, 0·62-1·31; p=0·62), intensive care unit admission (0·37, 0·07-1·80; p=0·22), and 30-day mortality (0·95, 0·50-1·83; p=1·00). INTERPRETATION Aggressive periprocedural hydration did not reduce the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis in patients with moderate to high risk of developing this complication who routinely received prophylactic rectal NSAIDs. Therefore, the burden of laborious and time-consuming aggressive periprocedural hydration to further reduce the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis is not justified. FUNDING Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development and Radboud University Medical Center.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Sperna Weiland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Research and Development, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Xavier J N M Smeets
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Research and Development, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Wietske Kievit
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Robert C Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Alexander C Poen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, Netherlands
| | - Abha Bhalla
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hagaziekenhuis, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Ben J M Witteman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Ede, Netherlands
| | - David W da Costa
- Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Brechje C van Eijck
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs P Schwartz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, Netherlands
| | - Tessa E H Römkens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten Vrolijk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, Netherlands
| | - Muhammed Hadithi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annet M C J Voorburg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lubbertus C Baak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willem J Thijs
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Martini Hospital, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Roy L van Wanrooij
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan C I T L Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tom C J Seerden
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, Netherlands
| | - Yolande C A Keulemans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zuyderland Hospital, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Thomas R de Wijkerslooth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wim van de Vrie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Schaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Sven M van Dijk
- Department of Research and Development, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nora D L Hallensleben
- Department of Research and Development, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands; Department of Anaesthesiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Hester C Timmerhuis
- Department of Research and Development, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Devica S Umans
- Department of Research and Development, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeanin E van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar C van Santvoort
- Department of Surgery, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands; Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marc G Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joost P H Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Erwin J M van Geenen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Latenstein AEJ, Mackay TM, van Huijgevoort NCM, Bonsing BA, Bosscha K, Hol L, Bruno MJ, van Coolsen MME, Festen S, van Geenen E, Groot Koerkamp B, Hemmink GJM, de Hingh IHJT, Kazemier G, Lubbinge H, de Meijer VE, Molenaar IQ, Quispel R, van Santvoort HC, Seerden TCJ, Stommel MWJ, Venneman NG, Verdonk RC, Besselink MG, van Hooft JE. Nationwide practice and outcomes of endoscopic biliary drainage in resectable pancreatic head and periampullary cancer. HPB (Oxford) 2021; 23:270-278. [PMID: 32682665 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines advise self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) over plastic stents in preoperative endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD) for malignant extrahepatic biliary obstruction. This study aims to assess nationwide practice and outcomes. METHODS Patients with pancreatic head and periampullary cancer who underwent EBD before pancreatoduodenectomy were included from the Dutch Pancreatic Cancer Audit (2017-2018). Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were performed. RESULTS In total, 575/1056 patients (62.0%) underwent preoperative EBD: 246 SEMS (42.8%) and 329 plastic stents (57.2%). EBD-related complications were comparable between the groups (44/246 (17.9%) vs. 64/329 (19.5%), p = 0.607), including pancreatitis (22/246 (8.9%) vs. 25/329 (7.6%), p = 0.387). EBD-related cholangitis was reduced after SEMS placement (10/246 (4.1%) vs. 32/329 (9.7%), p = 0.043), which was confirmed in multivariable analysis (OR 0.36 95%CI 0.15-0.87, p = 0.023). Major postoperative complications did not differ (58/246 (23.6%) vs. 90/329 (27.4%), p = 0.316), whereas postoperative pancreatic fistula (24/246 (9.8%) vs. 61/329 (18.5%), p = 0.004; OR 0.50 95%CI 0.27-0.94, p = 0.031) and hospital stay (14.0 days vs. 17.4 days, p = 0.005; B 2.86 95%CI -5.16 to -0.57, p = 0.014) were less after SEMS placement. CONCLUSION This study found that preoperative EBD frequently involved plastic stents. SEMS seemed associated with lower risks of cholangitis and less postoperative pancreatic fistula, but without an increased pancreatitis risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk E J Latenstein
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Tara M Mackay
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nadine C M van Huijgevoort
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bert A Bonsing
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Koop Bosscha
- Department of Surgery, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Lieke Hol
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sebastiaan Festen
- Department of Surgery, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin van Geenen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Groot Koerkamp
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J M Hemmink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isala, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | | | - Geert Kazemier
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Lubbinge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tjongerschans, Heerenveen, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent E de Meijer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - I Quintus Molenaar
- Department of Surgery, Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, St Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger Quispel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Ziekenhuis, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar C van Santvoort
- Department of Surgery, Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, St Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tom C J Seerden
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn W J Stommel
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, St Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marc G Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanin E van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sperna Weiland CJ, Engels MML, Poen AC, Bhalla A, Venneman NG, van Hooft JE, Bruno MJ, Verdonk RC, Fockens P, Drenth JPH, van Geenen EJM. Increased Use of Prophylactic Measures in Preventing Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:4457-4466. [PMID: 33630216 PMCID: PMC8589790 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), pancreatic duct stenting, and intensive intravenous hydration have been proven to prevent post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis. Trial participation and guideline changes demanded an assessment of the clinical practice of post-ERCP pancreatitis prophylaxis. AIMS The surveys aim to identify points of improvement to inform and educate ERCPists about current evidence-based practice. METHODS Two anonymous surveys were conducted among Dutch gastroenterologists in 2013 (n = 408) and 2020 (n = 575) for longitudinal views and attitudes pertaining to post-ERCP pancreatitis prophylaxis and recognition of post-ERCP pancreatitis risk factors. RESULTS In 2013 and 2020, respectively, 121 and 109 ERCPists responded. In the 2013 survey, 98% of them utilized NSAID prophylaxis and 62% pancreatic duct stent prophylaxis in specific cases. In the 2020 survey, the use of NSAIDs (100%), pancreatic duct stents (78%), and intensive intravenous hydration (33%) increased among ERCPists. NSAID prophylaxis was the preferred prophylactic measure for all risk factors in the 2020 survey, except for ampullectomy, pancreatic duct contrast injection, and pancreatic duct cannulation, for which NSAID prophylaxis and pancreatic duct stent combined was equally favored or preferred. CONCLUSION Rectal NSAIDs are the most applied post-ERCP pancreatitis prophylaxis in the Netherlands, followed by pancreatic duct stents and intensive intravenous hydration. Additionally, there is reason to believe that recent guideline updates and active research participation have led to increased prophylaxis implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina J. Sperna Weiland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Department of Research and Development, St. Antonius Ziekenhuis, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Megan M. L. Engels
- Department of Research and Development, St. Antonius Ziekenhuis, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander C. Poen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Abha Bhalla
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hagaziekenhuis, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Niels G. Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanin E. van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J. Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C. Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Ziekenhuis, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P. H. Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Umans DS, Timmerhuis HC, Hallensleben ND, Bouwense SA, Anten MPG, Bhalla A, Bijlsma RA, Boermeester MA, Brink MA, Hol L, Bruno MJ, Curvers WL, van Dullemen HM, van Eijck BC, Erkelens GW, Fockens P, van Geenen EJM, Hazen WL, Hoge CV, Inderson A, Kager LM, Kuiken SD, Perk LE, Poley JW, Quispel R, Römkens TE, van Santvoort HC, Tan AC, Thijssen AY, Venneman NG, Vleggaar FP, Voorburg AM, van Wanrooij RL, Witteman BJ, Verdonk RC, Besselink MG, van Hooft JE. Role of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnostic work-up of idiopathic acute pancreatitis (PICUS): study protocol for a nationwide prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e035504. [PMID: 32819938 PMCID: PMC7440829 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic acute pancreatitis (IAP) remains a dilemma for physicians as it is uncertain whether patients with IAP may actually have an occult aetiology. It is unclear to what extent additional diagnostic modalities such as endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) are warranted after a first episode of IAP in order to uncover this aetiology. Failure to timely determine treatable aetiologies delays appropriate treatment and might subsequently cause recurrence of acute pancreatitis. Therefore, the aim of the Pancreatitis of Idiopathic origin: Clinical added value of endoscopic UltraSonography (PICUS) Study is to determine the value of routine EUS in determining the aetiology of pancreatitis in patients with a first episode of IAP. METHODS AND ANALYSIS PICUS is designed as a multicentre prospective cohort study of 106 patients with a first episode of IAP after complete standard diagnostic work-up, in whom a diagnostic EUS will be performed. Standard diagnostic work-up will include a complete personal and family history, laboratory tests including serum alanine aminotransferase, calcium and triglyceride levels and imaging by transabdominal ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography after clinical recovery from the acute pancreatitis episode. The primary outcome measure is detection of aetiology by EUS. Secondary outcome measures include pancreatitis recurrence rate, severity of recurrent pancreatitis, readmission, additional interventions, complications, length of hospital stay, quality of life, mortality and costs, during a follow-up period of 12 months. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION PICUS is conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and Guideline for Good Clinical Practice. Five medical ethics review committees assessed PICUS (Medical Ethics Review Committee of Academic Medical Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Radboud University Medical Center, Erasmus Medical Center and Maastricht University Medical Center). The results will be submitted for publication in an international peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Netherlands Trial Registry (NL7066). Prospectively registered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devica S Umans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Development, Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hester C Timmerhuis
- Research and Development, Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nora D Hallensleben
- Research and Development, Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan A Bouwense
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Paule Gf Anten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Franciscus Gasthuis en Vlietland, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Abha Bhalla
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, HagaZiekenhuis, Den Haag, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Rina A Bijlsma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Martini Ziekenhuis, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marja A Boermeester
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Menno A Brink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander MC, Amersfoort, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Hol
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter L Curvers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, North Brabant, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik M van Dullemen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMCG, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brechje C van Eijck
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - G Willemien Erkelens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gelre Ziekenhuizen, Apeldoorn, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin J M van Geenen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter L Hazen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, Noord-Brabant, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal V Hoge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands
| | - Akin Inderson
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, LUMC, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth M Kager
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd D Kuiken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, OLVG, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Lars E Perk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Centrum Haaglanden, Den Haag, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Werner Poley
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger Quispel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Groep, Delft, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Eh Römkens
- Department of Gastroenteroloy and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, Noord-Brabant, The Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar C van Santvoort
- Department of Surgery, Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan Citl Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Y Thijssen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Ziekenhuis, Dordrecht, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, Overijssel, The Netherlands
| | - Frank P Vleggaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annet McJ Voorburg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Diakonessenhuis Utrecht Zeist Doorn, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Lj van Wanrooij
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben J Witteman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ziekenhuis Gelderse Vallei, Ede, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc G Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schepers NJ, Hallensleben NDL, Besselink MG, Anten MPGF, Bollen TL, da Costa DW, van Delft F, van Dijk SM, van Dullemen HM, Dijkgraaf MGW, van Eijck CHJ, Erkelens GW, Erler NS, Fockens P, van Geenen EJM, van Grinsven J, Hollemans RA, van Hooft JE, van der Hulst RWM, Jansen JM, Kubben FJGM, Kuiken SD, Laheij RJF, Quispel R, de Ridder RJJ, Rijk MCM, Römkens TEH, Ruigrok CHM, Schoon EJ, Schwartz MP, Smeets XJNM, Spanier BWM, Tan ACITL, Thijs WJ, Timmer R, Venneman NG, Verdonk RC, Vleggaar FP, van de Vrie W, Witteman BJ, van Santvoort HC, Bakker OJ, Bruno MJ. Urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with sphincterotomy versus conservative treatment in predicted severe acute gallstone pancreatitis (APEC): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2020; 396:167-176. [PMID: 32682482 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear whether urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with biliary sphincterotomy improves the outcome of patients with gallstone pancreatitis without concomitant cholangitis. We did a randomised trial to compare urgent ERCP with sphincterotomy versus conservative treatment in patients with predicted severe acute gallstone pancreatitis. METHODS In this multicentre, parallel-group, assessor-masked, randomised controlled superiority trial, patients with predicted severe (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score ≥8, Imrie score ≥3, or C-reactive protein concentration >150 mg/L) gallstone pancreatitis without cholangitis were assessed for eligibility in 26 hospitals in the Netherlands. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) by a web-based randomisation module with randomly varying block sizes to urgent ERCP with sphincterotomy (within 24 h after hospital presentation) or conservative treatment. The primary endpoint was a composite of mortality or major complications (new-onset persistent organ failure, cholangitis, bacteraemia, pneumonia, pancreatic necrosis, or pancreatic insufficiency) within 6 months of randomisation. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN97372133. FINDINGS Between Feb 28, 2013, and March 1, 2017, 232 patients were randomly assigned to urgent ERCP with sphincterotomy (n=118) or conservative treatment (n=114). One patient from each group was excluded from the final analysis because of cholangitis (urgent ERCP group) and chronic pancreatitis (conservative treatment group) at admission. The primary endpoint occurred in 45 (38%) of 117 patients in the urgent ERCP group and in 50 (44%) of 113 patients in the conservative treatment group (risk ratio [RR] 0·87, 95% CI 0·64-1·18; p=0·37). No relevant differences in the individual components of the primary endpoint were recorded between groups, apart from the occurrence of cholangitis (two [2%] of 117 in the urgent ERCP group vs 11 [10%] of 113 in the conservative treatment group; RR 0·18, 95% CI 0·04-0·78; p=0·010). Adverse events were reported in 87 (74%) of 118 patients in the urgent ERCP group versus 91 (80%) of 114 patients in the conservative treatment group. INTERPRETATION In patients with predicted severe gallstone pancreatitis but without cholangitis, urgent ERCP with sphincterotomy did not reduce the composite endpoint of major complications or mortality, compared with conservative treatment. Our findings support a conservative strategy in patients with predicted severe acute gallstone pancreatitis with an ERCP indicated only in patients with cholangitis or persistent cholestasis. FUNDING The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, Fonds NutsOhra, and the Dutch Patient Organization for Pancreatic Diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolien J Schepers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands.
| | - Nora D L Hallensleben
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Marc G Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marie-Paule G F Anten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Franciscus and Vlietland Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas L Bollen
- Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - David W da Costa
- Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Foke van Delft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sven M van Dijk
- Department of Surgery, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Hendrik M van Dullemen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel G W Dijkgraaf
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Casper H J van Eijck
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - G Willemien Erkelens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gelre Hospital, Apeldoorn, Netherlands
| | - Nicole S Erler
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erwin J M van Geenen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Janneke van Grinsven
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Jeanin E van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen M Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank J G M Kubben
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd D Kuiken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert J F Laheij
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Rutger Quispel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Group, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Rogier J J de Ridder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marno C M Rijk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, Netherlands
| | - Tessa E H Römkens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, Netherlands
| | - Carola H M Ruigrok
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Group, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Erik J Schoon
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs P Schwartz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, Netherlands
| | - Xavier J N M Smeets
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - B W Marcel Spanier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan C I T L Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Willem J Thijs
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Martini Hospital, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Robin Timmer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Robert C Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Frank P Vleggaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wim van de Vrie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ben J Witteman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar C van Santvoort
- Department of Surgery, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands; Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Olaf J Bakker
- Department of Surgery, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mackay TM, Smits FJ, Latenstein AEJ, Bogte A, Bonsing BA, Bos H, Bosscha K, Brosens LAA, Hol L, Busch ORC, Creemers GJ, Curvers WL, den Dulk M, van Dieren S, van Driel LMJW, Festen S, van Geenen EJM, van der Geest LG, de Groot DJA, de Groot JWB, Haj Mohammad N, Haberkorn BCM, Haver JT, van der Harst E, Hemmink GJM, de Hingh IH, Hoge C, Homs MYV, van Huijgevoort NC, Jacobs MAJM, Kerver ED, Liem MSL, Los M, Lubbinge H, Luelmo SAC, de Meijer VE, Mekenkamp L, Molenaar IQ, van Oijen MGH, Patijn GA, Quispel R, van Rijssen LB, Römkens TEH, van Santvoort HC, Schreinemakers JMJ, Schut H, Seerden T, Stommel MWJ, Ten Tije AJ, Venneman NG, Verdonk RC, Verheij J, van Vilsteren FGI, de Vos-Geelen J, Vulink A, Wientjes C, Wit F, Wessels FJ, Zonderhuis B, van Werkhoven CH, van Hooft JE, van Eijck CHJ, Wilmink JW, van Laarhoven HWM, Besselink MG. Impact of nationwide enhanced implementation of best practices in pancreatic cancer care (PACAP-1): a multicenter stepped-wedge cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020; 21:334. [PMID: 32299515 PMCID: PMC7161112 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-4180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer has a very poor prognosis. Best practices for the use of chemotherapy, enzyme replacement therapy, and biliary drainage have been identified but their implementation in daily clinical practice is often suboptimal. We hypothesized that a nationwide program to enhance implementation of these best practices in pancreatic cancer care would improve survival and quality of life. Methods/design PACAP-1 is a nationwide multicenter stepped-wedge cluster randomized controlled superiority trial. In a per-center stepwise and randomized manner, best practices in pancreatic cancer care regarding the use of (neo)adjuvant and palliative chemotherapy, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, and metal biliary stents are implemented in all 17 Dutch pancreatic centers and their regional referral networks during a 6-week initiation period. Per pancreatic center, one multidisciplinary team functions as reference for the other centers in the network. Key best practices were identified from the literature, 3 years of data from existing nationwide registries within the Dutch Pancreatic Cancer Project (PACAP), and national expert meetings. The best practices follow the Dutch guideline on pancreatic cancer and the current state of the literature, and can be executed within daily clinical practice. The implementation process includes monitoring, return visits, and provider feedback in combination with education and reminders. Patient outcomes and compliance are monitored within the PACAP registries. Primary outcome is 1-year overall survival (for all disease stages). Secondary outcomes include quality of life, 3- and 5-year overall survival, and guideline compliance. An improvement of 10% in 1-year overall survival is considered clinically relevant. A 25-month study duration was chosen, which provides 80% statistical power for a mortality reduction of 10.0% in the 17 pancreatic cancer centers, with a required sample size of 2142 patients, corresponding to a 6.6% mortality reduction and 4769 patients nationwide. Discussion The PACAP-1 trial is designed to evaluate whether a nationwide program for enhanced implementation of best practices in pancreatic cancer care can improve 1-year overall survival and quality of life. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03513705. Trial opened for accrual on 22th May 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T M Mackay
- Department of surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F J Smits
- Department of surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A E J Latenstein
- Department of surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Bogte
- Department of gastroenterology, Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht & St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - B A Bonsing
- Department of surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - H Bos
- Department of medical oncology, Tjongerschans Hospital, Heerenveen, the Netherlands
| | - K Bosscha
- Department of surgery, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Netherlands
| | - L A A Brosens
- Department of pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of pathology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - L Hol
- Department of gastroenterology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - O R C Busch
- Department of surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G J Creemers
- Department of medical oncology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - W L Curvers
- Department of gastroenterology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - M den Dulk
- Department of surgery, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - S van Dieren
- Department of surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L M J W van Driel
- Department of gastroenterology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Festen
- Department of surgery, OLVG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E J M van Geenen
- Department of gastroenterology, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - L G van der Geest
- Department of Research, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - D J A de Groot
- Department of medical oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J W B de Groot
- Department of medical oncology, Oncology Center Isala, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - N Haj Mohammad
- Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht & St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - B C M Haberkorn
- Department of medical oncology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J T Haver
- Department of nutrition and dietetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E van der Harst
- Department of surgery, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G J M Hemmink
- Department of gastroenterology, Oncology Center Isala, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - I H de Hingh
- Department of surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - C Hoge
- Department of gastroenterology, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M Y V Homs
- Department of medical oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N C van Huijgevoort
- Department of gastroenterology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M A J M Jacobs
- Department of gastroenterology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E D Kerver
- Department of medical oncology, OLVG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M S L Liem
- Department of surgery, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - M Los
- Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht & St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - H Lubbinge
- Department of gastroenterology, Tjongerschans Hospital, Heerenveen, the Netherlands
| | - S A C Luelmo
- Department of medical oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - V E de Meijer
- Department of surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - L Mekenkamp
- Department of medical oncology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - I Q Molenaar
- Department of surgery, Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht & St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - M G H van Oijen
- Department of medical oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G A Patijn
- Department of surgery, Oncology Center Isala, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - R Quispel
- Department of gastroenterology, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - L B van Rijssen
- Department of surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T E H Römkens
- Department of gastroenterology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Netherlands
| | - H C van Santvoort
- Department of surgery, Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht & St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | | | - H Schut
- Department of medical oncology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, the Netherlands
| | - T Seerden
- Department of gastroenterology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - M W J Stommel
- Department of surgery, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A J Ten Tije
- Department of medical oncology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - N G Venneman
- Department of gastroenterology and hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - R C Verdonk
- Department of gastroenterology, Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht & St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - J Verheij
- Department of pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F G I van Vilsteren
- Department of gastroenterology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J de Vos-Geelen
- Department of medical oncology, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - A Vulink
- Department of medical oncology, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - C Wientjes
- Department of gastroenterology, OLVG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Wit
- Department of surgery, Tjongerschans Hospital, Heerenveen, the Netherlands
| | - F J Wessels
- Department of radiology, Regional Academic Cancer Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht & St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - B Zonderhuis
- Department of surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C H van Werkhoven
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and primary care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J E van Hooft
- Department of gastroenterology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C H J van Eijck
- Department of surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J W Wilmink
- Department of medical oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H W M van Laarhoven
- Department of medical oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M G Besselink
- Department of surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Uslu HI, Dölle AR, Dullemen HM, Aktas H, Kolkman JJ, Venneman NG. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and chronic pancreatitis may be diagnosed by exhaled-breath profiles: a multicenter pilot study. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2019; 12:385-390. [PMID: 31616173 PMCID: PMC6699144 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s189102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and chronic pancreatitis often rely on expensive and invasive diagnostic approaches, which are not always discriminative since patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma may present with similar symptoms. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in expired breath, could be used as a non-invasive diagnostic biological marker for detection of pancreatic pathology. Detection and discrimination of pancreatic pathology with an electronic nose has not yet been reported. Purpose The objective of this pilot study was to determine the diagnostic potential of an electronic nose to identify pancreatic adenocarcinoma and chronic pancreatitis by analyzing volatile organic compoundg (VOC) profiles in exhaled air. Patients and methods In a multicenter study, the exhaled air of 56 chronic pancreatitis patients, 29 pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients, and 74 disease controls were analyzed using an electronic nose based on 3 metal oxide sensors (MOS). The measurements were evaluated utilizing an artificial neural network. Results VOC profiles of chronic pancreatitis patients could be discriminated from disease controls with an accuracy of 0.87 (AUC 0.95, sensitivity 80%, specificity 92%). Also, VOC profiles of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma differed from disease controls with an accuracy of 0.83 (AUC 0.87, sensitivity 83%, specificity 82%). Discrimination between chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma showed an accuracy of 0.75 (AUC 0.83, sensitivity 83%, specificity 71%). Conclusion An electronic nose may be a valuable diagnostic tool in diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and chronic pancreatitis. The current study shows the potential of an electronic nose for discriminating between chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic adenocarcinoma and healthy controls. The results from this proof-of-concept study warrant external validation in larger cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H I Uslu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A R Dölle
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - H M Dullemen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Aktas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente (ZGT), Almelo, The Netherlands
| | - J J Kolkman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
van Grinsven J, van Dijk SM, Dijkgraaf MG, Boermeester MA, Bollen TL, Bruno MJ, van Brunschot S, Dejong CH, van Eijck CH, van Lienden KP, Boerma D, van Duijvendijk P, Hadithi M, Haveman JW, van der Hulst RW, Jansen JM, Lips DJ, Manusama ER, Molenaar IQ, van der Peet DL, Poen AC, Quispel R, Schaapherder AF, Schoon EJ, Schwartz MP, Seerden TC, Spanier BWM, Straathof JW, Venneman NG, van de Vrie W, Witteman BJ, van Goor H, Fockens P, van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG. Postponed or immediate drainage of infected necrotizing pancreatitis (POINTER trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20:239. [PMID: 31023380 PMCID: PMC6482524 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infected necrosis complicates 10% of all acute pancreatitis episodes and is associated with 15–20% mortality. The current standard treatment for infected necrotizing pancreatitis is the step-up approach (catheter drainage, followed, if necessary, by minimally invasive necrosectomy). Catheter drainage is preferably postponed until the stage of walled-off necrosis, which usually takes 4 weeks. This delay stems from the time when open necrosectomy was the standard. It is unclear whether such delay is needed for catheter drainage or whether earlier intervention could actually be beneficial in the current step-up approach. The POINTER trial investigates if immediate catheter drainage in patients with infected necrotizing pancreatitis is superior to the current practice of postponed intervention. Methods POINTER is a randomized controlled multicenter superiority trial. All patients with necrotizing pancreatitis are screened for eligibility. In total, 104 adult patients with (suspected) infected necrotizing pancreatitis will be randomized to immediate (within 24 h) catheter drainage or current standard care involving postponed catheter drainage. Necrosectomy, if necessary, is preferably postponed until the stage of walled-off necrosis, in both treatment arms. The primary outcome is the Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI), which covers all complications between randomization and 6-month follow up. Secondary outcomes include mortality, complications, number of (repeat) interventions, hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) lengths of stay, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and direct and indirect costs. Standard follow-up is at 3 and 6 months after randomization. Discussion The POINTER trial investigates if immediate catheter drainage in infected necrotizing pancreatitis reduces the composite endpoint of complications, as compared with the current standard treatment strategy involving delay of intervention until the stage of walled-off necrosis. Trial registration ISRCTN, 33682933. Registered on 6 August 2015. Retrospectively registered. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-019-3315-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janneke van Grinsven
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, G4.196, PO Box 26000, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands. .,Department of Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Nieuwegein, Netherlands.
| | - Sven M van Dijk
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, G4.196, PO Box 26000, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Marcel G Dijkgraaf
- Clinical Research Unit, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marja A Boermeester
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, G4.196, PO Box 26000, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas L Bollen
- Department of Radiology, St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rottedam, Netherlands
| | - Sandra van Brunschot
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Dejong
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Casper H van Eijck
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Krijn P van Lienden
- Department of Radiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Djamila Boerma
- Department of Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | | | - Muhammed Hadithi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Haveman
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - René W van der Hulst
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Spaarne Gasthuis Haarlem, Haarlem, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen M Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, OLVG Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daan J Lips
- Department of Surgery, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Eric R Manusama
- Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, Netherlands
| | - I Quintus Molenaar
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Donald L van der Peet
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexander C Poen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isala Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, Netherlands
| | - Rutger Quispel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis Delft, Delft, Netherlands
| | | | - Erik J Schoon
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs P Schwartz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center Amersfoort, Amersfoort, Netherlands
| | - Tom C Seerden
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital Breda, Breda, Netherlands
| | - B W Marcel Spanier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital Arnhem, Arnhem, Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Straathof
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center Veldhoven, Veldhoven, Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente Enschede, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Wim van de Vrie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht, Dordrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ben J Witteman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei Ede, Ede, Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Paul Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar C van Santvoort
- Department of Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Nieuwegein, Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marc G Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, G4.196, PO Box 26000, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Smeets X, Bouhouch N, Buxbaum J, Zhang H, Cho J, Verdonk RC, Römkens T, Venneman NG, Kats I, Vrolijk JM, Hemmink G, Otten A, Tan A, Elmunzer BJ, Cotton PB, Drenth J, van Geenen E. The revised Atlanta criteria more accurately reflect severity of post-ERCP pancreatitis compared to the consensus criteria. United European Gastroenterol J 2019; 7:557-564. [PMID: 31065373 DOI: 10.1177/2050640619834839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) is the most prevalent complication after ERCP with an incidence of 3.5%. PEP severity is classified according to either the consensus criteria or the revised Atlanta criteria. In this international cohort study we investigated which classification is the strongest predictor of PEP-related mortality. Methods We reviewed 13,384 consecutive ERCPs performed between 2012 and 2017 in eight hospitals. We gathered data on all pancreatitis-related adverse events and compared the predictive capabilities of both classifications. Furthermore, we investigated the correlation between the two classifications and identified reasons underlying length of stay. Results The total sample consisted of 387 patients. The revised Atlanta criteria have a higher sensitivity (100 vs. 55%), specificity (98 vs. 72%) and positive predictive value (58 vs. 5%). There is a significant difference (p < 0.001) between the two classifications. In 124 patients (32%), the length of stay was influenced by concomitant diseases. Conclusion The revised Atlanta classification is superior in predicting mortality and better reflects PEP severity. This has important implications for researchers, clinicians and patients. For the diagnosis of PEP pancreatitis, the consensus criteria remain the golden standard. However, the revised Atlanta criteria are preferable for defining PEP severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xjnm Smeets
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - N Bouhouch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Buxbaum
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Cho
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R C Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Teh Römkens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - N G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - I Kats
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - J M Vrolijk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Gjm Hemmink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isala Klinieken, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - A Otten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isala Klinieken, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Acitl Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B J Elmunzer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - P B Cotton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jph Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ejm van Geenen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Smeets XJNM, da Costa DW, Fockens P, Mulder CJJ, Timmer R, Kievit W, Zegers M, Bruno MJ, Besselink MGH, Vleggaar FP, van der Hulst RWM, Poen AC, Heine GDN, Venneman NG, Kolkman JJ, Baak LC, Römkens TEH, van Dijk SM, Hallensleben NDL, van de Vrie W, Seerden TCJ, Tan ACITL, Voorburg AMCJ, Poley JW, Witteman BJ, Bhalla A, Hadithi M, Thijs WJ, Schwartz MP, Vrolijk JM, Verdonk RC, van Delft F, Keulemans Y, van Goor H, Drenth JPH, van Geenen EJM. Fluid hydration to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis in average- to high-risk patients receiving prophylactic rectal NSAIDs (FLUYT trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:207. [PMID: 29606135 PMCID: PMC5879873 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) is the most common complication of ERCP and may run a severe course. Evidence suggests that vigorous periprocedural hydration can prevent PEP, but studies to date have significant methodological drawbacks. Importantly, evidence for its added value in patients already receiving prophylactic rectal non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is lacking and the cost-effectiveness of the approach has not been investigated. We hypothesize that combination therapy of rectal NSAIDs and periprocedural hydration would significantly lower the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis compared to rectal NSAIDs alone in moderate- to high-risk patients undergoing ERCP. Methods The FLUYT trial is a multicenter, parallel group, open label, superiority randomized controlled trial. A total of 826 moderate- to high-risk patients undergoing ERCP that receive prophylactic rectal NSAIDs will be randomized to a control group (no fluids or normal saline with a maximum of 1.5 mL/kg/h and 3 L/24 h) or intervention group (lactated Ringer’s solution with 20 mL/kg over 60 min at start of ERCP, followed by 3 mL/kg/h for 8 h thereafter). The primary endpoint is the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Secondary endpoints include PEP severity, hydration-related complications, and cost-effectiveness. Discussion The FLUYT trial design, including hydration schedule, fluid type, and sample size, maximize its power of identifying a potential difference in post-ERCP pancreatitis incidence in patients receiving prophylactic rectal NSAIDs. Trial registration EudraCT: 2015-000829-37. Registered on 18 February 2015. ISRCTN: 13659155. Registered on 18 May 2015. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-2583-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier J N M Smeets
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - David W da Costa
- Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, PO 2500, 3430 EM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, PO 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J J Mulder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Timmer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Antonius Hospital, PO 2500, 3430 EM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Wietske Kievit
- Department of Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Zegers
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ Healthcare, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Centre, PO 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc G H Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, PO 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank P Vleggaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rene W M van der Hulst
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Spaarne Gasthuis, PO 417, 2000 AK, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander C Poen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isala Klinieken, PO 10400, 8000 GK, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Gerbrand D N Heine
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Noord-West Hospital, PO 501, 1800 AM, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, PO 50000, 7500 KA, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J Kolkman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, PO 50000, 7500 KA, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbertus C Baak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Postbus 95500, 1090 HM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa E H Römkens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, PO 90153, 5200 ME, s'Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Sven M van Dijk
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, PO 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nora D L Hallensleben
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Centre, PO 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van de Vrie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, PO 444, 3300 AK, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom C J Seerden
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, PO 90158, 4800 RK, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan C I T L Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, PO 9015, 6500 GS, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annet M C J Voorburg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Diakonessenhuis, PO 80250, 3508 TG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Werner Poley
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Centre, PO 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben J Witteman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, PO 9025, 6710 HN, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Abha Bhalla
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, HAGA Hospital, PO 40551, 2504 LN, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Muhammed Hadithi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital, PO 9100, 3007 AC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J Thijs
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Martini Hospital, PO 30033, 9700 RM, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs P Schwartz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Centre, PO 1502, 3800 BM, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten Vrolijk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, PO 9555, 6800 TA, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Antonius Hospital, PO 2500, 3430 EM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Foke van Delft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolande Keulemans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zuyderland, PO 5500, 6130 MB, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P H Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin J M van Geenen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
van Brunschot S, van Grinsven J, van Santvoort HC, Bakker OJ, Besselink MG, Boermeester MA, Bollen TL, Bosscha K, Bouwense SA, Bruno MJ, Cappendijk VC, Consten EC, Dejong CH, van Eijck CH, Erkelens WG, van Goor H, van Grevenstein WMU, Haveman JW, Hofker SH, Jansen JM, Laméris JS, van Lienden KP, Meijssen MA, Mulder CJ, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Poley JW, Quispel R, de Ridder RJ, Römkens TE, Scheepers JJ, Schepers NJ, Schwartz MP, Seerden T, Spanier BWM, Straathof JWA, Strijker M, Timmer R, Venneman NG, Vleggaar FP, Voermans RP, Witteman BJ, Gooszen HG, Dijkgraaf MG, Fockens P. Endoscopic or surgical step-up approach for infected necrotising pancreatitis: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2018; 391:51-58. [PMID: 29108721 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infected necrotising pancreatitis is a potentially lethal disease and an indication for invasive intervention. The surgical step-up approach is the standard treatment. A promising alternative is the endoscopic step-up approach. We compared both approaches to see whether the endoscopic step-up approach was superior to the surgical step-up approach in terms of clinical and economic outcomes. METHODS In this multicentre, randomised, superiority trial, we recruited adult patients with infected necrotising pancreatitis and an indication for invasive intervention from 19 hospitals in the Netherlands. Patients were randomly assigned to either the endoscopic or the surgical step-up approach. The endoscopic approach consisted of endoscopic ultrasound-guided transluminal drainage followed, if necessary, by endoscopic necrosectomy. The surgical approach consisted of percutaneous catheter drainage followed, if necessary, by video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement. The primary endpoint was a composite of major complications or death during 6-month follow-up. Analyses were by intention to treat. This trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN09186711. FINDINGS Between Sept 20, 2011, and Jan 29, 2015, we screened 418 patients with pancreatic or extrapancreatic necrosis, of which 98 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to the endoscopic step-up approach (n=51) or the surgical step-up approach (n=47). The primary endpoint occurred in 22 (43%) of 51 patients in the endoscopy group and in 21 (45%) of 47 patients in the surgery group (risk ratio [RR] 0·97, 95% CI 0·62-1·51; p=0·88). Mortality did not differ between groups (nine [18%] patients in the endoscopy group vs six [13%] patients in the surgery group; RR 1·38, 95% CI 0·53-3·59, p=0·50), nor did any of the major complications included in the primary endpoint. INTERPRETATION In patients with infected necrotising pancreatitis, the endoscopic step-up approach was not superior to the surgical step-up approach in reducing major complications or death. The rate of pancreatic fistulas and length of hospital stay were lower in the endoscopy group. The outcome of this trial will probably result in a shift to the endoscopic step-up approach as treatment preference. FUNDING The Dutch Digestive Disease Foundation, Fonds NutsOhra, and the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra van Brunschot
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Janneke van Grinsven
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar C van Santvoort
- Department of Surgery, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands; Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Olaf J Bakker
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marc G Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marja A Boermeester
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas L Bollen
- Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Koop Bosscha
- Department of Surgery, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Stefan A Bouwense
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Esther C Consten
- Department of Surgery, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Dejong
- Department of Surgery and NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Casper H van Eijck
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan-Willem Haveman
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sijbrand H Hofker
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen M Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan S Laméris
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Krijn P van Lienden
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Chris J Mulder
- Department of Gastroenterology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan-Werner Poley
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rutger Quispel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Reinier de Graaf Group, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Rogier J de Ridder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tessa E Römkens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | | | - Nicolien J Schepers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs P Schwartz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, Netherlands
| | - Tom Seerden
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marin Strijker
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robin Timmer
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Frank P Vleggaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rogier P Voermans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben J Witteman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, Netherlands
| | - Hein G Gooszen
- Department of OR/Evidence Based Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel G Dijkgraaf
- Clinical Research Unit, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Schepers NJ, Bakker OJ, Besselink MGH, Bollen TL, Dijkgraaf MGW, van Eijck CHJ, Fockens P, van Geenen EJM, van Grinsven J, Hallensleben NDL, Hansen BE, van Santvoort HC, Timmer R, Anten MPGF, Bolwerk CJM, van Delft F, van Dullemen HM, Erkelens GW, van Hooft JE, Laheij R, van der Hulst RWM, Jansen JM, Kubben FJGM, Kuiken SD, Perk LE, de Ridder RJJ, Rijk MCM, Römkens TEH, Schoon EJ, Schwartz MP, Spanier BWM, Tan ACITL, Thijs WJ, Venneman NG, Vleggaar FP, van de Vrie W, Witteman BJ, Gooszen HG, Bruno MJ. Early biliary decompression versus conservative treatment in acute biliary pancreatitis (APEC trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2016; 17:5. [PMID: 26729193 PMCID: PMC4700728 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-1132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute pancreatitis is mostly caused by gallstones or sludge. Early decompression of the biliary tree by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) with sphincterotomy may improve outcome in these patients. Whereas current guidelines recommend early ERC in patients with concomitant cholangitis, early ERC is not recommended in patients with mild biliary pancreatitis. Evidence on the role of routine early ERC with endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients without cholangitis but with biliary pancreatitis at high risk for complications is lacking. We hypothesize that early ERC with sphincterotomy improves outcome in these patients. Methods/Design The APEC trial is a randomized controlled, parallel group, superiority multicenter trial. Within 24 hours after presentation to the emergency department, patients with biliary pancreatitis without cholangitis and at high risk for complications, based on an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE-II) score of 8 or greater, Modified Glasgow score of 3 or greater, or serum C-reactive protein above 150 mg/L, will be randomized. In 27 hospitals of the Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group, 232 patients will be allocated to early ERC with sphincterotomy or to conservative treatment. The primary endpoint is a composite of major complications (that is, organ failure, pancreatic necrosis, pneumonia, bacteremia, cholangitis, pancreatic endocrine, or exocrine insufficiency) or death within 180 days after randomization. Secondary endpoints include ERC-related complications, infected necrotizing pancreatitis, length of hospital stay and an economical evaluation. Discussion The APEC trial investigates whether an early ERC with sphincterotomy reduces the composite endpoint of major complications or death compared with conservative treatment in patients with biliary pancreatitis at high risk of complications. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN97372133 (date registration: 17-12-2012) Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-015-1132-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolien J Schepers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Antonius Hospital, PO 2500, 3430, EM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Olaf J Bakker
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO 85500, 3508, GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc G H Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, PO 22660, 1100, DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas L Bollen
- Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, PO 2500, 3430, EM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcel G W Dijkgraaf
- Clinical Research Unit, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, PO 22660, 1100, DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Casper H J van Eijck
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, PO 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, PO 22660, 1100, DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Erwin J M van Geenen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, HP 690, PO 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Janneke van Grinsven
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, PO 22660, 1100, DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, PO 22660, 1100, DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nora D L Hallensleben
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Surgery, St Antonius Hospital, PO 2500, 3430, EM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Bettina E Hansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hjalmar C van Santvoort
- Department of Surgery, St Antonius Hospital, PO 2500, 3430, EM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Robin Timmer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marie-Paule G F Anten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sint Franciscus Gasthuis, PO 10900, 3004, BA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Clemens J M Bolwerk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg 3-11, 2625, AD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Foke van Delft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007, MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hendrik M van Dullemen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, PO 30001, 9700, RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - G Willemien Erkelens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gelre Hospital, PO 9014, 7300, DS, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeanin E van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, PO 22660, 1100, DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert Laheij
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, PO 90151, 5000, LC, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - René W M van der Hulst
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kennemer Gasthuis, PO 417, 2000, AK, Haarlem, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen M Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Postbus 95500, 1090, HM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank J G M Kubben
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital, Maasstadweg 21, 3079, DZ, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sjoerd D Kuiken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sint Lucas Andreas Hospital, PO 9243, 1006, AE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lars E Perk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Center Haaglanden, PO 432, 2501, CK Den Haag, The Netherlands.
| | - Rogier J J de Ridder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO 5800, 6202, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marno C M Rijk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, PO 90158, 4800, RK, Breda, The Netherlands.
| | - Tessa E H Römkens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, PO 90153, 5200, ME 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands.
| | - Erik J Schoon
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catharina Hospital, PO 1350, 5602, ZA, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Matthijs P Schwartz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, PO 1502, 3800, BM, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.
| | - B W Marcel Spanier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, PO 9555, 6800, TA, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
| | - Adriaan C I T L Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, PO 9015, 6500, GS, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Willem J Thijs
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Martini Hospital, PO 30033, 9700, RM, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, PO 50000, 7500, KA, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank P Vleggaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO 85500, 3508, GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim van de Vrie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, PO 444, 3300, AK, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ben J Witteman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei Ede, PO 9025, 6710, HN, Ede, The Netherlands.
| | - Hein G Gooszen
- Department of Operating Rooms - Evidence Based Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, HP 690, PO 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Walter D, van Boeckel PGA, Groenen MJ, Weusten BLAM, Witteman BJ, Tan G, Brink MA, Nicolai J, Tan AC, Alderliesten J, Venneman NG, Laleman W, Jansen JM, Bodelier A, Wolters FL, van der Waaij LA, Breumelhof R, Peters FTM, Scheffer RCH, Leenders M, Hirdes MMC, Steyerberg EW, Vleggaar FP, Siersema PD. Cost Efficacy of Metal Stents for Palliation of Extrahepatic Bile Duct Obstruction in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:130-8. [PMID: 25790742 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Endoscopic stents are placed for palliation of extrahepatic bile duct obstruction. Although self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) remain patent longer than plastic stents, they are more expensive. We aimed to evaluate which type of stent (plastic, uncovered SEMS [uSEMS], or partially covered SEMS [pcSEMS]) is the most effective and we assessed costs. METHODS We performed a multicenter randomized trial in 219 patients at 18 hospitals in The Netherlands from February 2008 through February 2013. Patients were assigned randomly for placement of a plastic stent (n = 73), uSEMS (n = 75), or pcSEMS (n = 71) during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Patients were followed up for up to 1 year. Researchers were not blinded to groups. The main study end points included functional stent time and costs. RESULTS The mean functional stent times were 172 days for plastic stents, 288 days for uSEMS, and 299 days for pcSEMS (P < .005 for uSEMS and pcSEMS vs plastic). The initial placement of plastic stents (€1042 or $1106) cost significantly less than placement of SEMS (€1973 or $2094) (P = .001). However, the total cost per patient at the end of the follow-up period did not differ significantly between plastic stents (€7320 or $7770) and SEMS (€6932 or $7356) (P = .61). Furthermore, in patients with short survival times (≤3 mo) or metastatic disease, the total cost per patient did not differ between plastic stents and SEMS. No differences in costs were found between pcSEMS and uSEMS. CONCLUSIONS Although placement of SEMS (uncovered or partially covered) for palliation of extrahepatic bile duct obstruction initially is more expensive than placement of plastic stents, SEMS have longer functional time. The total costs after 1 year do not differ significantly with stent type. Dutch Clinical Trial Registration no: NTR1361.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Walter
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Petra G A van Boeckel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel J Groenen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Bas L A M Weusten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Ben J Witteman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Gi Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Twente Hospital, Hengelo, The Netherlands
| | - Menno A Brink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Nicolai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Haga Hospital, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan C Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce Alderliesten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Laleman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen M Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Bodelier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Frank L Wolters
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VieCuri Hospital, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ronald Breumelhof
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Diakonessen Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank T M Peters
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert C H Scheffer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, The Netherlands
| | - Max Leenders
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Meike M C Hirdes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout W Steyerberg
- Department of Decision Analysis, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank P Vleggaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D Siersema
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
de Groot NL, van Oijen MGH, Kessels K, Hemmink M, Weusten BLAM, Timmer R, Hazen WL, van Lelyveld N, Vermeijden RR, Curvers WL, Baak BC, Verburg R, Bosman JH, de Wijkerslooth LRH, de Rooij J, Venneman NG, Pennings M, van Hee K, Scheffer BCH, van Eijk RL, Meiland R, Siersema PD, Bredenoord AJ. Reassessment of the predictive value of the Forrest classification for peptic ulcer rebleeding and mortality: can classification be simplified? Endoscopy 2014; 46:46-52. [PMID: 24218308 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1344884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS This study aimed to reassess whether the Forrest classification is still useful for the prediction of rebleeding and mortality in peptic ulcer bleedings and, based on this, whether the classification could be simplified. PATIENTS AND METHODS Prospective registry data on peptic ulcer bleedings were collected and categorized according to the Forrest classification. The primary outcomes were 30-day rebleeding and all-cause mortality rates. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to test whether simplification of the Forrest classification into high risk (Forrest Ia), increased risk (Forrest Ib-IIc), and low risk (Forrest III) classes could be an alternative to the original classification. RESULTS In total, 397 patients were included, with 18 bleedings (4.5%) being classified as Forrest Ia, 73 (18.4%) as Forrest Ib, 86 (21.7%) as Forrest IIa, 32 (8.1%) as Forrest IIb, 59 (14.9%) as Forrest IIc, and 129 (32.5%) as Forrest III. Rebleeding occurred in 74 patients (18.6%). Rebleeding rates were highest in Forrest Ia peptic ulcers (59%). The odds ratios for rebleeding among Forrest Ib-IIc ulcers were similar. In subgroup analysis, predicting rebleeding using the Forrest classification was more reliable for gastric ulcers than for duodenal ulcers. The simplified Forrest classification had similar test characteristics to the original Forrest classification. CONCLUSION The Forrest classification still has predictive value for rebleeding of peptic ulcers, especially for gastric ulcers; however, it does not predict mortality. Based on these results, a simplified Forrest classification is proposed. However, further studies are needed to validate these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette L de Groot
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn G H van Oijen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Kessels
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Hemmink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Bas L A M Weusten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Timmer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter L Hazen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Niels van Lelyveld
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Reinoud R Vermeijden
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter L Curvers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert C Baak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Verburg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Center Haaglanden, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Joukje H Bosman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Janne de Rooij
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Pennings
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, The Netherlands
| | - Koen van Hee
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, The Netherlands
| | - Bob C H Scheffer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel L van Eijk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Ruby Meiland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D Siersema
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J Bredenoord
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
van Brunschot S, van Grinsven J, Voermans RP, Bakker OJ, Besselink MGH, Boermeester MA, Bollen TL, Bosscha K, Bouwense SA, Bruno MJ, Cappendijk VC, Consten EC, Dejong CH, Dijkgraaf MGW, van Eijck CH, Erkelens GW, van Goor H, Hadithi M, Haveman JW, Hofker SH, Jansen JJM, Laméris JS, van Lienden KP, Manusama ER, Meijssen MA, Mulder CJ, Nieuwenhuis VB, Poley JW, de Ridder RJ, Rosman C, Schaapherder AF, Scheepers JJ, Schoon EJ, Seerden T, Spanier BWM, Straathof JWA, Timmer R, Venneman NG, Vleggaar FP, Witteman BJ, Gooszen HG, van Santvoort HC, Fockens P. Transluminal endoscopic step-up approach versus minimally invasive surgical step-up approach in patients with infected necrotising pancreatitis (TENSION trial): design and rationale of a randomised controlled multicenter trial [ISRCTN09186711]. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13:161. [PMID: 24274589 PMCID: PMC4222267 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-13-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infected necrotising pancreatitis is a potentially lethal disease that nearly always requires intervention. Traditionally, primary open necrosectomy has been the treatment of choice. In recent years, the surgical step-up approach, consisting of percutaneous catheter drainage followed, if necessary, by (minimally invasive) surgical necrosectomy has become the standard of care. A promising minimally invasive alternative is the endoscopic transluminal step-up approach. This approach consists of endoscopic transluminal drainage followed, if necessary, by endoscopic transluminal necrosectomy. We hypothesise that the less invasive endoscopic step-up approach is superior to the surgical step-up approach in terms of clinical and economic outcomes. Methods/Design The TENSION trial is a randomised controlled, parallel-group superiority multicenter trial. Patients with (suspected) infected necrotising pancreatitis with an indication for intervention and in whom both treatment modalities are deemed possible, will be randomised to either an endoscopic transluminal or a surgical step-up approach. During a 4 year study period, 98 patients will be enrolled from 24 hospitals of the Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group. The primary endpoint is a composite of death and major complications within 6 months following randomisation. Secondary endpoints include complications such as pancreaticocutaneous fistula, exocrine or endocrine pancreatic insufficiency, need for additional radiological, endoscopic or surgical intervention, the need for necrosectomy after drainage, the number of (re-)interventions, quality of life, and total direct and indirect costs. Discussion The TENSION trial will answer the question whether an endoscopic step-up approach reduces the combined primary endpoint of death and major complications, as well as hospital stay and related costs compared with a surgical step-up approach in patients with infected necrotising pancreatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra van Brunschot
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
de Bruin GJ, Petruzzelli M, Venneman NG, van Minnen LP, Portincasa P, Konikoff FM, van Erpecum KJ. Effects of Aramchol on
in vitro
bile cholesterol crystallization and bile acid detergency. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200700227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gijs J. de Bruin
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michele Petruzzelli
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal and Public Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Niels G. Venneman
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L. Paul van Minnen
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal and Public Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Fred M. Konikoff
- Department of Gastroenterology Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, and the Minerva Center for Gallstones and Lipid Metabolism in the Liver, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Karel J. van Erpecum
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Stads S, Venneman NG, Scheffer RCH, Samsom M, van Erpecum KJ. Evaluation of gallbladder motility: comparison of two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasonography. Ann Hepatol 2007; 6:164-9. [PMID: 17786143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since impaired gallbladder emptying contributes to gallstone formation, the evaluation of gallbladder motility requires accurate methodology. Recently developed 3-dimensional ultrasonography may take into account various gallbladder shapes more accurately than conventional 2-dimensional ultrasonography. Therefore, volumes of water-filled balloons of various sizes were determined in vitro by 2-dimensional ultrasonography with the sum of cylinders method and by 3-dimensional ultrasonography. Also, in 15 gallstone patients and 6 healthy volunteers, fasting gallbladder volumes and postprandial motility were determined by both methods. Volumes of water-filled balloons as measured by both methods correlated strongly with true volumes (R= 0.93 for 2-dimensional and R = 0.98 for 3- dimensional ultrasonography). Gallbladder volumes measured by both methods were also correlated (R = 0.66, P <0.001). In gallstone patients, 3-dimensional ultrasonography yielded smaller gallbladder volumes than 2-dimensional ultrasonography (P = 0.007), but not in healthy subjects. With both methods, gallstone patients exhibited decreased postprandial gallbladder motility compared to healthy subjects. In conclusion, gallbladder volume measurements by 3-dimensional and 2-dimensional ultrasonography are strongly correlated.Nevertheless, in gallstone patients, gallbladder volumes by 3-dimensional ultrasonography tend to be smaller than by 2-dimensional ultrasonography, possibly due to interference of gallstones with the volume measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Stads
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Depts. of Gastroenterology and Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Schiphorst AHW, Besselink MGH, Venneman NG, Go PMNYH. [Symptomatic gallstone disease: an indication for surgery]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2006; 150:2405-9. [PMID: 17131696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Three patients, men in the ages of 58, 66 and 56 years, respectively, had experienced 'warning colics' a considerable time before gallstone complications or severe recurrent colic. Ultrasonographically proven gallstones had not led to cholecystectomy. The 58-year-old man died of sepsis due to infected pancreatic necrosis; the other men underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, after which they recovered fully. Approximately 10-5% of the adult Dutch population have gallstones, but only 10% will develop symptoms. The annual risk for developing complicated gallstone disease is 1-2% in asymptomatic gallstone carriers. Of patients admitted with complicated gallstone disease, 58% have had prior 'warning colics'. Complicated gallstone disease can be prevented by timely treatment after recognition of warning colics. Cholecystectomy is indicated in patients with intermittent upper-abdominal pain and proven gallstones or sludge.
Collapse
|
36
|
Venneman NG, Besselink MGH, Keulemans YCA, Vanberge-Henegouwen GP, Boermeester MA, Broeders IAMJ, Go PMNYH, van Erpecum KJ. Ursodeoxycholic acid exerts no beneficial effect in patients with symptomatic gallstones awaiting cholecystectomy. Hepatology 2006; 43:1276-83. [PMID: 16729326 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and impaired gallbladder motility purportedly reduce biliary pain and acute cholecystitis in patients with gallstones. However, the effect of UDCA in this setting has not been studied prospectively. This issue is important, as in several countries (including the Netherlands) scheduling problems result in long waiting periods for elective cholecystectomy. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on effects of UDCA in 177 highly symptomatic patients with gallstones scheduled for cholecystectomy. Patients were stratified for colic number in the preceding year (<3: 32 patients; > or =3: 145 patients). Baseline postprandial gallbladder motility was measured by ultrasound in 126 consenting patients. Twenty-three patients (26%) receiving UDCA and 29 (33%) receiving placebo remained colic-free during the waiting period (89 +/- 4; median [range]: 75[4-365] days) before cholecystectomy (P = .3). Number of colics, non-severe biliary pain, and analgesics intake were comparable. A low number of prior colics was associated with a higher likelihood of remaining colic-free (59% vs. 23%, P < .001), without effects on the risk of complications. In patients evaluated for gallbladder motility, 57% were weak and 43% were strong contractors (minimal gallbladder volume > respectively < or = 6 mL). Likelihood to remain colic-free was comparable in strong and weak contractors (31% vs. 33%). In weak contractors, UDCA decreased likelihood to remain colic-free (21% vs. 47%, P = .02). In the placebo group, 3 preoperative and 2 post-cholecystectomy complications occurred. In contrast, all 4 complications in the UDCA group occurred after cholecystectomy. In conclusion, UDCA does not reduce biliary symptoms in highly symptomatic patients. Early cholecystectomy is warranted in patients with symptomatic gallstones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels G Venneman
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
van Minnen LP, Venneman NG, van Dijk JE, Verheem A, Gooszen HG, Akkermans LMA, van Erpecum KJ. Cholesterol crystals enhance and phospholipids protect against pancreatitis induced by hydrophobic bile salts: a rat model study. Pancreas 2006; 32:369-75. [PMID: 16670619 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpa.0000220861.78248.1f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role of bile composition in the pathogenesis of biliary pancreatitis is unknown. The objective of this experiment was to explore the potential role of bile salts, phospholipids, and cholesterol crystals in the pathogenesis of biliary pancreatitis in a rat model. METHODS Model systems composed of taurodeoxycholate (TDC), mixed bile salts (MBS), or tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDC) [in 10 mM phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4], with or without cholesterol crystals or phosphatidylcholine, were infused into bile ducts of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Twenty-four hours later, animals were killed for histopathologic scoring of (peri)pancreatic inflammation. RESULTS : Severity of acute pancreatitis depended on bile salt hydrophobicity (TDC > MBS >> TUDC = PBS; histopathologic scores: 25.6 +/- 0.5, 23.0 +/- 1.5, 14.4 +/- 2.2, 14.8 +/- 1.0, respectively; P < 0.001), with corresponding differences in serum lipase concentration. Phosphatidylcholine protected against detrimental effects of TDC at physiological, but not at low, concentrations (scores: 19.5 +/- 2.3 vs 28.3 +/- 1.9 in case of Phosphatidycholine/(TDC + Phosphatidycholine) ratios 0.25 or 0.05, respectively). Cholesterol crystals increased severity of pancreatitis in model systems containing TDC or MBS, but not TUDC or PBS (33.2 +/- 0.4, 29.6 +/- 1.2, 18.6 +/- 1.5, 18.5 +/- 2.2, respectively; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In the rat model, hydrophobic bile salts and cholesterol crystals aggravate biliary pancreatitis, whereas phospholipids have a protective effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Paul van Minnen
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Venneman NG, Petruzzelli M, van Dijk JE, Verheem A, Akkermans LMA, Kroese ABA, van Erpecum KJ. Indomethacin disrupts the protective effect of phosphatidylcholine against bile salt-induced ileal mucosa injury. Eur J Clin Invest 2006; 36:105-12. [PMID: 16436092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indomethacin (Indo) exerts local toxic effects on small intestinal mucosa, possibly in association with hydrophobic bile salts. We investigated the potential toxic effects of Indo on ileal mucosa and the role of phosphatidylcholine (PC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Transmucosal resistance and Na-fluorescein permeability of ileal mucosa segments from female Wistar rats were determined in Ussing chambers during a 30-min incubation with model systems containing: control-buffer, taurodeoxycholate (TDC), Indo, TDC-Indo, TDC-PC, or TDC-PC-Indo. Decrease of resistance and increase of permeability were considered as parameters for mucosal injury. After incubation in Ussing chambers, the histopathology was examined to quantify the extent of mucosal injury. Also, in CaCo-2 cells, LDH-release was determined as a measure of cytotoxicity, after incubation with various model systems. RESULTS Decrease of resistance and increase of permeability were highest in systems containing TDC-Indo (P < 0.01). Phosphatidylcholine protected against the cytotoxic effects of TDC in absence of Indo only. Extent of mucosal injury by histological examination was also highest in systems containing TDC-Indo (P = 0.006). Again, PC exhibited protective effects in absence of Indo only. The LDH-release by CaCo2-cells was strongest in TDC-Indo systems (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Indomethacin disrupts protective effects of PC against bile salt-induced ileal mucosa injury. This finding is relevant for small intestinal injury induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N G Venneman
- Department of Gastro-enterology and Surgery, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Stapelbroek JM, van Erpecum KJ, Klomp LWJ, Venneman NG, Schwartz TP, van Berge Henegouwen GP, Devlin J, van Nieuwkerk CMJ, Knisely AS, Houwen RHJ. Nasobiliary drainage induces long-lasting remission in benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis. Hepatology 2006; 43:51-3. [PMID: 16374853 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) is characterized by episodic cholestasis and pruritus without anatomical obstruction. Effective medical treatment is not available. We report complete and long-lasting disappearance of pruritus and normalization of serum bile salt concentrations in cholestatic BRIC patients within 24 hours after endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (NBD). Relative amounts of phospholipids and bile salts in bile collected during NBD appeared to be normal, but phospholipids other than phosphatidylcholine (especially sphingomyelin) were increased. In conclusion, we propose that temporary endoscopic nasobiliary drainage should be considered in cholestatic BRIC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janneke M Stapelbroek
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Several risk factors for cholesterol gallstone formation in the general population have been identified. There is a strongly increased risk of gallstone disease during prolonged fasting, rapid weight loss, total parenteral nutrition, and somatostatin(-analogue) treatment. The annual risk of biliary colic and gallstone complications in asymptomatic gallstone carriers has been investigated sparsely. In asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstone carriers, treatment with the hydrophilic bile salt ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been claimed to reduce the risk of biliary colic and gallstone complications such as acute cholecystitis and acute pancreatitis. Also, prophylactic cholecystectomy could be beneficial in certain subgroups of asymptomatic gallstone carriers. However, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials are lacking. In this review, strategies for the prevention of gallstone formation in the general population and in high-risk conditions are dealt with. Also, strategies for the prevention of biliary colic and gallstone complications in asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstone carriers are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels G Venneman
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Venneman NG, Buskens E, Besselink MGH, Stads S, Go PMNYH, Bosscha K, van Berge-Henegouwen GP, van Erpecum KJ. Small gallstones are associated with increased risk of acute pancreatitis: potential benefits of prophylactic cholecystectomy? Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100:2540-50. [PMID: 16279912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatitis is a severe complication of gallstone disease with considerable mortality. Small gallstones may increase the risk of pancreatitis. Our aims were to evaluate potential association of small stones with pancreatitis and potential beneficial effects of prophylactic cholecystectomy. METHODS Stone characteristics were determined in patients with biliary pancreatitis (115), obstructive jaundice due to gallstones (103), acute cholecystitis (79), or uncomplicated gallstone disease (231). Sizes and numbers of gallbladder and bile duct stones were determined by ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, respectively. Effects of prophylactic cholecystectomy were assessed by decision analyses with a Markov model and Monte Carlo simulations. RESULTS Patients with pancreatitis or obstructive jaundice had more and smaller gallbladder stones than those with acute cholecystitis or uncomplicated disease (diameters of smallest stones: 3 +/- 1, 4 +/- 1, 8 +/- 1, and 9 +/- 1 mm, respectively, p < 0.01). Bile duct stones were smaller in case of pancreatitis than in obstructive jaundice (diameters of smallest stones: 4 +/- 1 vs 8 +/- 1, p < 0.01). Multivariate analysis identified old age and small stones as independent risk factors for pancreatitis. Decision analysis in a representative group of patients with small (<or=5 mm) gallstones (5,000 patients, 67% females, 45 yr old, 10-yr follow-up) indicates that life-years may be gained or lost by cholecystectomy, depending on incidence and mortality of pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS Small gallstones are associated with pancreatitis. Prophylactic cholecystectomy may lead to gain or loss of life-years in patients with small stones, depending on incidence and mortality of pancreatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels G Venneman
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Venneman NG, Besselink MGH, Go PMNYH, van Erpecum KJ. [Guideline "Dyspepsia"]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2005; 149:2023; author reply 2023-4. [PMID: 16171117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
|
43
|
vanBerge-Henegouwen GP, Venneman NG, van Erpecum KJ, Portincasa P. Drugs affecting biliary lipid secretion and gallbladder motility: their potential role in gallstone treatment and prevention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 5:185-91. [PMID: 16089351 DOI: 10.2174/1568008054064940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gallstone disease in the Western world has an estimated prevalence of 10-15% and more than 75% are cholesterol-enriched gallstones. Defective gallbladder motility has been identified as an important pathogenic factor for cholesterol gallstone disease. Various agents may enhance or impair postprandial gallbladder motility, and their effects on interdigestive gallbladder and intestinal motility should also be taken into account. Patients in high-risk situations for gallstone disease, and those chronically treated with drugs inhibiting gallbladder motility (e.g. somatostatin analogues) may benefit from improving gallbladder motility with prokinetic agents. Whether such a strategy can really prevent gallstone formation is still unknown, long-term studies are lacking so far. The efficacy of bile acid therapy with UDCA for gallstone dissolution or for prevention in high risk patients is limited and hampered by high recurrence rates. The efficacy of UDCA in prevention of colics or gallstone related complications in symptomatic patients with gallbladder stones with contraindications for operation or on the waiting list should be explored further, since several retrospective studies showed favourable outcomes with this strategy.
Collapse
|
44
|
Venneman NG, vanBerge-Henegouwen GP, van Erpecum KJ. Pharmacological manipulation of biliary water and lipids: potential consequences for prevention of acute biliary pancreatitis. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord 2005; 5:193-8. [PMID: 16089352 DOI: 10.2174/1568008054064814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute biliary pancreatitis, caused by macroscopic cholesterol gallstones or microlithiasis, is often a severe disease with considerable morbidity and mortality. Formation of cholesterol gallstones and microlithiasis is caused by cholesterol crystallization from cholesterol supersaturated gallbladder bile. Particularly patients with fast and extensive crystallization, due to highly concentrated bile, low biliary phospholipid contents and gallbladder mucin hypersecretion seem at risk for pancreatitis. Patients who suffered from acute biliary pancreatitis should undergo cholecystectomy as secondary prevention strategy. For patients at high surgical risk, endoscopic sphincterotomy may be an appropriate alternative. Pharmacological manipulation of biliary lipids by the hydrophilic bile salt ursodeoxycholic acid is reserved for patients with recurrent pancreatitis despite previous cholecystectomy or sphincterotomy, or with contraindications to surgical and endoscopic treatment. Maintenance therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid is however a very effective secondary prevention strategy. Potentially, secondary prevention of acute biliary pancreatitis could also be achieved through decreasing biliary mucin contents by UDCA, NSAIDs or N-acetylcystein, or through achieving bile dilution (currently not feasible).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels G Venneman
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Dept. of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Venneman NG, Renooij W, Rehfeld JF, VanBerge-Henegouwen GP, Go PMNYH, Broeders IAMJ, van Erpecum KJ. Small gallstones, preserved gallbladder motility, and fast crystallization are associated with pancreatitis. Hepatology 2005; 41:738-46. [PMID: 15793851 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a severe complication of gallstones with considerable mortality. We sought to explore the potential risk factors for biliary pancreatitis. We compared postprandial gallbladder motility (via ultrasonography) and, after subsequent cholecystectomy, numbers, sizes, and types of gallstones; gallbladder bile composition; and cholesterol crystallization in 21 gallstone patients with previous pancreatitis and 30 patients with uncomplicated symptomatic gallstones. Gallbladder motility was stronger in pancreatitis patients than in patients with uncomplicated symptomatic gallstones (minimum postprandial gallbladder volumes: 5.8 +/- 1.0 vs. 8.1 +/- 0.7 mL; P = .005). Pancreatitis patients had more often sludge (41% vs. 13%; P = .03) and smaller and more gallstones than patients with symptomatic gallstones (smallest stone diameters: 2 +/- 1 vs. 8 +/- 2 mm; P = .001). Also, crystallization occurred much faster in the bile of pancreatitis patients (1.0 +/- 0.0 vs. 2.5 +/- 0.4 days; P < .001), possibly because of higher mucin concentrations (3.3 +/- 1.9 vs. 0.8 +/- 0.2 mg/mL; P = .04). No significant differences were found in types of gallstones, relative biliary lipid contents, cholesterol saturation indexes, bile salt species composition, phospholipid classes, total protein or immunoglobulin (G, M, and A), haptoglobin, and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein concentrations. In conclusion, patients with small gallbladder stones and/or preserved gallbladder motility are at increased risk of pancreatitis. The potential benefit of prophylactic cholecystectomy in this patient category has yet to be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels G Venneman
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, University Medical Center, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Venneman NG, van Kammen M, Renooij W, Vanberge-Henegouwen GP, van Erpecum KJ. Effects of hydrophobic and hydrophilic bile salts on gallstone growth and dissolution in model biles. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1686:209-19. [PMID: 15629690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Revised: 10/04/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholesterol crystallization is a prerequisite for gallstone formation and growth, whereas dissolution of crystallized cholesterol forms the basis of nonsurgical therapy. Crystallization has been studied in detail, but dissolution mechanisms and effects of gallstones are largely unknown. METHODS We evaluated gallstone growth or dissolution, cholesterol crystallization and lipid distribution into various phases, in model biles with low or intermediate phospholipid contents (crystal-containing left two-phase or central three-phase zones), and with high phospholipid or low cholesterol contents (crystal-free right two-phase or bottom one-phase zones). RESULTS In model biles with added gallstones plotting in left two-phase and central three-phase zones, gallstone masses increased, whereas crystallization in the aqueous phase was less than without gallstones (P<0.001). In biles plotting in the right two-phase zone, gallstone masses decreased, depending on bile salt hydrophobicity (TUDC>TC>TCDC: P<0.001). In biles plotting in the bottom one-phase zone containing TC or TCDC, gallstone masses increased. In contrast, gallstone masses decreased in case of TUDC with preferential distribution of cholesterol into emerging vesicles. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest competition between gallstone surface and surrounding aqueous phase for precipitation of cholesterol in crystal-containing zones. Different gallstone dissolution mechanisms may exist for TUDC and TCDC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels G Venneman
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Venneman NG, Portincasa P, Vanberge-Henegouwen GP, van Erpecum KJ. Cholesterol saturation rather than phospholipid/bile salt ratio or protein content affects crystallization sequences in human gallbladder bile. Eur J Clin Invest 2004; 34:656-63. [PMID: 15473890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2004.01409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In model biles, cholesterol crystallization (an important factor in gallstone formation) mainly depends on phospholipid/bile salt ratios with characteristic sequences of plate-like (monohydrate) vs. non-plate-like (presumed anhydrous: arcs, needles, tubules, spirals) cholesterol crystals. We now investigate whether the same phenomenon occurs in human bile. METHODS Appearances of plate-like and non-plate-like cholesterol crystals were determined in filtered bile of 80 cholesterol gallstone patients, and related to biliary lipid and pro-nucleating protein composition. RESULTS Non-plate-like crystals appeared before plate-like crystals in 9 biles, on the same day in 24 biles, and after plate-like crystals in 31 biles. In 16 biles only plate-like crystals were observed. Crystal sequences did not depend on biliary lipid or protein composition. Cholesterol saturation indexes were higher in biles with than without non-plate-like crystals (150 +/- 6 vs. 125 +/- 12, P = 0.02). In contrast, phospholipid/(bile salt + phospholipid) ratios, bile salt species, phospholipid classes, concentrations of mucin, IgG, IgM, IgA, haptoglobin and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein did not differ. CONCLUSIONS Cholesterol crystallization sequences in human bile depend on cholesterol saturation index rather than on phospholipid/bile salt ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N G Venneman
- University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Venneman NG, van Brummelen SE, van Berge-Henegouwen GP, van Erpecum KJ. Microlithiasis: an important cause of "idiopathic" acute pancreatitis? Ann Hepatol 2004; 2:30-5. [PMID: 15094703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2003] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microlithiasis is the underlying cause in a significant proportion of patients with "idiopathic" acute pancreatitis. The mechanism appears to be a relative deficiency of phosphatidylcholine in bile, with fast and extensive cholesterol crystallization as a result. Diagnosis of microlithiasis by microscopic detection of cholesterol crystals in bile is important and should lead to appropriate therapy (cholecystectomy, endoscopic sphincterotomy or ursodeoxycholic acid maintenance therapy).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels G Venneman
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Depts. of Gastroenterology and Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
vanBerge-Henegouwen GP, Venneman NG, Portincasa P, Kosters A, van Erpecum KJ, Groen AK. Relevance of hereditary defects in lipid transport proteins for the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 2004:60-9. [PMID: 15696852 DOI: 10.1080/00855920410011022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the formation of cholesterol gallstones, cholesterol hypersecretion into bile causing cholesterol supersaturation and crystallization appears to be the primary factor, with disturbed gallbladder and intestinal motility as secondary factors. Although intestinal uptake mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated, the HDL receptor scavenger receptor B1 (SRB1) may be involved. Since HDL-cholesterol, both from the intestine and peripheral sources, is the preferred type of cholesterol for biliary secretion, increased HDL transport to the liver can also cause cholesterol hypersecretion in bile. In the hepatocyte, bile formation is regulated by several transmembrane proteins, all belonging to the ABC family. A change in the activity in one of these proteins can have a profound impact on biliary lipid secretion. The bile salt export pump (BSEP or ABCB11) regulates the excretion of bile salts into bile and mutations cause severe cholestasis. The second ABC transporter, ABCB4 (MDR3) regulates the secretion in bile of phosphatidylcholine (PC), while ABCG5/G8 is active in the excretion of cholesterol and sterols into bile. These transporters also facilitate transport of sterols back into the intestinal lumen. Mutations in either of these genes cause sitosterolaemia with increased absorption of plant sterols and cholesterol. Until now, evidence for a genetic background of human gallstone disease is mostly indirect and based on ethnic differences. Only two single gene defects are associated with gallstones. One is an ABCB4 mutation which causes a deficiency in biliary PC secretion and the other is a CYP7A1 mutation, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of bile salts from cholesterol in the liver. Recently, several common DNA polymorphisms in the ABCG8 gene were discovered that are associated with variations in plasma sterols, which could also influence biliary cholesterol secretion, but there is still a paucity of human studies.
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis is a severe disease with considerable morbidity and mortality. Gallstones and alcohol abuse are the most frequent causes (75% of patients). Other well-known causes are: hyperlipidemia, hypercalcaemia, abdominal surgery and drugs. In 10%-40% of patients however, no cause is identified after initial diagnostic evaluation: acute idiopathic pancreatitis. Identifying a cause in these patients is important, since the recurrence rate is high. METHODS A systematic review of the current literature was performed to identify possible causes, diagnoses and treatment options of acute idiopathic pancreatitis. Relevant literature was found via Pubmed. RESULTS The presence of microlithiasis or biliary sludge is an important cause of acute 'idiopathic' pancreatitis (up to 80% of patients). Microlithiasis and sludge can be detected by transabdominal/endoscopic ultrasonography, ERCP or polarizing light microscopy of bile. Cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice, whereas endoscopic sphincterotomy and ursodeoxycholic acid maintenance therapy are effective alternatives. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction can be identified as the cause of acute 'idiopathic' pancreatitis in up to 30% of patients. Manometry of Oddi's sphincter is the gold standard for its diagnosis. Endoscopic sphincterotomy prevents recurrence in most patients. Anatomic abnormalities such as major papilla stenosis, pancreas divisum, pancreatic duct strictures and tumours may also cause acute 'idiopathic' pancreatitis. Endoscopic sphincterotomy and surgery are effective treatments. Finally, genetic screening may reveal gene mutations as the cause of acute 'idiopathic' pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS Acute 'idiopathic' pancreatitis is a severe disease with a high recurrence rate. Extensive diagnostic investigations may lead to a cause in >90% of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E van Brummelen
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Dept. of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|