1
|
Mehdizadeh M, Ashtari N, Jiao X, Rahimi Balaei M, Marzban A, Qiyami-Hour F, Kong J, Ghavami S, Marzban H. Alteration of the Dopamine Receptors' Expression in the Cerebellum of the Lysosomal Acid Phosphatase 2 Mutant (Naked-Ataxia ( NAX)) Mouse. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2914. [PMID: 32326360 PMCID: PMC7215910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A spontaneous mutation in the lysosomal acid phosphatase (Acp2) enzyme (nax: naked-ataxia) in experimental mice results in delayed hair appearance and severe cytoarchitectural impairments of the cerebellum, such as a Purkinje cell (PC) migration defect. In our previous investigation, our team showed that Acp2 expression plans a significant role in cerebellar development. On the other hand, the dopaminergic system is also a player in central nervous system (CNS) development, including cerebellar structure and function. In the current investigation, we have explored how Acp2 can be involved in the regulation of the dopaminergic pathway in the cerebellum via the regulation of dopamine receptor expression and patterning. We provided evidence about the distribution of different dopamine receptors in the developing cerebellum by comparing the expression of dopamine receptors on postnatal days (P) 5 and 17 between nax mice and wild-type (wt) littermates. To this aim, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were conducted using five antibodies against dopamine receptors (DRD1, -2, -3, -4, and -5) accompanied by RNAseq data. Our results revealed that DRD1, -3, and -4 gene expressions significantly increased in nax cerebella but not in wt, while gene expressions of all 5 receptors were evident in PCs of both wt and nax cerebella. DRD3 was strongly expressed in the PCs' somata and cerebellar nuclei neurons at P17 in nax mice, which was comparable to the expression levels in the cerebella of wt littermates. In addition, DRD3 was expressed in scattered cells in a granular layer reminiscent of Golgi cells and was observed in the wt cerebella but not in nax mice. DRD4 was expressed in a subset of PCs and appeared to align with the unique parasagittal stripes pattern. This study contributes to our understanding of alterations in the expression pattern of DRDs in the cerebellum of nax mice in comparison to their wt littermates, and it highlights the role of Acp2 in regulating the dopaminergic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mehdizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (M.M.); (F.Q.-H.); (J.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Niloufar Ashtari
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (N.A.); (X.J.); (M.R.B.)
| | - Xiaodan Jiao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (N.A.); (X.J.); (M.R.B.)
| | - Maryam Rahimi Balaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (N.A.); (X.J.); (M.R.B.)
| | - Asghar Marzban
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 4513956111, Iran;
| | - Farshid Qiyami-Hour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (M.M.); (F.Q.-H.); (J.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Jiming Kong
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (M.M.); (F.Q.-H.); (J.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (M.M.); (F.Q.-H.); (J.K.); (S.G.)
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (M.M.); (F.Q.-H.); (J.K.); (S.G.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (N.A.); (X.J.); (M.R.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Soleimani Asl S, Bergen H, Ashtari N, Amiri S, Łos MJ, Mehdizadeh M. Pelargonidin exhibits restoring effects against amyloid β-induced deficits in the hippocampus of male rats. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2019; 33:135. [PMID: 32280641 PMCID: PMC7137812 DOI: 10.34171/mjiri.33.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid-beta plaques, neuronal loss, and cognitive dysfunction. Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathophysiology of AD, and it has been suggested that antioxidants may slow the progress of the disease. In this study, the possible protective effects of pelargonidin (a natural flavonoid) against amyloid β (Aβ)-induced behavioral deficits was investigated in rats.
Methods: Adult Wistar male rats were treated with intrahippocampal injections of the Aβ (aa 25-35) and intraperitoneal injection of pelargonidin. Learning and spatial memory were tested using the Morris water maze (MWM) task. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay (FRAP assay). Data were analyzed using SPSS 20, and value of p≤0.05 was considered significant.
Results: The results of this study showed that Aβ significantly increased escape latency and the distance traveled in the MWM, and pelargonidin attenuated these behavioral changes. Aβ induced a significant decrease in the total thiol content of hippocampus, and pelargonidin restored the hippocampal antioxidant capacity.
Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that pelargonidin can improve Aβ-induced behavioral changes in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Soleimani Asl
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hugo Bergen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Niloufar Ashtari
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shayan Amiri
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marek J Łos
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Chrobrego 8 str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.,LinkoCare Life Sciences AB, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mehdi Mehdizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Soleimani Asl S, Bergen H, Ashtari N, Amiri S, J. Łos M, Mehdizadeh M. Pelargonidin exhibits restoring effects against amyloid β-induced deficits in the hippocampus of male rats. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2019. [DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.33.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
4
|
Soleimani Asl S, Roointan A, Bergen H, Amiri S, Mardani P, Ashtari N, Shabani R, Mehdizadeh M. Opioid Receptors Gene Polymorphism and Heroin Dependence in Iran. Basic Clin Neurosci 2018; 9:101-106. [PMID: 29967669 PMCID: PMC6026094 DOI: 10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.2.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Genes often have multiple polymorphisms that interact with each other and the environment in different individuals. Variability in the opioid receptors can influence opiate withdrawal and dependence. In humans, A118G Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) on μ-Opioid Receptor (MOR), 36 G>T in κ-Opioid Receptor (KOR), and T921C in the δ-Opioid Receptor (DOR) have been found to associate with substance dependence. Methods: To investigate the association between opioid receptors gene polymorphism and heroin addiction, 100 control subjects with no history of opioid use, and 100 heroin addicts (50% males and 50% females) in Tehran (capital of Iran), were evaluated. A118G, 36 G>T, and T921C SNPs on the MOR, KOR, DOR genes, respectively, were genotyped by sequencing. Results: We found no differences in either allele or genotype frequency for MOR, KOR and DOR genes SNPs between controls and subjects addicted to heroin. Conclusion: The relationships among polymorphisms may be important in determining the risk profile for complex diseases such as addiction, but opioid addiction is a multifactorial syndrome which is partially hereditary and partially affected by the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Soleimani Asl
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amir Roointan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hugo Bergen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shayan Amiri
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Mardani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tehran Branch, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Ashtari
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ronak Shabani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mehdizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiao X, Ashtari N, Rahimi-Balaei M, Chen QM, Badbezanchi I, Shojaei S, Marzban A, Mirzaei N, Chung S, Guan T, Li J, Vriend J, Mehr SE, Kong J, Marzban H. Mevalonate Cascade and Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Future Targets for Therapeutic Application. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2017; 10:115-140. [PMID: 26758948 DOI: 10.2174/1874467209666160112125446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mevalonate cascade is a key metabolic pathway that regulates a variety of cellular functions and is thereby implicated in the pathophysiology of most brain diseases, including neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Emerging lines of evidence suggest that statins and Rho GTPase inhibitors are efficacious and have advantageous properties in treatment of different pathologic conditions that are relevant to the central nervous system. Beyond the original role of statins in lowering cholesterol synthesis, they have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and modulatory effects on signaling pathways. Additionally, Rho GTPase inhibitors and statins share the mevalonate pathway as a common target of their therapeutic actions. In this review, we discuss potential mechanisms through which these drugs, via their role in the mevalonate pathway, exert their neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Jiao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Manitoba Institute of Child Health (MICH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Niloufar Ashtari
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Manitoba Institute of Child Health (MICH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Maryam Rahimi-Balaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Manitoba Institute of Child Health (MICH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Qi Min Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Manitoba Institute of Child Health (MICH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ilnaz Badbezanchi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Manitoba Institute of Child Health (MICH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Nima Mirzaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Manitoba Institute of Child Health (MICH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Seunghyuk Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Teng Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Manitoba Institute of Child Health (MICH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jiasi Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Manitoba Institute of Child Health (MICH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jerry Vriend
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Manitoba Institute of Child Health (MICH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shahram Ejtemaei Mehr
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Manitoba Institute of Child Health (MICH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Afshar P, Ashtari N, Jiao X, Rahimi-Balaei M, Zhang X, Yaganeh B, Del Bigio MR, Kong J, Marzban H. Overexpression of Human SOD1 Leads to Discrete Defects in the Cerebellar Architecture in the Mouse. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:22. [PMID: 28424594 PMCID: PMC5372795 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene is responsible for neutralizing supercharged oxygen radicals within the cell. Mutation in SOD1 gene causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recent studies have shown involvement of the cerebellum in ALS, although the cerebellar contribution in SOD1 transgenic mice remains unclear. Using immunohistopathology, we investigated the Purkinje cell phenotype in the vermis of the SOD1 transgenic mice cerebellum. Calbindin 1 (Calb1) and three well-known zone and stripe markers, zebrin II, HSP25, and PLCβ4 have been used to explore possible alteration in zone and stripe. Here we show that Calb1 expression is significantly reduced in a subset of the Purkinje cells that is almost aligned with the cerebellar zones and stripes pattern. The Purkinje cells of SOD1 transgenic mice display a pattern of Calb1 down-regulation, which seems to proceed to Purkinje cell degeneration as the mice age. The onset of Calb1 down-regulation in Purkinje cells begins from the central zone and continues into the nodular zone, however it has not been observed in the anterior and posterior zones. In a subgroup of SOD1 transgenic mice in which gait unsteadiness was apparent, down-regulation of Calb1 is seen in a subset of PLCβ4+ Purkinje cells in the anterior zone. These observations suggest that the Calb1- subset of Purkinje cells in the anterior zone, which receives somatosensory input, causes unsteady gait. Our data suggest that human SOD1 overexpression leads to Calb1 down-regulation in the zone and strip pattern and raise the question of whether SOD1 overexpression leads to Purkinje cells degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Afshar
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Niloufar Ashtari
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xiaodan Jiao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Maryam Rahimi-Balaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xiaosha Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Behzad Yaganeh
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children and University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ashtari N, Jiao X, Rahimi-Balaei M, Amiri S, E. Mehr S, Yeganeh B, Marzban H. Lysosomal Acid Phosphatase Biosynthesis and Dysfunction: A Mini Review Focused on Lysosomal Enzyme Dysfunction in Brain. Curr Mol Med 2016; 16:439-46. [DOI: 10.2174/1566524016666160429115834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
8
|
Rahimi Balaei M, Jiao X, Ashtari N, Afsharinezhad P, Ghavami S, Marzban H. Cerebellar Expression of the Neurotrophin Receptor p75 in Naked-Ataxia Mutant Mouse. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E115. [PMID: 26784182 PMCID: PMC4730356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous mutation in the lysosomal acid phosphatase 2 (Acp2) mouse (nax--naked-ataxia mutant mouse) correlates with severe cerebellar defects including ataxia, reduced size and abnormal lobulation as well as Purkinje cell (Pc) degeneration. Loss of Pcs in the nax cerebellum is compartmentalized and harmonized to the classic pattern of gene expression of the cerebellum in the wild type mouse. Usually, degeneration starts in the anterior and posterior zones and continues to the central and nodular zones of cerebellum. Studies have suggested that the p75 neurotrophin receptor (NTR) plays a role in Pc degeneration; thus, in this study, we investigated the p75NTR pattern and protein expression in the cerebellum of the nax mutant mouse. Despite massive Pc degeneration that was observed in the nax mouse cerebellum, p75NTR pattern expression was similar to the HSP25 pattern in nax mice and comparable with wild type sibling cerebellum. In addition, immunoblot analysis of p75NTR protein expression did not show any significant difference between nax and wild type sibling (p > 0.5). In comparison with wild type counterparts, p75NTR pattern expression is aligned with the fundamental cytoarchitecture organization of the cerebellum and is unchanged in the nax mouse cerebellum despite the severe neurodevelopmental disorder accompanied with Pc degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahimi Balaei
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Xiaodan Jiao
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Niloufar Ashtari
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Pegah Afsharinezhad
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz 713484579, Iran.
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|