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Rodríguez LR, Lapeña-Luzón T, Benetó N, Beltran-Beltran V, Pallardó FV, Gonzalez-Cabo P, Navarro JA. Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Mitochondrial Calcium Signaling: A New Hope for Neurological Diseases? Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010165. [PMID: 35052668 PMCID: PMC8773297 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a versatile secondary messenger involved in the regulation of a plethora of different signaling pathways for cell maintenance. Specifically, intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is mainly regulated by the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria, whose Ca2+ exchange is mediated by appositions, termed endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), formed by proteins resident in both compartments. These tethers are essential to manage the mitochondrial Ca2+ influx that regulates the mitochondrial function of bioenergetics, mitochondrial dynamics, cell death, and oxidative stress. However, alterations of these pathways lead to the development of multiple human diseases, including neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedreich's ataxia, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth. A common hallmark in these disorders is mitochondrial dysfunction, associated with abnormal mitochondrial Ca2+ handling that contributes to neurodegeneration. In this work, we highlight the importance of Ca2+ signaling in mitochondria and how the mechanism of communication in MAMs is pivotal for mitochondrial maintenance and cell homeostasis. Lately, we outstand potential targets located in MAMs by addressing different therapeutic strategies focused on restoring mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake as an emergent approach for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.L.-L.); (N.B.); (V.B.-B.); (F.V.P.)
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.R.R.); (P.G.-C.); (J.A.N.)
| | - Tamara Lapeña-Luzón
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.L.-L.); (N.B.); (V.B.-B.); (F.V.P.)
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Noelia Benetó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.L.-L.); (N.B.); (V.B.-B.); (F.V.P.)
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Beltran-Beltran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.L.-L.); (N.B.); (V.B.-B.); (F.V.P.)
| | - Federico V. Pallardó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.L.-L.); (N.B.); (V.B.-B.); (F.V.P.)
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.L.-L.); (N.B.); (V.B.-B.); (F.V.P.)
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.R.R.); (P.G.-C.); (J.A.N.)
| | - Juan Antonio Navarro
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.R.R.); (P.G.-C.); (J.A.N.)
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Benetó N, Grinberg D, Vilageliu L, Canals I. Genome Editing Using Cas9-gRNA Ribonucleoprotein in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Disease Modeling. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2549:409-425. [PMID: 33755903 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that the CRISPR/Cas9 system could be used for genome editing purposes represented a major breakthrough in the field. This advancement has notably facilitated the introduction or correction of disease-specific mutations in healthy or disease stem cell lines respectively; therefore, easing disease modeling studies in combination with differentiation protocols. For many years, variability in the genetic background of different stem cell lines has been a major burden to specifically identify phenotypes arising uniquely from the presence of the mutation and not from differences in other genomic regions.Here, we provide a complete protocol to introduce random indels in human wild type pluripotent stem cells using CRISPR/Cas9 in order to generate clonal lines with potential pathogenic alterations in any gene of interest. In this protocol, we use transfection of a ribonucleoprotein complex to diminish the risk of off-target effects, and select clonal lines with promising indels to obtain disease induced pluripotent stem cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Benetó
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Grinberg
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluïsa Vilageliu
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isaac Canals
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Beltran-Beltran V, Benetó N, Lapeña-Luzón T, Rodríguez LR, Pallardó FV, Gonzalez-Cabo P. Role of Adenosine Receptors in Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases with Motor Symptoms. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 22:675-694. [PMID: 34514988 DOI: 10.2174/1389203722666210910110126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The approval of istradefylline, an adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) antagonist, as an add-on treatment in adult patients with Parkinson's disease by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA), is the latest proof of the importance of the adenosinergic system in the nervous system. Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside with a role as a modulator of both neurotransmission and the inflammatory response. As such, the expression pattern of the 4 adenosine receptors (A1R, A2AR, A2BR and A3R) and the extracellular adenosine levels have attracted great interest in the pathogenesis and possible treatment of rare neurodegenerative diseases with motor symptoms. These include Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), restless legs syndrome (RLS) and Machado-Joseph disease (MJD, also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, SCA3). In this review, we shall focus on the role of the different adenosine receptor subtypes in the development and possible treatment of the aforementioned rare neurodegenerative diseases with motor symptoms using the currently available data. The last section discusses the possibility of a role for the adenosine receptors in the treatment of other rare diseases based on the available molecular pathology knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicent Beltran-Beltran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010. Spain
| | - Noelia Benetó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010. Spain
| | - Tamara Lapeña-Luzón
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010. Spain
| | - Laura R Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010. Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010. Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010. Spain
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Lapeña-Luzón T, Rodríguez LR, Beltran-Beltran V, Benetó N, Pallardó FV, Gonzalez-Cabo P. Cofilin and Neurodegeneration: New Functions for an Old but Gold Protein. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070954. [PMID: 34356188 PMCID: PMC8303701 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cofilin is an actin-binding protein that plays a major role in the regulation of actin dynamics, an essential cellular process. This protein has emerged as a crucial molecule for functions of the nervous system including motility and guidance of the neuronal growth cone, dendritic spine organization, axonal branching, and synaptic signalling. Recently, other important functions in cell biology such as apoptosis or the control of mitochondrial function have been attributed to cofilin. Moreover, novel mechanisms of cofilin function regulation have also been described. The activity of cofilin is controlled by complex regulatory mechanisms, with phosphorylation being the most important, since the addition of a phosphate group to cofilin renders it inactive. Due to its participation in a wide variety of key processes in the cell, cofilin has been related to a great variety of pathologies, among which neurodegenerative diseases have attracted great interest. In this review, we summarized the functions of cofilin and its regulation, emphasizing how defects in these processes have been related to different neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Lapeña-Luzón
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.L.-L.); (L.R.R.); (V.B.-B.); (N.B.); (F.V.P.)
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura R. Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.L.-L.); (L.R.R.); (V.B.-B.); (N.B.); (F.V.P.)
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Beltran-Beltran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.L.-L.); (L.R.R.); (V.B.-B.); (N.B.); (F.V.P.)
| | - Noelia Benetó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.L.-L.); (L.R.R.); (V.B.-B.); (N.B.); (F.V.P.)
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V. Pallardó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.L.-L.); (L.R.R.); (V.B.-B.); (N.B.); (F.V.P.)
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.L.-L.); (L.R.R.); (V.B.-B.); (N.B.); (F.V.P.)
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Benetó N, Vilageliu L, Grinberg D, Canals I. Sanfilippo Syndrome: Molecular Basis, Disease Models and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7819. [PMID: 33105639 PMCID: PMC7659972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanfilippo syndrome or mucopolysaccharidosis III is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in genes responsible for the degradation of heparan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan located in the extracellular membrane. Undegraded heparan sulfate molecules accumulate within lysosomes leading to cellular dysfunction and pathology in several organs, with severe central nervous system degeneration as the main phenotypical feature. The exact molecular and cellular mechanisms by which impaired degradation and storage lead to cellular dysfunction and neuronal degeneration are still not fully understood. Here, we compile the knowledge on this issue and review all available animal and cellular models that can be used to contribute to increase our understanding of Sanfilippo syndrome disease mechanisms. Moreover, we provide an update in advances regarding the different and most successful therapeutic approaches that are currently under study to treat Sanfilippo syndrome patients and discuss the potential of new tools such as induced pluripotent stem cells to be used for disease modeling and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Benetó
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.B.); (L.V.); (D.G.)
| | - Lluïsa Vilageliu
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.B.); (L.V.); (D.G.)
| | - Daniel Grinberg
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.B.); (L.V.); (D.G.)
| | - Isaac Canals
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
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Benetó N, Cozar M, Gort L, Pacheco L, Vilageliu L, Grinberg D, Canals I. Generation of two NAGLU-mutated homozygous cell lines from healthy induced pluripotent stem cells using CRISPR/Cas9 to model Sanfilippo B syndrome. Stem Cell Res 2019; 42:101668. [PMID: 31825816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Benetó
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Fac. Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, Spain
| | - Monica Cozar
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Fac. Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, Spain
| | - Laura Gort
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme -IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Pacheco
- Secció d'Errors Congènits del Metabolisme -IBC, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluïsa Vilageliu
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Fac. Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, Spain
| | - Daniel Grinberg
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Fac. Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, IRSJD, Spain
| | - Isaac Canals
- Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Canals I, Benetó N, Cozar M, Vilageliu L, Grinberg D. EXTL2 and EXTL3 inhibition with siRNAs as a promising substrate reduction therapy for Sanfilippo C syndrome. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13654. [PMID: 26347037 PMCID: PMC4561882 DOI: 10.1038/srep13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanfilippo syndrome is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by an impaired degradation of heparan sulfate (HS). It presents severe and progressive neurodegeneration and currently there is no effective treatment. Substrate reduction therapy (SRT) may be a useful option for neurological disorders of this kind, and several approaches have been tested to date. Here we use different siRNAs targeting EXTL2 and EXTL3 genes, which are important for HS synthesis, as SRT in Sanfilippo C patients' fibroblasts in order to decrease glycosaminoglycan (GAG) storage inside the lysosomes. The results show a high inhibition of the EXTL gene mRNAs (around 90%), a decrease in GAG synthesis after three days (30-60%) and a decrease in GAG storage after 14 days (up to 24%). Moreover, immunocytochemistry analyses showed a clear reversion of the phenotype after treatment. The in vitro inhibition of HS synthesis genes using siRNAs shown here is a first step in the development of a future therapeutic option for Sanfilippo C syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Canals
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Benetó
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Cozar
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluïsa Vilageliu
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Grinberg
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
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