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Kimuli D, Nakaggwa F, Namuwenge N, Nsubuga RN, Kasule K, Nyakwezi S, Odong J, Isabirye P, Sevume S, Mubiru N, Mwehire D, Matovu F, Wandera B, Amuron B, Bukenya D. Prevalence and determinants of minimum dietary diversity for women of reproductive age in Uganda. BMC Nutr 2024; 10:39. [PMID: 38429646 PMCID: PMC10908097 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-024-00858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, over a billion women of reproductive age (WRA) suffer from some kind of undernutrition micronutrient deficiencies, and/or anemia as a result of inadequate dietary diversity. This leads to poor maternal and child health outcomes, however, there is limited research on population level research on minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W). This study assessed the prevalence and predictors of MDD-W among WRA in Uganda. METHODS This study was a secondary analysis of data from the lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) survey conducted across 55 Ugandan districts between May and September 2022. Women of various ages were interviewed across 5 study subgroups that this study used to construct its study population (WRA). Descriptive analyses, tests for outcome differences, and multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression were conducted at a 5% statistical significance level using STATA version 17. The results were reported using Adjusted Odds Ratios (aOR) as the measure of the outcome. RESULTS The study analyzed responses from 29,802 WRA with a mean age of 27.8 (± 6.8) years. Only 8.8% (95% CI 8.5-9.3) achieved the MDD-W, the least proportion was observed in the South-Central region (3.13%). In the adjusted analysis, WRA who were older than 25 years (aOR 1.1, 95% CI 1.1-1.3, p < 0.001), had secondary education (aOR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.7, p = 0.003) or above (aOR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.2, p < 0.001), and used modern contraceptives (aOR = 1.1, 95% CI 1.0-1.3, p = 0.01) were more likely to achieve the MDD-W. Conversely, WRA who travelled longer distances to the nearest household water source (aOR = 0.8, 95% CI 0.7-0.9, p = 0.002) and those residing in larger households (aOR = 0.9, 95% CI 0.8-1.0, p = 0.019) were less likely to achieve the MDD-W. CONCLUSION A low proportion of WRA met the MDD-W. Age, education level, household sizes and use of modern contraception were predictors of MDD-W among WRA in Uganda. MDD-W-related program efforts in Uganda should strengthen multisectoral collaboration with prioritization of younger women, education, household sizes and access to safe water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Kimuli
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Florence Nakaggwa
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Norah Namuwenge
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rebecca N Nsubuga
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kenneth Kasule
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sheila Nyakwezi
- The United States Agency for International Development Uganda, US Mission Compound - South Wing, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jimmy Odong
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul Isabirye
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Solome Sevume
- The United States Agency for International Development Uganda, US Mission Compound - South Wing, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Norbert Mubiru
- The United States Agency for International Development Uganda, US Mission Compound - South Wing, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daniel Mwehire
- The United States Agency for International Development Uganda, US Mission Compound - South Wing, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fatuma Matovu
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bonnie Wandera
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Barbara Amuron
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daraus Bukenya
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
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Kimuli D, Nakaggwa F, Namuwenge N, Nsubuga RN, Isabirye P, Kasule K, Katwesige JF, Nyakwezi S, Sevume S, Mubiru N, Amuron B, Bukenya D. Sociodemographic and health-related factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in 77 districts of Uganda. Int Breastfeed J 2023; 18:66. [PMID: 38053098 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-023-00604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uganda surpasses many African nations and the global average in exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates. Yet, malnutrition is a critical issue, with stunting impacting roughly 29% of children under 5 years. Enhancing EBF could mitigate such nutritional challenges. This study focused on determining the current EBF prevalence and identifying associated factors across 77 surveyed districts. METHODS Pooled data from the Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) surveys conducted in 77 districts in Uganda during 2021 and 2022 were analyzed. The analysis involved 7,210 mothers of children under 6 months, EBF was considered as the proportion of infants who received breast milk only in the 24 hours before the survey. A mother practicing EBF was (1) currently breastfeeding (2) had not started giving foods other than breastmilk (3) had not given any other probed liquids or (4) semi-solid foods the previous day or night. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with EBF, presenting adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals at a 5% significance level. RESULTS The prevalence of EBF was 62.3%. In the adjusted analysis, EBF was more common among older mothers 20-24 years, 25-29 years and 30 + years (aOR 1.4; 95% CI 1.2,1.6), (aOR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1, 1.6) and (aOR 1.3; 95% CI 1.1, 1.5) respectively compared to teenage mothers. Also, EBF was more likely among mothers who lived in rural areas compared to urban areas (aOR 1.1; 95% CI 1.0, 1.3) and those who attended antenatal care (ANC) (aOR 2.2; 95% CI 1.5, 3.1). On the contrary, EBF was less common for children aged 3-5 months compared to younger (aOR 0.5; 95% CI 0.5, 0.6) and children who had received Vitamin A supplementation (aOR 0.7; 95% 0.6, 0.8). CONCLUSION The study suggests that most districts in Uganda might not have made significant strides in improving EBF rates over the last twenty years, pointing to possible ongoing hurdles that need urgent attention. Particularly, there's a pressing need to focus on teenage mothers. Maintaining and strengthening programs that advocate EBF, such as ANC, is crucial to bridge the gaps and bring about more equitable rates among different groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Kimuli
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Florence Nakaggwa
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Norah Namuwenge
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rebecca N Nsubuga
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul Isabirye
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kenneth Kasule
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Justine Fay Katwesige
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sheila Nyakwezi
- The United States Agency for International Development Uganda, US Mission Compound - South Wing, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Solome Sevume
- The United States Agency for International Development Uganda, US Mission Compound - South Wing, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Norbert Mubiru
- The United States Agency for International Development Uganda, US Mission Compound - South Wing, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Barbara Amuron
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daraus Bukenya
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
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Kimuli D, Nakaggwa F, Kasule K, Kiconco I, Nyakwezi S, Sevume S, Mubiru N, Mwehire D, Katwesige JF, Nsubuga RN, Amuron B, Bukenya D, Wandera B, Namuwenge N. Level of minimum acceptable diet and its associated factors among children aged 12-23 months in Ugandan districts. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293041. [PMID: 37851649 PMCID: PMC10584160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Uganda has made notable progress in improving child nutrition indicators, albeit not fast enough to meet global targets. Navigating the landscape of child nutrition in Uganda demands attention, particularly in light of the necessity for a minimum acceptable diet (MAD) for children aged 12-23 months. While the focus on local nutritional planning is crucial, the absence of routine-specific nutritional status data creates a significant information gap. To bridge this void, this study used datasets from the 2021 Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) survey. Data were analysed using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression (clustering districts based on regional boundaries) at a 5% statistical significance level using STATA version 17. Of the 7,111 children surveyed, 3,256 (49.20%) received the minimum meal frequency, 695 (9.80%) received the minimum dietary diversity, and only 380 (5.34%) received the MAD. There was a notable variation in the proportion of children that received the MAD across regions and districts. Children living in urban areas, children whose mothers had a higher education, and children whose mothers had a diverse diet were more likely to receive the MAD. Children were less likely to receive the MAD if they lived in a household that did not receive a health worker visit within the year. These findings suggest a need to prioritize initiatives aimed at increasing dietary diversity among children in Uganda. This could be done through a variety of approaches, such as leveraging the use of home gardens to boost nutrition through diverse crop cultivation, demonstration gardens, and offering nutrition counselling through village health teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Kimuli
- Social & Scientific Systems, a DLH Company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Florence Nakaggwa
- Social & Scientific Systems, a DLH Company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kenneth Kasule
- Social & Scientific Systems, a DLH Company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Immaculate Kiconco
- Social & Scientific Systems, a DLH Company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sheila Nyakwezi
- The United States Agency for International Development Uganda, US Mission Compound—South Wing, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Solome Sevume
- The United States Agency for International Development Uganda, US Mission Compound—South Wing, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nobert Mubiru
- The United States Agency for International Development Uganda, US Mission Compound—South Wing, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daniel Mwehire
- The United States Agency for International Development Uganda, US Mission Compound—South Wing, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Justine Fay Katwesige
- Social & Scientific Systems, a DLH Company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rebecca N. Nsubuga
- Social & Scientific Systems, a DLH Company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Barbara Amuron
- Social & Scientific Systems, a DLH Company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daraus Bukenya
- Social & Scientific Systems, a DLH Company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bonnie Wandera
- Social & Scientific Systems, a DLH Company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Norah Namuwenge
- Social & Scientific Systems, a DLH Company / United States Agency for International Development Strategic Information Technical Support Activity, Kampala, Uganda
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Nakaggwa F, Kimuli D, Kasule K, Katwesige JF, Kintu D, Ssempebwa R, Sevume S, Komakech P, Mubiru N, Maggwa B, Carrasco MA, Namuwenge N, Nsubuga RN, Amuron B, Bukenya D, Wandera B. Postpartum family planning uptake in Uganda: findings from the lot quality assurance sampling survey. Contracept Reprod Med 2023; 8:44. [PMID: 37608320 PMCID: PMC10463570 DOI: 10.1186/s40834-023-00243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The initiation and use of family planning (FP) services within the first 12 months following childbirth, postpartum family planning (PPFP), promotes safe motherhood by reducing unintended pregnancies and ensuring appropriate pregnancy spacing. However, there is a paucity of information on PPFP uptake from community surveys. This study aimed to quantify the reported use of PPFP and identify predictors and barriers to PPFP uptake from a large community survey. METHODS We analysed data collected from the 2021 Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) survey, a cross-sectional community and household survey that covered 68 districts in Uganda. The survey uses small sample sizes to designate health or administrative geographical areas which are assessed to determine whether they achieved the pre-determined target for defined indicators of interest. We abstracted and analysed data collected from mothers of children aged 12 months or younger on reproductive health and FP. PPFP use was defined as the reported use of modern FP by the mother or their partner. Associations were measured using Pearson's chi-square test at 5% significance. Multivariate logistic regression was performed for variables that were significantly associated with PPFP use to identify the predictors of PPFP. RESULTS Overall, 8103 mothers of children aged less than 12 years were included in the analysis; the majority of mothers, 55.8% (4521/8103) were above 24 years while 11.7% (950/8103) were 19 years and under. 98% (7942/8103) of the mothers attended at least one antenatal care (ANC) visit and 86.3% (6997/8103) delivered at a health facility. Only 10% (814/8103) of mothers who participated in the survey reported PPFP use at the time of the survey. Reporting of PPFP use was 5 times higher among mothers of children aged 7-12 months (AOR 4.9; 95%CI 4.1-5.8), 50% higher among mothers with secondary education (AOR 1.5; 95%CI 1.0-2.3), 80% higher among breastfeeding mothers (AOR 1.8; 95%CI 1.3-2.4) and 30% lower among those that didn't receive a health worker visit within 3 months preceding the survey (AOR 0.7; 95% CI 0.5-0.8). Among 4.6% (372/8103) who stated a reason for non-use of PPFP, the most cited reasons for not using were breastfeeding 43% (161/372), fear of side effects 26.9% (100/372), respondent/partner opposition 17.6% (48/372) and infrequent sex 12.1% (48/372). CONCLUSION The analysis showed a low proportion of PPFP uptake among mothers of children under 12 years. Possible barriers included child age, education, a health worker visit, and side effects and perceived benefits of possibly improperly implementing lactation amenorrhea method. Integration of social, community and health services could provide a more holistic approach to improving PPFP uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Nakaggwa
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings Company / USAID SITES, Plot 2730 Church Road, Kironde Zone, P.O.Box 12761, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Derrick Kimuli
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings Company / USAID SITES, Plot 2730 Church Road, Kironde Zone, P.O.Box 12761, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kenneth Kasule
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings Company / USAID SITES, Plot 2730 Church Road, Kironde Zone, P.O.Box 12761, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Justine Fay Katwesige
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings Company / USAID SITES, Plot 2730 Church Road, Kironde Zone, P.O.Box 12761, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Denis Kintu
- Office of Health and HIV, USAID/Uganda, US Mission Compound - South Wing, Plot 1577 Ggaba Road, P. O. Box 7856, Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rhobbinah Ssempebwa
- Office of Health and HIV, USAID/Uganda, US Mission Compound - South Wing, Plot 1577 Ggaba Road, P. O. Box 7856, Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Solome Sevume
- Office of Health and HIV, USAID/Uganda, US Mission Compound - South Wing, Plot 1577 Ggaba Road, P. O. Box 7856, Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick Komakech
- Office of Health and HIV, USAID/Uganda, US Mission Compound - South Wing, Plot 1577 Ggaba Road, P. O. Box 7856, Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Norbert Mubiru
- Office of Health and HIV, USAID/Uganda, US Mission Compound - South Wing, Plot 1577 Ggaba Road, P. O. Box 7856, Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Baker Maggwa
- Office of Family Planning and Reproductive Health, USAID, 05.4.1A, 500 D Street SW, 20547, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Maria Augusta Carrasco
- Office of Family Planning and Reproductive Health, USAID, 05.4.1A, 500 D Street SW, 20547, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Norah Namuwenge
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings Company / USAID SITES, Plot 2730 Church Road, Kironde Zone, P.O.Box 12761, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rebecca N Nsubuga
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings Company / USAID SITES, Plot 2730 Church Road, Kironde Zone, P.O.Box 12761, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Barbara Amuron
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings Company / USAID SITES, Plot 2730 Church Road, Kironde Zone, P.O.Box 12761, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daraus Bukenya
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings Company / USAID SITES, Plot 2730 Church Road, Kironde Zone, P.O.Box 12761, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bonnie Wandera
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings Company / USAID SITES, Plot 2730 Church Road, Kironde Zone, P.O.Box 12761, Kampala, Uganda
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Ssemwanga D, Asio J, Watera C, Nannyonjo M, Nassolo F, Lunkuse S, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Salazar MG, Sanyu G, Lutalo T, Kabuga U, Ssewanyana I, Namatovu F, Namayanja G, Namale A, Raizes E, Kaggwa M, Namuwenge N, Kirungi W, Katongole-Mbidde E, Kaleebu P. Prevalence of viral load suppression, predictors of virological failure and patterns of HIV drug resistance after 12 and 48 months on first-line antiretroviral therapy: a national cross-sectional survey in Uganda. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:1280-1289. [PMID: 32025714 PMCID: PMC7177494 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We implemented the WHO cross-sectional survey protocol to determine rates of HIV viral load (VL) suppression (VLS), and weighted prevalence, predictors and patterns of acquired drug resistance (ADR) in individuals with virological failure (VF) defined as VL ≥1000 copies/mL. Methods We enrolled 547 and 1064 adult participants on first-line ART for 12 (±3) months (ADR12) and ≥48 months (ADR48), respectively. Dried blood spots and plasma specimens were collected for VL testing and genotyping among the VFs. Results VLS was 95.0% (95% CI 93.4%–96.5%) in the ADR12 group and 87.9% (95% CI 85.0%–90.9%) in the ADR48 group. The weighted prevalence of ADR was 96.1% (95% CI 72.9%–99.6%) in the ADR12 and 90.4% (95% CI 73.6–96.8%) in the ADR48 group, out of the 30 and 95 successful genotypes in the respective groups. Initiation on a zidovudine-based regimen compared with a tenofovir-based regimen was significantly associated with VF in the ADR48 group; adjusted OR (AOR) 1.96 (95% CI 1.13–3.39). Independent predictors of ADR in the ADR48 group were initiation on a zidovudine-based regimen compared with tenofovir-based regimens, AOR 3.16 (95% CI 1.34–7.46) and ART duration of ≥82 months compared with <82 months, AOR 1.92 (95% CI 1.03–3.59). Conclusions While good VLS was observed, the high prevalence of ADR among the VFs before they underwent the recommended three intensive adherence counselling (IAC) sessions followed by repeat VL testing implies that IAC prior to treatment switching may be of limited benefit in improving VLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deogratius Ssemwanga
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.,Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Juliet Asio
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Maria Nannyonjo
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Faridah Nassolo
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sandra Lunkuse
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jesus F Salazar-Gonzalez
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Maria G Salazar
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Grace Sanyu
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Tom Lutalo
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Usher Kabuga
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | | | - Grace Namayanja
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alice Namale
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Elliot Raizes
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.,Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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