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Bunaim MK, Damanhuri HA, Yow HY, Yaakob NS, Makmor-Bakry M, Azmi N. Understanding methiopropamine, a new psychoactive substance: an in-depth review on its chemistry, pharmacology and implications to human health. Int J Legal Med 2024:10.1007/s00414-024-03201-7. [PMID: 38424369 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Methiopropamine or 1-(thiophen-2-yl)-2-methylaminopropane (MPA) is a thiophene ring-based structural analogue of methamphetamine, first synthesized in 1942 but become popular when it started to be available for purchase on websites selling 'legal highs' since 2010. While it is legally controlled in many countries, it remains readily accessible and frequently encountered in recreational settings. The growing prevalence of MPA use results in new therapeutic challenges. Relatively few studies have focused on its pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, making it important to better understand its potential risks and harmful effects in humans in terms of its toxicity. This review provides a comprehensive profiling of MPA toxicological properties, including its chemical properties, analytical methods, prevalence, patterns of use, and legal status. Additionally, it discusses the drug's effects on the central nervous system, its potential for addiction, and its adverse physical and mental health effects. Improving the understanding of safety aspects of MPA and how it imposes health threats for public health will guide the development of therapeutic approach of its intoxication and guide the authorities in deciding its legal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Khairulanwar Bunaim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Hanafi Ahmad Damanhuri
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hui-Yin Yow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Syafinaz Yaakob
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Makmor-Bakry
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norazrina Azmi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Wong PK, Mohamad Zamberi NN, Syafruddin SE, Cheah FC, Azmi N, Law JX, Chua EW. The Promises and Pitfalls of CRISPR-Mediated Base Editing in Stem Cells. CRISPR J 2023. [PMID: 37219623 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2023.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells such as induced pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are growing in importance in disease modeling and regenerative medicine. The applications of CRISPR-based gene editing to create a mélange of disease and nondisease stem cell lines have further enhanced the utility of this innately versatile group of cells in the studies of human genetic disorders. Precise base edits can be achieved using a variety of CRISPR-centric approaches, particularly homology-directed repair and the recently developed base editors and prime editors. Despite its much-touted potential, editing single DNA bases is technically challenging. In this review, we discuss the strategies for achieving exact base edits in the creation of various stem cell-based models for use in elucidating disease mechanisms and assessing drug efficacy, and the unique characteristics of stem cells that warrant special considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poh Kuan Wong
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Nadia Mohamad Zamberi
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Effendi Syafruddin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fook Choe Cheah
- Department of Paediatrics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; and Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norazrina Azmi
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jia Xian Law
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eng Wee Chua
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Satiamurthy R, Yaakob NS, Shah NM, Azmi N, Omar MS. Potential Roles of 5-HT 3 Receptor Antagonists in Reducing Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN). Curr Mol Med 2023; 23:341-349. [PMID: 35549869 DOI: 10.2174/1566524022666220512122525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
5-HT3 receptor antagonists corresponding to ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron, and palonosetron are clinically accustomed to treating nausea and emesis in chemotherapy patients. However, current and previous studies reveal novel potentials of those ligands in other diseases involving the nervous system, such as addiction, pruritus, and neurological disorders, such as anxiety, psychosis, nociception, and cognitive function. This review gathers existing studies to support the role of 5-HT3 receptors in CIPN modulation. It has been reported that chemotherapy drugs increase the 5-HT content that binds with the 5-HT3 receptor, which later induces pain. As also shown in pre-clinical and clinical studies that various neuropathic pains could be blocked by the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, we proposed that 5-HT3 receptor antagonists via 5- HT3 receptors may also inhibit neuropathic pain induced by chemotherapy. Our review suggests that future studies focus more on the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and their modulation in CIPN to reduce the gap in the current pharmacotherapy for cancer-related pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raajeswari Satiamurthy
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Syafinaz Yaakob
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noraida Mohamed Shah
- Centre for Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norazrina Azmi
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marhanis Salihah Omar
- Centre for Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Law LM, Azmi N, Paterson IC, Ng PY. P2Y Purinergic Receptor Signaling in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines and Its Role in Proliferation and Cisplatin-Mediated Apoptosis. SAINS MALAYS 2022. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2022-5101-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of advanced stage oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) often involves the use of chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin. However, its use often results in therapeutic failure due to chemoresistance. This study focused on a class of purinergic receptors, namely P2Y, which are activated via interaction with extracellular nucleotides. The functional effects of P2Y receptor activation in OSCC cell lines as well as the signaling pathways involved were investigated. The expression of P2Y2 receptors in histological sections of OSCC was studied due to its association with cancer. Activation of MAPK pathways via extracellular nucleotides were studied in OSCC cell lines, along with downstream effects such as proliferation and cisplatin-mediated apoptosis. Immunohistochemical staining of OSCC tissue samples showed loss of P2Y2 expression as the disease progressed. Western blotting identified different MAPK signaling pathways were activated by extracellular nucleotides. Bromodeoxyuridine proliferation assays showed increased cellular proliferation in the OSCC cell lines H400 (p < 0.001) and SAS (p < 0.001) after 24 h treatment with ATP. However, the ability of extracellular nucleotides to activate multiple P2Y receptor subtypes may indicate the involvement of other subtypes aside from P2Y2. Cisplatin-mediated apoptosis was enhanced in SAS cells co-treated with ATP (p < 0.001), while H376 (p < 0.001) showed reduction in the number of apoptotic cells and no significant changes were observed in H103. This study concluded that extracellular nucleotide on OSCC cell lines with different characterizations had varied downstream effects, which suggests the use of targeted therapy to specific individuals.
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Seyed MA, Ayesha S, Azmi N, Al-Rabae FM, Al-Alawy AI, Al-Zahrani OR, Hawsawi Y. The neuroprotective attribution of Ocimum basilicum: a review on the prevention and management of neurodegenerative disorders. Futur J Pharm Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Bioactive principles from various natural resources including medicinal herbs have always played a crucial role in healthcare settings and increasingly became key players in drug discovery and development for many biopharmaceutical applications. Additionally, natural products (NPs) have immense arrangement of distinctive chemical structures with diverse functional groups that motivated numerous investigators including synthetic chemists to discover new therapeutic entities. Numerous pre-clinical investigations involving the animal models have evident the usefulness of these NPs against various human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders (NDs).
Main text
Ocimum basilicum Linn (O. basilicum L.), also known as sweet basil, is well practiced in traditional healthcare systems and has been used to treat various human illnesses, which include malaria, skin disease, diarrhea, bronchitis, dysentery, arthritis, eye diseases, and insect bites and emphasize the significance of the ethno-botanical approach as a potential source of novel drug leads With the growing interest in advanced techniques, herbal medicine and medicinal plants explorations are still considered to be a novel resource for new pharmacotherapeutic discovery and development. O. basilicum L and its bioactive principles including apigenin, eugenol, myretenal, β-sitosterol, luteolin, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, essential oil (EO)-rich phenolic compounds, and others like anthocyanins and flavones could be of therapeutic values in NDs by exhibiting their neuro-protective efficacy on various signaling pathways. The present comprehensive review collected various related information using the following searching engines such as PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, etc. and focused mainly the English written documents. The search period comprised of last two decades until present.
Conclusion
Although these efficacious plant genera of prime importance and has potential medical and socioeconomic importance, yet the pivotal evidence for its neuroprotective potential in novel clinical trials remains lacking. However, with the available wealth of obtainable literature on this medicinal plant, which supports this review and concludes that O. basilicum L may function as a promising therapeutics for the treatment of NDs.
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Fauzi NM, Kumolosasi E, Jasamai M, Azmi N. Interaction between green tea and perindopril reduces inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. TROP J PHARM RES 2021. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v18i6.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the blood pressure-lowering effect of green tea (GT) extract alone and in combination with an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, perindopril, on rats.
Methods: The study consisted of four groups of five spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR): negative control (2 % tragacanth mucilage), positive control group (perindopril, 0.36 mg/kg/day) and two treatment groups (green tea, 25 mg/kg/day; and combined green tea/perindopril). The treatments were given orally for 14 days. Systolic blood pressure was measured before and after treatment using the tail cuff technique. Angiotensin converting enzyme activity in the lung homogenate of the hypertensive rats was determined spectrophotometrically.
Results: Green tea extract significantly reduced the rats’ systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05) but did not inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme. The combination of green tea extract with perindopril also caused a significant decline in blood pressure (p < 0.001). However, the green tea extract attenuated the inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme activity by perindopril.
Conclusion: Green tea extract produces anti-hypertensive activity in rats, but its mechanism of action is not via inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme. The interaction of GT extract with perindopril results in a reduction of ACE inhibitory activity.
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Nadarajan S, Azmi N, Jasamai M, Kumolosasi E. Annexin A1 (ANXA1): A Systematic Review of Its Role in Inflammation. SAINS MALAYS 2021. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2021-5001-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a body response towards any injury or tissue damage. It involves the accumulation of neutrophils and release of inflammatory mediators. ANXA1, a 37 kDa glucocorticoid inducible protein plays an important role in resolving inflammation. The unique N-terminal and its mimetic peptide exert strong anti-inflammatory actions. This study was conducted to review the roles of ANXA1 in inflammation and identify any other reported roles. Electronic search was done whereby a total of 3797 articles were located from three databases, namely Ovid MEDLINE, Science Direct, and PubMed. Articles on ANXA1 and inflammation were selected based on inclusive criteria and review papers were excluded. Bias analysis was performed based on bias risk tool and 27 articles were included in the study. It was found that ANXA1 was able to resolve inflammation in many inflammatory diseases. Upon treatment with glucocorticoid, ANXA1 is induced and its significant expressions in tissues are important in resolving inflammation. However, this effect can be reversed by administering an anti-annexin antibody. This protein also acts on members of all formyl peptide receptors (FPR) and activates them to initiate reaction. It acts mainly by causing the death of neutrophils through apoptosis. In addition, ANXA1 is identified as a marker in cancer cells which determines the survival rates. In conclusion, ANXA1 is a key modulator in resolving inflammation in many diseases and is actively being induced upon glucocorticoid treatment.
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Wong PK, Cheah FC, Syafruddin SE, Mohtar MA, Azmi N, Ng PY, Chua EW. CRISPR Gene-Editing Models Geared Toward Therapy for Hereditary and Developmental Neurological Disorders. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:592571. [PMID: 33791256 PMCID: PMC8006930 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.592571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary or developmental neurological disorders (HNDs or DNDs) affect the quality of life and contribute to the high mortality rates among neonates. Most HNDs are incurable, and the search for new and effective treatments is hampered by challenges peculiar to the human brain, which is guarded by the near-impervious blood-brain barrier. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR), a gene-editing tool repurposed from bacterial defense systems against viruses, has been touted by some as a panacea for genetic diseases. CRISPR has expedited the research into HNDs, enabling the generation of in vitro and in vivo models to simulate the changes in human physiology caused by genetic variation. In this review, we describe the basic principles and workings of CRISPR and the modifications that have been made to broaden its applications. Then, we review important CRISPR-based studies that have opened new doors to the treatment of HNDs such as fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome. We also discuss how CRISPR can be used to generate research models to examine the effects of genetic variation and caffeine therapy on the developing brain. Several drawbacks of CRISPR may preclude its use at the clinics, particularly the vulnerability of neuronal cells to the adverse effect of gene editing, and the inefficiency of CRISPR delivery into the brain. In concluding the review, we offer some suggestions for enhancing the gene-editing efficacy of CRISPR and how it may be morphed into safe and effective therapy for HNDs and other brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poh Kuan Wong
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fook Choe Cheah
- Department of Paediatrics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - M Aiman Mohtar
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norazrina Azmi
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pei Yuen Ng
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eng Wee Chua
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sabran A, Kumolosasi E, Jantan I, Jamal JA, Azmi N, Jasamai M. Induction of cell death and modulation of Annexin A1 by phytoestrogens in human leukemic cell lines. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 29:73-84. [PMID: 33603542 PMCID: PMC7873750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phytoestrogens are polyphenolic plant compounds which are structurally similar to the endogenous mammalian estrogen, 17β-estradiol. Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is an endogenous protein which inhibits cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) and phospholipase A2, signal transduction, DNA replication, cell transformation, and mediation of apoptosis. Objective This study aimed to determine the effects of selected phytoestrogens on annexin A1 (ANXA1) expression, mode of cell death and cell cycle arrest in different human leukemic cell lines. Methods Cells viability were examined by MTT assay and ANXA1 quantification via Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis were examined by flow cytometer and phagocytosis effect was evaluated using haematoxylin-eosin staining. Results Coumestrol significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the total level of ANXA1 in both K562 and U937 cells and genistein significantly (p < 0.05) reduced it in K562, Jurkat and U937 cells, meanwhile estradiol and daidzein induced similar reduction in U937 and Jurkat cells. Coumestrol and daidzein induced apoptosis in K562 and Jurkat cells, while genistein and estradiol induced apoptosis in all tested cells. Coumestrol and estradiol induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in K562 and Jurkat cells with an addition of U937 cells for estradiol. Genistein induced cell cycle arrest at S phase for both K562 and Jurkat cells. However, daidzein induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in K562, and G2/M phase of Jurkat cells. Coumestrol, genistein and estradiol induced phagocytosis in all tested cells but daidzein induced significant (p < 0.05) phagocytosis in K562 and Jurkat cells only. Conclusion The selected phytoestrogens induced cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and phagocytosis and at the same time they reduced ANXA1 level in the tested cells. The IC50 value of phytoestrogens was undetectable at the concentrations tested, their ability to induce leukemic cells death may be related with their ability to reduce the levels of ANXA1. These findings can be used as a new approach in cancer treatment particularly in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Affidah Sabran
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Endang Kumolosasi
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamia Azdina Jamal
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norazrina Azmi
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Malina Jasamai
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Omar MS, Adnan NN, Kumolosasi E, Azmi N, Damanhuri NS, Buang F. Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Extract Reduces Peptic Ulcer Induced by Helicobacter pylori in Sprague Dawley Rats. SAINS MALAYS 2020. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2020-4911-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ismail EN, Jantan I, Vidyadaran S, Jamal JA, Azmi N. Phyllanthus amarus prevents LPS-mediated BV2 microglial activation via MyD88 and NF-κB signaling pathways. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:202. [PMID: 32611404 PMCID: PMC7330992 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phyllanthus amarus has been shown to attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peripheral inflammation but similar studies in the central nervous system are scarce. The aim of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of 80% ethanol extract of P. amarus (EPA) in LPS-activated BV2 microglial cells. METHODS BV2 microglial cells c for 24 h, pre-treated with EPA for 24 h prior to LPS induction for another 24 h. Surface expression of CD11b and CD40 on BV2 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. ELISA was employed to measure the production of pro-inflammatory mediators i.e. nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Western blotting technique was used to determine the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), myeloid differentiation protein 88 (MYD88), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), caspase-1, and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). RESULTS Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the EPA using a validated ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method indicated the presence of phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, niranthin, ellagic acid, corilagin, gallic acid, phyltetralin, isolintetralin and geraniin. EPA suppressed the production of NO and TNFα in LPS-activated BV2 microglial cells. Moreover, EPA attenuated the expression of MyD88, NF-κB and MAPK (p-P38, p-JNK and p-ERK1/2). It also inhibited the expression of CD11b and CD40. EPA protected against LPS-induced microglial activation via MyD88 and NF-κB signaling in BV2 microglial cells. CONCLUSIONS EPA demonstrated neuroprotective effects against LPS-induced microglial cells activation through the inhibition of TNFα secretion, iNOS protein expression and subsequent NO production, inhibition of NF-κB and MAPKs mediated by adapter protein MyD88 and inhibition of microglial activation markers CD11b and CD40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysha Nur Ismail
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharmili Vidyadaran
- Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamia Azdina Jamal
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norazrina Azmi
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Hasan M, Kumolosasi E, Jasamai M, Jamal JA, Azmi N, Rajab NF. Evaluation of phytoestrogens in inducing cell death mediated by decreasing Annexin A1 in Annexin A1-knockdown leukemia cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:97-108. [PMID: 31912375 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-019-00320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytoestrogens are plant compounds that are structurally similar to estrogen and that possess anti-cancer properties. Previous studies have reported that coumestrol, daidzein and genistein could induce cell death by reducing Annexin A1 protein in leukemic cell lines. Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is involved in cell progression, metastasis, and apoptosis in several types of cancer cells. The present study sought to investigate if the effects of phytoestrogens on apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and phagocytosis in ANXA1-knockdown leukemic cells are mediated through ANXA1 or occurred independently. METHODS Transfection of ANXA1 siRNA was conducted to downregulate ANXA1 expression in Jurkat, K562 and U937 cells. Apoptosis and cell cycle assays were conducted using flow cytometry. Western blot was performed to evaluate ANXA1, caspases and Bcl-2 proteins expression. Phagocytosis was determined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS The expression of ANXA1 after the knockdown was significantly downregulated in all cell lines. Genistein significantly induced apoptosis associated with an upregulation of procaspase-3, -9, and - 1 in Jurkat cells. The Bcl-2 expression showed no significant difference in Jurkat, K562 and U937 cells. Treatment with phytoestrogens increased procaspase-1 expression in Jurkat and U937 cells while no changes were detected in K562 cells. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that after ANXA1 knockdown, coumestrol and genistein caused cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in selected type of cells. The percentage of phagocytosis and phagocytosis index increased after the treatment with phytoestrogens in all cell lines. CONCLUSION Phytoestrogens induced cell death in ANXA1-knockdown leukemia cells, mediated by Annexin A1 proteins. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masyitah Hasan
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala, Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Endang Kumolosasi
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala, Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Malina Jasamai
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala, Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamia Azdina Jamal
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala, Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norazrina Azmi
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala, Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Fadilah Rajab
- Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Alagan A, Jantan I, Kumolosasi E, Azmi N. Phyllanthus amarus protects against spatial memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. Bioinformation 2019; 15:535-541. [PMID: 31719762 PMCID: PMC6822522 DOI: 10.6026/97320630015535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. and Thonn. is a wide spread medicinal herb with various traditional uses. It is well documented for its antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate the 80% ethanol extract of Phyllanthus
amarus (PA) on spatial memory using the 8-radial arm maze (8-RAM) in mice after induction of neuro inflammation by lipopolysaccharide
(LPS) in a 14- and 28-days treatment study. LC-MS/MS was performed to profile the chemical composition in PA extract. Mice were
treated orally with 5% v/v tween 20, PA extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), or ibuprofen (IBF 40 mg/kg) for 14 and 28 days. All groups
were challenged with LPS (1 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection a day prior to the 8-RAM task except for the negative control group
which received an i.p. injection of saline. Data obtained were analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Dunnett's test
(comparison of all groups against vehicle control). Analysis of LC-MS/MS data revealed the presence of 16 compounds in the PA extract.
Administration of PA extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg for 14 and 28 days significantly (*P<0.05) decreased the working and reference memory
errors against LPS-induced spatial memory impairment. The observed protective action is possibly due to the putative antineuroinflammatory
effects of PA. In conclusion, PA extract possess neuroprotective effects against spatial memory impairment mediated by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akilandeshwari Alagan
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre,Faculty of Pharmacy,Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz,50300 Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- School of Pharmacy-SRI,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,Taylor's University,Lakeside Campus,Jalan Taylor's,47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Endang Kumolosasi
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre,Faculty of Pharmacy,Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz,50300 Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
| | - Norazrina Azmi
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre,Faculty of Pharmacy,Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz,50300 Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
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Tan JN, Yusoff SD, Jubri Z, Buang F, Tan ZS, Budiono A, Jantan I, Dianita R, Kumolosasi E, Azmi N, Mohd Fauzi N. Inhibitory Effects of Gynura procumbens Ethanolic Extract on Nitric Oxide Production and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) Protein Expression in Macrophages. SAINS MALAYS 2019. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2019-4808-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Alagan A, Jantan I, Kumolosasi E, Ogawa S, Abdullah MA, Azmi N. Protective Effects of Phyllanthus amarus Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:632. [PMID: 31231221 PMCID: PMC6558432 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Phyllanthus amarus (PA) is widely studied for its hepatoprotective properties but has recently received increasing attention due to its diverse anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effects of PA in modulating immune responses in the central nervous system leading to protection against functional changes remain unexplored. Therefore, we sought to examine the protective effects of 80% v/v ethanol extract of PA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced non-spatial memory impairment and neuroinflammation. Methods: Selected major phytoconstituents of PA extract were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Subchronic neurotoxicity was performed in male Wistar rats given daily oral administration of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of the PA extract. Their neurobehavioral activities (functional observation battery and locomotor activity) were scored, and the extracted brains were examined for neuropathological changes. Rats were treated orally with vehicle (5% Tween 20), PA extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), or ibuprofen (IBF; 40 mg/kg) for 14 and 28 days before being subjected to novel object discrimination test. All groups were challenged with LPS (1 mg/kg) given intraperitoneally a day prior to the behavioral tests except for the negative control group. At the end of the behavioral tests, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CD11b/c integrin expression, and synaptophysin immunoreactivity were determined in the brain tissues. Results: Gallic acid, ellagic acid, corilagin, geraniin, niranthin, phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, phyltetralin, and isonirtetralin were identified in the PA extract. Subchronic administration of PA extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) showed no abnormalities in neurobehavior and brain histology. PA extract administered at 200 and 400 mg/kg for 14 and 28 days effectively protected the rodents from LPS-induced memory impairment. Similar doses significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the release of proteins like TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS in the brain tissue. NO levels, CD11b/c integrin expression, and synaptophysin immunoreactivity were also reduced as compared with those in the LPS-challenged group. Conclusion: Pre-treatment with PA extract for 14 and 28 days was comparable with pre-treatment with IBF in prevention of memory impairment and alleviation of neuroinflammatory responses induced by LPS. Further studies are essential to identify the bioactive phytochemicals and the precise underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akilandeshwari Alagan
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- School of Pharmacy-SRI, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Endang Kumolosasi
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Maizaton Atmadini Abdullah
- Department of Pathology,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Norazrina Azmi
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Mohd-Zahid MH, Jalil J, Chan KM, Azmi N. Neuroprotective Effects of Ocimum basilicum Extract against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress in SK-N-SH Neuroblastoma Cells. SAINS MALAYS 2018. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2018-4709-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ting CY, Shamsuddin AF, Chang KM, Makmor-Bakry M, Azmi N. Quantification of BCR-ABL transcripts in peripheral blood cells and plasma of chronic myeloid leukemia patients at different stages of tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment response. TROP J PHARM RES 2017. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v16i3.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Y. Yow H, Ahmad N, Azmi N, M. Bakry M. The Effect of Curcumin on Anxiety and Recognition Memory in Kainate Model of Epileptic Rats. Indian J Pharm Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.4172/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Jasamai M, Hui CS, Azmi N, Kumolosasi E. Effect of <i>Allium sativum</i> (garlic) methanol extract on viability and apoptosis of human leukemic cell lines. TROP J PHARM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v15i7.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Razali MHM, Mamduh SM, Kamarudin K, Zakaria A, Rahim NA, Kamarudin LM, Azmi N, Shakaff AYM, Saad FSA, Shukor SAA. Development of Microphone System for Low Cost Bioacoustic Device. J Med Imaging Hlth Inform 2015. [DOI: 10.1166/jmihi.2015.1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kumolosasi E, Siew Gyn T, Mansor AH, Makmor Bakry M, Azmi N, Jasamai M. Effects of Durian Intake on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Healthy Individuals. International Journal of Food Properties 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2015.1083577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kura AU, Saifullah B, Cheah PS, Hussein MZ, Azmi N, Fakurazi S. Acute oral toxicity and biodistribution study of zinc-aluminium-levodopa nanocomposite. Nanoscale Res Lett 2015; 10:105. [PMID: 25852400 PMCID: PMC4385219 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-0742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Layered double hydroxide (LDH) is an inorganic-organic nano-layered material that harbours drug between its two-layered sheets, forming a sandwich-like structure. It is attracting a great deal of attention as an alternative drug delivery (nanodelivery) system in the field of pharmacology due to their relative low toxic potential. The production of these nanodelivery systems, aimed at improving human health through decrease toxicity, targeted delivery of the active compound to areas of interest with sustained release ability. In this study, we administered zinc-aluminium-LDH-levodopa nanocomposite (ZAL) and zinc-aluminium nanocomposite (ZA) to Sprague Dawley rats to evaluate for acute oral toxicity following OECD guidelines. The oral administration of ZAL and ZA at a limit dose of 2,000 mg/kg produced neither mortality nor acute toxic signs throughout 14 days of the observation. The percentage of body weight gain of the animals showed no significant difference between control and treatment groups. Animal from the two treated groups gained weight continuously over the study period, which was shown to be significantly higher than the weight at the beginning of the study (P < 0.05). Biochemical analysis of animal serum showed no significant difference between rats treated with ZAL, ZA and controls. There was no gross lesion or histopathological changes observed in vital organs of the rats. The results suggested that ZAL and ZA at 2,000 mg/kg body weight in rats do not induce acute toxicity in the animals. Elemental analysis of tissues of treated animals demonstrated the wider distribution of the nanocomposite including the brain. In summary, findings of acute toxicity tests in this study suggest that zinc-aluminium nanocomposite intercalated with and the un-intercalated were safe when administered orally in animal models for short periods of time. It also highlighted the potential distribution ability of Tween-80 coated nanocomposite after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminu Umar Kura
- />Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bullo Saifullah
- />Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pike-See Cheah
- />Neurobiology and Genetic Group, Genetic Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- />Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zobir Hussein
- />Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norazrina Azmi
- />Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lampur, Malaysia
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- />Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia
- />Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Sock-Jin L, Kumolosasi E, Azmi N, Bukhari SNA, Jasamai M, Fauzi NM. Effects of synthetic chalcone derivatives on oxidised palmitoyl arachidonoyl phosphorylcholine-induced proinflammatory chemokines production. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11073d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidised 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (OxPAPC) induces the production of proinflammatory chemokines has been widely studied for its role in vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lim Sock-Jin
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- 50300 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Endang Kumolosasi
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- 50300 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Norazrina Azmi
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- 50300 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- 50300 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Malina Jasamai
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- 50300 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Norsyahida Mohd Fauzi
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- 50300 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
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Makmor-Bakry M, Ahmad N, Azmi N, Hui-Yin Y. Insignificant influence of test order on cognitive behavior in Wistar rats. J Pharm Negative Results 2014. [DOI: 10.4103/0976-9234.136790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Jufri M, Azmi N, Shamsuddin AF. Effects of intravenous palm oil–based lipid nanoemulsion on fat metabolism in rabbits. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bianchi M, Fone KFC, Azmi N, Heidbreder CA, Hagan JJ, Marsden CA. Isolation rearing induces recognition memory deficits accompanied by cytoskeletal alterations in rat hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 24:2894-902. [PMID: 17116162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Social isolation from weaning affects hippocampal structure and function in the rat. The intrinsic dynamic instability of the cytoskeletal microtubular system is essential for neuronal development and organization. Accordingly, the present paper investigated the effects of social isolation on hippocampal levels of alpha-tubulin isoforms associated with microtubule dynamics, the dendritic marker MAP-2 and alterations in locomotor activity and recognition memory. Male Lister Hooded rats (postnatal day 25-28) were housed either in groups or singly (isolated animals) for 30 days. Locomotor activity in a novel arena and novel object recognition were monitored in activity boxes. The hippocampus was dissected out 18 h after the novel object recognition task. Levels of alpha-tubulin isoforms and MAP-2 were analysed using Western blots. The experiments were conducted in duplicate, using two batches of rats obtained from different suppliers. Isolated animals were hyperactive and showed recognition memory deficits in the novel object recognition task. These behavioural alterations were accompanied by specific alterations in hippocampal alpha-tubulin isoforms and decreased MAP-2 expression. The results confirm that rearing rats in isolation produces hyperactivity and cognitive deficits. The behavioural alterations were accompanied by hippocampal cytoskeletal changes consistent with microtubule stabilization, and by decreased MAP-2 expression. These findings are indicative of an abnormal development of synaptic connections and/or reductions in neuronal cell number. The developmental structural abnormalities in the hippocampus may contribute to the cognitive impairments which result from isolation rearing in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bianchi
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Azmi N, Norman C, Spicer CH, Bennett GW. Effects of a neurotensin analogue (PD149163) and antagonist (SR142948A) on the scopolamine-induced deficits in a novel object discrimination task. Behav Pharmacol 2006; 17:357-62. [PMID: 16914954 DOI: 10.1097/01.fbp.0000224382.63744.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Various lines of evidence suggest a role in cognition for the endogenous neuropeptide, neurotensin, involving an interaction with the central nervous system cholinergic pathways. A preliminary study has shown that central administration of neurotensin enhances spatial and nonspatial working memory in the presence of scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist which induces memory deficits. Utilizing similar methods, the present study employed a two-trial novel object discrimination task to determine the acute effect of a neurotensin peptide analogue with improved metabolic stability, PD149163, on recognition memory in Lister hooded rats. Consistent with previous findings with neurotensin, animals receiving an intracerebroventricular injection of PD149163 (3 microg) significantly discriminated the novel from familiar object during the choice trial. In addition, a similar dose of PD149163 restored the scopolamine-induced deficit in novelty recognition. The restoration effect on scopolamine-induced amnesia produced by PD149163 was blocked by SR142948A, a nonselective neurotensin receptor antagonist, at a dose of 1 mg/kg (intraperitonial) but not at 0.1 mg/kg. In conclusion, the present results confirm a role for neurotensin in mediating memory processes, possibly via central cholinergic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norazrina Azmi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Ito K, Inoue T, Kabashima T, Kanada N, Huang HS, Ma X, Azmi N, Azab E, Yoshimoto T. Substrate recognition mechanism of prolyl aminopeptidase from Serratia marcescens. J Biochem 2000; 128:673-8. [PMID: 11011150 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular cloning of the gene and the crystal structure of the prolyl aminopeptidase [EC 3.4.11.5] from Serratia marcescens have been studied by us [J. Biochem. 122, 601-605 (1997); ibid. 126, 559-565 (1999)]. Through these studies, Phe139, Tyr149, Glu204, and Arg136 were estimated to be concerned with substrate recognition. To elucidate the details of the mechanism for the substrate specificity, the site-directed mutagenesis method was applied. The F139A mutant showed an 80-fold decrease in catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)), but the Y149A mutant did not show a significant change in catalytic efficiency. The catalytic efficiency of the E204Q mutant was about 4% of that of the wild type. The peptidase activity of the mutant (R136A) was markedly decreased, however, arylamidase activity with Pyr-bNA was retained as in the wild-enzyme. From these results, it was clarified that the pyrrolidine ring and the amino group of proline at the S1 site were recognized by Phe139 and Glu204, respectively. P1' of a substrate was recognized by Arg136. On the other hand, the enzyme had two cysteine residues. Mutants C74A and C271A were inhibited by PCMB, but the double mutated enzyme (C74/271A) was resistant to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ito
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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