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Tun N, Mclean A, Deed X, Hlaing M, Aung Y, Wilkins E, Ashley E, Smithuis F. Is stopping secondary prophylaxis safe in HIV-positive talaromycosis patients? Experience from Myanmar. HIV Med 2020; 21:671-673. [PMID: 32741092 PMCID: PMC7590157 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the study was to determine whether it is safe to stop secondary prophylaxis in patients with talaromycosis after immune reconstitution with a sustained increase in CD4 count to ≥ 100 cells/µL after antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods A retrospective cohort analysis was performed in HIV‐infected patients treated for talaromycosis between June 2009 and June 2017 in Medical Action Myanmar (MAM) clinics. Results Among a cohort of 5466 HIV‐infected patients, 41 patients were diagnosed with and treated for clinical talaromycosis. All the patients were on ART and had a CD4 count < 100 cells/µL. Of these 41 patients, 24 patients (71%) were skin smear positive for talaromycosis, while results were negative in 17 patients. Median CD4 count and haemoglobin concentration were 24 cells/µL and 7.7 g/dL, respectively. Seventy‐three per cent (30) were male. Among the 41 patients, 11 (27%) died and six (15%) were transferred to other centres. Twenty‐four patients (58% of the total diagnosed) stopped itraconazole secondary prophylaxis after starting active ART with CD4 counts > 100 cells/µL for at least 1 year. Throughout the duration of follow‐up post itraconazole cessation, the observed incidence of relapse was zero with a total follow‐up of 93.8 person‐years (95% confidence interval 0–4 per 100 person‐years). The median (25th, 75th percentile) duration of follow‐up post‐prophylaxis discontinuation was 2.8 (2.1, 6.3) years. Conclusions Secondary prophylaxis can be safely stopped in patients with talaromycosis after immune reconstitution with a sustained increase in CD4 count to ≥ 100 cells/µL after highly active antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tun
- Medical Action Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar.,Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - A Mclean
- Medical Action Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar.,Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - X Deed
- Medical Action Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - M Hlaing
- Medical Action Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Y Aung
- Medical Action Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - E Wilkins
- North Manchester, Infectious Diseases Crumpsall Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - E Ashley
- Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health Oxford, Oxford University, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - F Smithuis
- Medical Action Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar.,Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health Oxford, Oxford University, Oxfordshire, UK
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Zhao S, Zhang L, Han J, Chu J, Wang H, Chen X, Wang Y, Tun N, Lu L, Bai XF, Yearsley M, Devine S, He X, Yu J. Conformal Nanoencapsulation of Allogeneic T Cells Mitigates Graft-versus-Host Disease and Retains Graft-versus-Leukemia Activity. ACS Nano 2016; 10:6189-200. [PMID: 27224853 PMCID: PMC5514314 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in combination with T cells has a curative potential for hematopoietic malignancies through graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects, but is often compromised by the notorious side effect of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) resulting from alloreactivity of the donor T cells. Here, we tested if temporary immunoisolation achieved by conformally encapsulating the donor T cells within a biocompatible and biodegradable porous film (∼450 nm in thickness) of chitosan and alginate could attenuate GVHD without compromising GVL. The nanoencapsulation was found not to affect the phenotype of T cells in vitro in terms of size, viability, proliferation, cytokine secretion, and cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Moreover, the porous nature of the nanoscale film allowed the encapsulated T cells to communicate with their environment, as evidenced by their intact capability of binding to antibodies. Lethally irradiated mice transplanted with bone marrow cells (BMCs) and the conformally encapsulated allogeneic T cells exhibited significantly improved survival and reduced GVHD together with minimal liver damage and enhanced engraftment of donor BMCs, compared to the transplantation of BMCs and non-encapsulated allogeneic T cells. Moreover, the conformal nanoencapsulation did not compromise the GVL effect of the donor T cells. These data show that conformal nanoencapsulation of T cells within biocompatible and biodegradable nanoscale porous materials is a potentially safe and effective approach to improve allogeneic HSC transplantation for treating hematological malignancies and possibly other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jianfeng Han
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jianhong Chu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Suzhou Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Xilin Chen
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Youwei Wang
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Norm Tun
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lanchun Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Xue-Feng Bai
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Martha Yearsley
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Steven Devine
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- The James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Xiaoming He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- The James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Houston AH, Tun N. Environmentally-related changes in red cell levels of ionic modulators of hemoglobin-O2 affinity in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol 1986; 85:779-83. [PMID: 2879683 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(86)90295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hemoglobin content, plasma and red cell levels of chloride and magnesium and molar ion:hemoglobin ratios were examined in trout acclimatized to eight combinations of two treatment levels of temperature (5, 20 degrees C), O2 availability (less than or equal to 30%, greater than or equal to 75% saturation) and photoperiod (16L:8D, 8L:16D). Increases in hemoglobin content were associated with exposure to higher temperature, abbreviated daylength and hypoxia, with hypoxia greater than photoperiod greater than temperature. Under nominal "summer" conditions (20 degrees C, hypoxia, 16L:8D) photoperiodic influence was apparently masked by hypoxic and thermal effects. Temperature was the principal determinant of plasma and cellular chloride levels as well as [Cl:Hb]. O2 availability and photoperiod had little effect. Temperature was also the primary factor influencing magnesium, with hypoxia exerting a lesser influence. Photoperiod effects were negligible. With increased temperature and reduced O2 availability, plasma magnesium increased white cell magnesium levels and [Mg:Hb] declined. These observations suggest that with normal seasonal changes in environmental conditions, temperature-induced increases in the O2 requirements of summer trout are probably accompanied by increases in blood O2-carrying capacity and reductions in hemoglobin-O2 affinity with consequent increases in O2 delivery to tissues.
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