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Nagle PW, Hosper NA, Barazzuol L, Jellema AL, Baanstra M, van Goethem MJ, Brandenburg S, Giesen U, Langendijk JA, van Luijk P, Coppes RP. Lack of DNA Damage Response at Low Radiation Doses in Adult Stem Cells Contributes to Organ Dysfunction. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:6583-6593. [PMID: 30135147 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy for head and neck cancer may result in serious side effects, such as hyposalivation, impairing the patient's quality of life. Modern radiotherapy techniques attempt to reduce the dose to salivary glands, which, however, results in low-dose irradiation of the tissue stem cells. Here we assess the low-dose sensitivity of tissue stem cells and the consequences for tissue function. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Postirradiation rat salivary gland secretory function was determined after pilocarpine induction. Murine and patient-derived salivary gland and thyroid gland organoids were irradiated and clonogenic survival was assessed. The DNA damage response (DDR) was analyzed in organoids and modulated using different radiation modalities, chemical inhibition, and genetic modification. RESULTS Relative low-dose irradiation to the high-density stem cell region of rat salivary gland disproportionally impaired function. Hyper-radiosensitivity at doses <1 Gy, followed by relative radioresistance at doses ≥1 Gy, was observed in salivary gland and thyroid gland organoid cultures. DDR modulation resulted in diminished, or even abrogated, relative radioresistance. Furthermore, inhibition of the DDR protein ATM impaired DNA repair after 1 Gy, but not 0.25 Gy. Irradiation of patient-derived salivary gland organoid cells showed similar responses, whereas a single 1 Gy dose to salivary gland-derived stem cells resulted in greater survival than clinically relevant fractionated doses of 4 × 0.25 Gy. CONCLUSIONS We show that murine and human glandular tissue stem cells exhibit a dose threshold in DDR activation, resulting in low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity, with clinical implications in radiotherapy treatment planning. Furthermore, our results from patient-derived organoids highlight the potential of organoids to study normal tissue responses to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Nagle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nynke A Hosper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lara Barazzuol
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne L Jellema
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Baanstra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marc-Jan van Goethem
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,KVI Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sytze Brandenburg
- KVI Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Giesen
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Johannes A Langendijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter van Luijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob P Coppes
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. .,Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Nagle PW, Hosper NA, Ploeg EM, van Goethem MJ, Brandenburg S, Langendijk JA, Chiu RK, Coppes RP. The In Vitro Response of Tissue Stem Cells to Irradiation With Different Linear Energy Transfers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016; 95:103-111. [PMID: 27084633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A reduction in the dose, irradiated volume, and sensitivity of, in particular, normal tissue stem cells is needed to advance radiation therapy. This could be obtained with the use of particles for radiation therapy. However, the radiation response of normal tissue stem cells is still an enigma. Therefore, in the present study, we developed a model to investigate the in vitro response of stem cells to particle irradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS We used the immortalized human salivary gland (HSG) cell line resembling salivary gland (SG) cells to translate the radiation response in 2-dimensional (2D) to 3-dimensional (3D) conditions. This response was subsequently translated to the response of SG stem cells (SGSCs). Dispersed single cells were irradiated with photons or carbon ions at different linear energy transfers (LETs; 48.76 ± 2.16, 149.9 ± 10.8, and 189 ± 15 keV/μm). Subsequently, 2D or 3D clonogenicity was determined by counting the colonies or secondary stem cell-derived spheres in Matrigel. γH2AX immunostaining was used to assess DNA double strand break repair. RESULTS The 2D response of HSG cells showed a similar increase in dose response to increasing higher LET irradiation as other cell lines. The 3D response of HSG cells to increasing LET irradiation was reduced compared with the 2D response. Finally, the response of mouse SGSCs to photons was similar to the 3D response of HSG cells. The response to higher LET irradiation was reduced in the stem cells. CONCLUSIONS Mouse SGSC radiosensitivity seems reduced at higher LET radiation compared with transformed HSG cells. The developed model to assess the radiation response of SGSCs offers novel possibilities to study the radiation response of normal tissue in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Nagle
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke A Hosper
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emily M Ploeg
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc-Jan van Goethem
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sytze Brandenburg
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Langendijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roland K Chiu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P Coppes
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Hosper NA, Bank RA, van den Berg PP. Human amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal cells from fetuses with a neural tube defect do not deposit collagen type i protein after TGF-β1 stimulation in vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 23:555-62. [PMID: 24171700 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In spina bifida, the neural tube fails to close during the embryonic period. Exposure of the neural tube to the amniotic fluid during pregnancy causes additional neural damage. Intrauterine tissue engineering using a biomaterial seeded with stem cells might prevent this additional damage. For this purpose, autologous cells from the amniotic fluid are an attractive source. To close the defect, it is important that these cells deposit an extracellular matrix. However, it is not known if amniotic fluid mesenchymal cells (AFMCs) from a fetus with a neural tube defect (NTD) share the same characteristics as AFMCs from a healthy fetus. We found that cells derived from fetuses with a NTD, in contrast to healthy human amniotic fluid cells, did not deposit collagen type I. Furthermore, the NTD cells showed, compared with both healthy amniotic fluid cells and fetal fibroblasts, much lower mRNA expression levels of genes that are involved in collagen biosynthesis [procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer proteins (PCOLCE), PCOLCE2, ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 2 (ADAMTS2), ADAMTS14]. This indicates that NTD-AFMCs have different characteristics compared with healthy AFMCs and might not be suitable for fetal therapy to close the defect in spina bifida patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke A Hosper
- 1 Medical Biology Section, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen , University of Groningen, GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Hosper NA, van den Berg PP, de Rond S, Popa ER, Wilmer MJ, Masereeuw R, Bank RA. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in fibrosis: collagen type I expression is highly upregulated after EMT, but does not contribute to collagen deposition. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:3000-9. [PMID: 23906925 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of fibrosis is an accumulation of fibrillar collagens, especially of collagen type I. There is considerable debate whether in vivo type II epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in organ fibrosis. Lineage tracing experiments by various groups show opposing data concerning the relative contribution of epithelial cells to the pool of myofibroblasts. We hypothesized that EMT-derived cells might directly contribute to collagen deposition. To study this, EMT was induced in human epithelial lung and renal cell lines in vitro by means of TGF-β1 stimulation, and we compared the collagen type I (COL1A1) expression levels of transdifferentiated cells with that of myofibroblasts obtained by TGF-β1 stimulation of human dermal and lung fibroblasts. COL1A1 expression levels of transdifferentiated epithelial cells appeared to be at least one to two orders of magnitude lower than that of myofibroblasts. This was confirmed at immunohistochemical level: in contrast to myofibroblasts, collagen type I deposition by EMT-derived cells was not or hardly detectable. We postulate that, even when type II EMT occurs in vivo, the direct contribution of EMT-derived cells to collagen accumulation is rather limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke A Hosper
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Ploeger DT, Hosper NA, Schipper M, Koerts JA, de Rond S, Bank RA. Cell plasticity in wound healing: paracrine factors of M1/ M2 polarized macrophages influence the phenotypical state of dermal fibroblasts. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:29. [PMID: 23601247 PMCID: PMC3698164 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophages and fibroblasts are two major players in tissue repair and fibrosis. Despite the relevance of macrophages and fibroblasts in tissue homeostasis, remarkably little is known whether macrophages are able to influence the properties of fibroblasts. Here we investigated the role of paracrine factors secreted by classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) human macrophages on human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Results HDFs stimulated with paracrine factors from M1 macrophages showed a 10 to > 100-fold increase in the expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL6, CCL2 and CCL7 and the matrix metalloproteinases MMP1 and MMP3. This indicates that factors produced by M1 macrophages induce a fibroblast phenotype with pro-inflammatory and extracellular matrix (ECM) degrading properties. HDFs stimulated with paracrine factors secreted by M2 macrophages displayed an increased proliferation rate. Interestingly, the M1-activated pro-inflammatory fibroblasts downregulated, after exposure to paracrine factors produced by M2 macrophages or non-conditioned media, the inflammatory markers as well as MMPs and upregulated their collagen production. Conclusions Paracrine factors of M1 or M2 polarized macrophages induced different phenotypes of HDFs and the HDF phenotypes can in turn be reversed, pointing to a high dynamic plasticity of fibroblasts in the different phases of tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ta Ploeger
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands.
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