Über die gleichzeitige Erzeugung der Röntgen-Interferenzen und des Röntgen-Schattenbildes von Kristallen

Es werden die Möglichkeiten und Bedingungen diskutiert, um RÖNTGEN-Weitwinkelinterferenzen gleichzeitig mit dem RöNTGEN-Schattenbild zu projizieren. Das unterschiedliche Verhalten von Ideal- und Realkristallen wird aufgezeigt. Gitter- und Orientierungsänderungen, die durch die Extinktionslinien angezeigt werden, können bei Kristallen mit > 105 Versetzungen/cm2 unmittelbar dem Schattenbild zugeordnet werden.

Primary cervical cancer truly negative for high-risk human papillomavirus is a rare but distinct entity that can affect virgins and young adolescents

Cancer of the uterine cervix is almost exclusively associated with human papillomavirus (HPV). Carcinogenesis is slow, the minimal time from initial HPV infection to invasive carcinoma seems to be less than ten years. In order to identify rapid onset cervical cancer, we carried out a retrospective re-analysis of an extended cohort of patients with invasive cervical cancer, and reviewed cases identified within the cancer registry of Lower Saxony or using Medline or ISI data. No instances of a rapid-onset cancer or true HPV-DNA negative cancer were found among our hospital cohort of 178 women with primary cancer of the uterine cervix. Registry data identified four out of 5,878 patients who were diagnosed with primary cervical cancer at 14 to 20 years of age. They were classified as clear-cell and endometriod adenocarcinoma and tested persistently negative for high-risk HPV-DNA. Fourteen more cases of cervical cancer in virgins and very young women were identified by a Medline search, mostly with unknown histologic type or rare subtypes of adenocarcinoma. In conclusion, rare adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix may represent an entity unrelated to HPV, thus explaining instances of rapid onset cervical cancer.

Matrix-metalloproteinases 1, 2, and 3 and their tissue inhibitors 1 and 2 in benign and malignant breast lesions: an in situ hybridization study

Invasive growth requires degradation of extracellular matrix. Altered expression of matrix degrading enzymes may indicate an increased potential for invasive growth. We determined the expression patterns of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP)-1, -2, and -3 and of the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 and -2 by in situ hybridization with isotopically labeled RNA probes in normal breast tissue (n=6), fibrocystic disease (n=20), five cases of which contained radial scars, lobular carcinoma in situ (CLIS; n=5), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS; n=9) and invasive carcinomas (n=24). Only a few cells displayed MMP-1- and MMP-2-specific labeling in normal breast tissue and fibrocystic disease. Noninvasive ductal carcinomas showed elevated MMP-2 transcript levels in peritumor stromal cells in the absence of significant MMP-1 specific signals. In general, compared with adjacent normal breast tissue, a gradual increase of MMP-2 was found in noninvasive to invasive cancers. Invasive ductal and lobular carcinomas displayed co-expression of MMP-1 and MMP-2 by stromal cells, mainly of the invasion front, with high signal intensity particularly in high-grade invasive carcinomas. Tumor cells and peritumor stroma showed low MMP-3 transcript levels, especially in medullary carcinomas. TIMP-1 and -2 transcript levels were increased in invasive carcinomas correlating with the histological grade. These RNA expression patterns suggest an increased invasive potential in breast carcinomas even prior to histologically overt invasive growth.