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Yan Y, Zhan J, Garrod O, Cui X, Ince RAA, Schyns PG. Strength of predicted information content in the brain biases decision behavior. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5505-5514.e6. [PMID: 38065096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Prediction-for-perception theories suggest that the brain predicts incoming stimuli to facilitate their categorization.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17 However, it remains unknown what the information contents of these predictions are, which hinders mechanistic explanations. This is because typical approaches cast predictions as an underconstrained contrast between two categories18,19,20,21,22,23,24-e.g., faces versus cars, which could lead to predictions of features specific to faces or cars, or features from both categories. Here, to pinpoint the information contents of predictions and thus their mechanistic processing in the brain, we identified the features that enable two different categorical perceptions of the same stimuli. We then trained multivariate classifiers to discern, from dynamic MEG brain responses, the features tied to each perception. With an auditory cueing design, we reveal where, when, and how the brain reactivates visual category features (versus the typical category contrast) before the stimulus is shown. We demonstrate that the predictions of category features have a more direct influence (bias) on subsequent decision behavior in participants than the typical category contrast. Specifically, these predictions are more precisely localized in the brain (lateralized), are more specifically driven by the auditory cues, and their reactivation strength before a stimulus presentation exerts a greater bias on how the individual participant later categorizes this stimulus. By characterizing the specific information contents that the brain predicts and then processes, our findings provide new insights into the brain's mechanisms of prediction for perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuening Yan
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
| | - Jiayu Zhan
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Oliver Garrod
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
| | - Xuan Cui
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
| | - Robin A A Ince
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK
| | - Philippe G Schyns
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK.
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Zhan J, Liu M, Garrod O, Daube C, Ince R, Jack R, Schyns P. Modelling individual preferences reveals that face beauty is not universally perceived across cultures. J Vis 2021. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.9.2739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Liu M, van Rijsbergen N, Garrod O, Ince R, Jack R, Schyns P. Semantic Decoding of Affective Face Signals in the Brain is Temporally Distinct. J Vis 2021. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.9.2589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Pichon S, Bediou B, Antico L, Jack R, Garrod O, Sims C, Green CS, Schyns P, Bavelier D. Emotion perception in habitual players of action video games. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 21:1324-1339. [PMID: 32628034 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Action video game players (AVGPs) display superior performance in various aspects of cognition, especially in perception and top-down attention. The existing literature has examined these performance almost exclusively with stimuli and tasks devoid of any emotional content. Thus, whether the superior performance documented in the cognitive domain extend to the emotional domain remains unknown. We present 2 cross-sectional studies contrasting AVGPs and nonvideo game players (NVGPs) in their ability to perceive facial emotions. Under an enhanced perception account, AVGPs should outperform NVGPs when processing facial emotion. Yet, alternative accounts exist. For instance, under some social accounts, exposure to action video games, which often contain violence, may lower sensitivity for empathy-related expressions such as sadness, happiness, and pain while increasing sensitivity to aggression signals. Finally, under the view that AVGPs excel at learning new tasks (in contrast to the view that they are immediately better at all new tasks), the use of stimuli that participants are already experts at predicts little to no group differences. Study 1 uses drift-diffusion modeling and establishes that AVGPs are comparable to NVGPs in every decision-making stage mediating the discrimination of facial emotions, despite showing group difference in aggressive behavior. Study 2 uses the reverse inference technique to assess the mental representation of facial emotion expressions, and again documents no group differences. These results indicate that the perceptual benefits associated with action video game play do not extend to overlearned stimuli such as facial emotion, and rather indicate equivalent facial emotion skills in AVGPs and NVGPs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Swann Pichon
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech
| | - Benoit Bediou
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech
| | - Lia Antico
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech
| | | | | | - Chris Sims
- Department of Cognitive Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
| | - C Shawn Green
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | - Daphne Bavelier
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech
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Holzleitner IJ, Lee AJ, Hahn AC, Kandrik M, Bovet J, Renoult JP, Simmons D, Garrod O, DeBruine LM, Jones BC. Comparing theory-driven and data-driven attractiveness models using images of real women's faces. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2019; 45:1589-1595. [PMID: 31556686 DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Facial attractiveness plays a critical role in social interaction, influencing many different social outcomes. However, the factors that influence facial attractiveness judgments remain relatively poorly understood. Here, we used a sample of 594 young adult female face images to compare the performance of existing theory-driven models of facial attractiveness and a data-driven (i.e., theory-neutral) model. Our data-driven model and a theory-driven model including various traits commonly studied in facial attractiveness research (asymmetry, averageness, sexual dimorphism, body mass index, and representational sparseness) performed similarly well. By contrast, univariate theory-driven models performed relatively poorly. These results (a) highlight the utility of data driven models of facial attractiveness and (b) suggest that theory-driven research on facial attractiveness would benefit from greater adoption of multivariate approaches, rather than the univariate approaches that they currently almost exclusively employ. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Jaworska K, Garrod O, van Rijsbergen N, Alink A, Charest I, Schyns P. Task-Dependent Information Compression in Face, Object and Scene Categorization. J Vis 2018. [DOI: 10.1167/18.10.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jaworska
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Oliver Garrod
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Arjen Alink
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ian Charest
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Philippe Schyns
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Xu T, Garrod O, Chen C, Jack R, Schyns P. Deep Neural Network Identifies Dynamic Facial Action Units from Image Sequences. J Vis 2018. [DOI: 10.1167/18.10.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Oliver Garrod
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Chaona Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Rachael Jack
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Philippe Schyns
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Garrod O, Xu T, Schyns P. Understanding Information Processing Mechanisms for Face Categorizations in Deep Neural Networks. J Vis 2018. [DOI: 10.1167/18.10.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Garrod
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Tian Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Philippe Schyns
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Xu T, Garrod O, Snoek L, Scholte S, Schyns P. Using Psychophysical Methods to Study Face Identification in a Deep Neural Network. J Vis 2017. [DOI: 10.1167/17.10.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Oliver Garrod
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Lukas Snoek
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steven Scholte
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Philippe Schyns
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Zhan J, Van Rijsbergen N, Garrod O, Schyns P. Objective Analysis of the Subjective Information Contents of Memory of Familiar Faces. J Vis 2017. [DOI: 10.1167/17.10.916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhan
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow
| | - Nicola Van Rijsbergen
- School of Psychology, University of GlasgowInstitute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow
| | - Oliver Garrod
- School of Psychology, University of GlasgowInstitute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow
| | - Philippe Schyns
- School of Psychology, University of GlasgowInstitute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaona Chen
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland G12 8QB
| | - Oliver Garrod
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland G12 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Schyns
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland G12 8QBInstitute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland G12 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Jack
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland G12 8QBInstitute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland G12 8QB, United Kingdom
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Garrod O, Kellie AE. Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Associated with Hirsutism, Obesity, Hypertension and Normal Glucocorticoid Secretion. Proc R Soc Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/003591575504800412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhan J, Van Rijsbergen N, Garrod O, Schyns P. Visualizing the Information Content of 3D Face Memory in Individual Participants. J Vis 2016. [DOI: 10.1167/16.12.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Chen C, Crivelli C, Garrod O, Fernandez-Dols JM, Schyns P, Jack R. Facial Expressions of Pain and Pleasure are Highly Distinct. J Vis 2016. [DOI: 10.1167/16.12.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Garrod
- Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London, W.1
| | | | - J. F. Tait
- Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London, W.1
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Delis I, Jack R, Garrod O, Panzeri S, Schyns P. Characterizing the Manifolds of Dynamic Facial Expression Categorization. J Vis 2014. [DOI: 10.1167/14.10.1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Borgeat K, Wright J, Garrod O, Payne JR, Fuentes VL. Arterial thromboembolism in 250 cats in general practice: 2004-2012. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:102-8. [PMID: 24237457 PMCID: PMC4895537 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Population characteristics and outcome of cats with arterial thromboembolism (ATE) managed in general practice (GP) have been poorly described. Hypothesis Cats with ATE presenting to GP are usually euthanized at presentation, but survival times >1 year are possible. Animals Cats with ATE managed by 3 GP clinics in the United Kingdom. Methods Records of cases presenting to GP over a 98‐month period (2004–2012) were reviewed. Cats with an antemortem diagnosis of limb ATE were included. Outcome information was obtained. Results Over 98 months, 250 cats were identified with ATE. Prevalence was approximately 0.3%. At presentation, 153 cats (61.2%) were euthanized, with 68/97 (70.1%) of the remaining cats (27.2% of the total population) surviving >24 hours after presentation. Of these, 30/68 (44.1%) survived for at least 7 days. Hypothermia (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.002–2.07; P = .049) and management by Clinic 2 (HR, 5.53; 95% CI, 1.23–24.8; P = .026) were independent predictors of 24‐hour euthanasia or death. For cats surviving >24 hours, hypothermia (HR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.12–4.48; P = .021) and failure to receive aspirin, clopidogrel, or both (HR, 8.26; 95% CI, 1.39–50; P = .001) were independent predictors of euthanasia or death within 7 days. For cats that survived ≥7 days, median survival time was 94 (95% CI, 42–164) days, with 6 cats alive 1 year after presentation. Conclusions Although 153/250 cats were euthanized at presentation, 6 cats survived >12 months. No factors were identified that predicted euthanasia on presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Borgeat
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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Watson R, Latinus M, Noguchi T, Garrod O, Crabbe F, Belin P. Dissociating task difficulty from incongruence in face-voice emotion integration. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:744. [PMID: 24294196 PMCID: PMC3826561 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the everyday environment, affective information is conveyed by both the face and the voice. Studies have demonstrated that a concurrently presented voice can alter the way that an emotional face expression is perceived, and vice versa, leading to emotional conflict if the information in the two modalities is mismatched. Additionally, evidence suggests that incongruence of emotional valence activates cerebral networks involved in conflict monitoring and resolution. However, it is currently unclear whether this is due to task difficulty—that incongruent stimuli are harder to categorize—or simply to the detection of mismatching information in the two modalities. The aim of the present fMRI study was to examine the neurophysiological correlates of processing incongruent emotional information, independent of task difficulty. Subjects were scanned while judging the emotion of face-voice affective stimuli. Both the face and voice were parametrically morphed between anger and happiness and then paired in all audiovisual combinations, resulting in stimuli each defined by two separate values: the degree of incongruence between the face and voice, and the degree of clarity of the combined face-voice information. Due to the specific morphing procedure utilized, we hypothesized that the clarity value, rather than incongruence value, would better reflect task difficulty. Behavioral data revealed that participants integrated face and voice affective information, and that the clarity, as opposed to incongruence value correlated with categorization difficulty. Cerebrally, incongruence was more associated with activity in the superior temporal region, which emerged after task difficulty had been accounted for. Overall, our results suggest that activation in the superior temporal region in response to incongruent information cannot be explained simply by task difficulty, and may rather be due to detection of mismatching information between the two modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Watson
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands ; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
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Gill D, Garrod O, Jack R, Schyns P. Beyond Facial Morphology: Social Impressions from Dynamic Face Gestures. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Jack R, Garrod O, Yu H, Caldara R, Schyns P. Beyond Darwin: revealing culture-specificities in the temporal dynamics of 4D facial expressions. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Jack R, Garrod O, Yu H, Caldara R, Schyns P. Dynamic Cultural Representations of Facial Expressions of Emotion are not Universal. J Vis 2011. [DOI: 10.1167/11.11.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Garrod O, Yu H, Breidt M, Curio C, Schyns P. Reverse correlation in temporal FACS space reveals diagnostic information during dynamic emotional expression classification. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/10.7.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Garrod O, Smith ML, Schyns PG. Classification maps: An information-theoretic technique for relating cortical activity to stimulus information in a facial expression categorization task. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/8.6.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Kilby A, Garrod O. Diabetic Ketosis with Gross Hyperlipoproteinæmia and followed by Severe Peripheral Neuropathy. Proc R Soc Med 1972. [DOI: 10.1177/003591577206500930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Garrod
- Barnet General Hospital, Wellhouse Lane, Barnet, Hertfordshire
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Bray BV, Garrod O. Myxoedematous ascites. Proc R Soc Med 1970; 63:576. [PMID: 5453450 PMCID: PMC1811588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Bray BV, Garrod O. Myxœdematous Ascites. Proc R Soc Med 1970. [DOI: 10.1177/003591577006300607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Garrod O. Glasgow Adrenal Conference. West J Med 1962. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5296.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Garrod O. PROGRESS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY. West J Med 1961. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5242.1812-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Garrod
- Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London, W.1
| | | | - J. F. Tait
- Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London, W.1
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Garrod O. Endocrine Factors in Water Diuresis. Int J Food Sci Nutr 1951. [DOI: 10.3109/09637485109144356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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