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Anand O, Pepin XJH, Kolhatkar V, Seo P. The Use of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Analyses-in Biopharmaceutics Applications -Regulatory and Industry Perspectives. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1681-1700. [PMID: 35585448 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to support the drug product quality attributes, also known as physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) is an evolving field and the interest in using PBBM is increasing. The US-FDA has emphasized on the use of patient centric quality standards and clinically relevant drug product specifications over the years. Establishing an in vitro in vivo link is an important step towards achieving the goal of patient centric quality standard. Such a link can aid in constructing a bioequivalence safe space and establishing clinically relevant drug product specifications. PBBM is an important tool to construct a safe space which can be used during the drug product development and lifecycle management. There are several advantages of using the PBBM approach, though there are also a few challenges, both with in vitro methods and in vivo understanding of drug absorption and disposition, that preclude using this approach and therefore further improvements are needed. In this review we have provided an overview of experience gained so far and the current perspective from regulatory and industry point of view. Collaboration between scientists from regulatory, industry and academic fields can further help to advance this field and deliver on promises that PBBM can offer towards establishing patient centric quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Anand
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
| | - Xavier J H Pepin
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Vidula Kolhatkar
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Seo
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Abend AM, Zhang L, Fredro-Kumbaradzi E, Hoffelder T, Cohen MJ, Anand O, Delvadia P, Mandula H, Zhang Z, Kotzagiorgis E, Lum S, Pereira VG, Barker A, Lavrich D, Kraemer J, Sharp-Suarez S. Current Approaches for Dissolution Similarity Assessment, Requirements, and Global Expectations. AAPS J 2022; 24:50. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Li M, Zhang X, Wu D, Anand O, Chen H, Raines K, Yu L. Understanding In Vivo Dissolution of Immediate Release (IR) Solid Oral Drug Products Containing Weak Acid BCS Class 2 (BCS Class 2a) Drugs. AAPS J 2021; 23:113. [PMID: 34704158 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In vivo drug dissolution kinetics of BCS Class 2a IR solid oral drug products remains largely unknown. An understanding to what extent the solubility influences in vivo dissolution is needed to design appropriate in vitro dissolution methods. In this study, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to investigate the in vivo dissolution of BCS Class 2a drugs based on numerical deconvolution analyses. The PK data were obtained from published literature or drug applications submitted to the FDA. It has been hypothesized that the in vivo drug dissolution rate would likely correlate to the solubility of NSAIDs in the media at gastrointestinal pH. Our findings show a short lag time of absorption (Tlag), comparable to the liquid gastric emptying time and independent of the solubility and formulation. In Vivo drug dissolution of NSAIDs was generally rapid and complete within the regular drug residence time in the small intestine while multi-phase absorption was observed in some subjects for all the NSAIDs. The comparisons of in vivo drug dissolution rate, which was characterized by in vivo dissolution half-life (Thalf), indicate that solubility has a minimal impact on in vivo drug dissolution rate for NSAIDs. Gastric emptying regulated by migrating motor complex (MMC) under fasted state most likely governs drug dissolution and absorption of NSAIDs. For BCS Class 2a IR solid oral drug products, large variability of gastric emptying and MMC as well as the strong driving force of intestinal absorption probably outweigh the impact of solubility on drug in vivo dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Biopharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Om Anand
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Hansong Chen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly Raines
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lawrence Yu
- Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
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Mitra A, Suarez-Sharp S, Pepin XJH, Flanagan T, Zhao Y, Kotzagiorgis E, Parrott N, Sharan S, Tistaert C, Heimbach T, Zolnik B, Sjögren E, Wu F, Anand O, Kakar S, Li M, Veerasingham S, Kijima S, Lima Santos GM, Ning B, Raines K, Rullo G, Mandula H, Delvadia P, Dressman J, Dickinson PA, Babiskin A. Applications of Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling (PBBM) to Support Drug Product Quality: A Workshop Summary Report. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:594-609. [PMID: 33152375 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This report summarizes the proceedings for Day 3 of the workshop titled "Current State and Future Expectations of Translational Modeling Strategies toSupportDrug Product Development, Manufacturing Changes and Controls". From a drug product quality perspective, patient-centric product development necessitates the development of clinically relevant drug product specifications (CRDPS). In this regard, Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) is a viable tool to establish links between in-vitro to in-vivo data, and support with establishing CRDPS. The theme of day 3 was practical applications of PBBM to support drug product quality. In this manuscript, case studies from US FDA, EMA and pharmaceutical industry on applications of PBBM in drug product quality are summarized which include 1) regulatory agency's perspectives on establishing the safe space and achieving study waivers, 2) model-informed risk assessment on the effects of acid reducing agents, bridging of dissolution methods, food effect, and formulation selection, and 3) understanding clinical formulation performance. Breakout session discussions focused on four topics - 1) terminologies related to physiologically based modeling in support of drug product quality, 2) regulatory harmonization on evidentiary standards, 3) CRDPS approaches and 4) bridging between biorelevant and quality control (QC) dissolution methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Mitra
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania.
| | | | - Xavier J H Pepin
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Talia Flanagan
- Pharmaceutical Development, UCB Pharma SA, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Yang Zhao
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Evangelos Kotzagiorgis
- Pharmaceutical Quality Office, European Medicines Agency (EMA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Satish Sharan
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Tycho Heimbach
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey
| | - Banu Zolnik
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Fang Wu
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Om Anand
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Shefali Kakar
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey
| | - Min Li
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Shereeni Veerasingham
- Therapeutic Products Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Shinichi Kijima
- Office of Advanced Evaluation with Electronic Data, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gustavo Mendes Lima Santos
- General Office of Medicines and Biological Products, Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Anvisa), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Baoming Ning
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Kimberly Raines
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Greg Rullo
- Regulatory Excellence, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Haritha Mandula
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Poonam Delvadia
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, and Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Paul A Dickinson
- Seda Pharmaceutical Development Services, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, UK
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland
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Ren P, Cui M, Anand O, Xia L, Zhao ZJ, Sun D, Sharp T, Conner DP, Peters J, Jiang W, Stier E, Jiang X. In vitro Approaches to Support Bioequivalence and Substitutability of Generic Proton Pump Inhibitors via Nasogastric Tube Administration. AAPS J 2017; 19:1593-1599. [PMID: 28879628 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Administration of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) through nasogastric tubes may present risks. If the PPI drug products are not prepared properly, clogging or obstruction of nasogastric tubes can pose a safety concern. In addition, the integrity of the enteric coating of the drug product may be damaged resulting in reduced bioavailability of the active moiety. From the perspective of administration of generic PPIs when compared to the reference drug product, differences in formulation can potentially result in a greater relative risk for the generic drug product. As part of the assessment of bioequivalence, the Office of Generic Drugs (OGD) has developed a suite of in vitro testing to compare the delivery of the generic and reference products via nasogastric tubes. These in vitro tests assess essential attributes associated with the likelihood of clogging and maintenance of the enteric coating. These in vitro tests include studies evaluating sedimentation, granule size distribution, drug recovery, and acid resistance. One of the challenges is that while the administration of PPIs through nasogastric tubes is common in clinical practice, this issue is not uniformly addressed in the FDA approved label of the reference drug products. This paper discusses the design and rationale for in vitro testing of PPI formulations with respect to bioequivalence via nasogastric tube administration and in addition, it summarizes commonly occurring deficiencies in the in vitro nasogastric tube testing of 14 recent Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDA) submitted for five generic PPI drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ren
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Minglei Cui
- Office of Bioequivalence, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Om Anand
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Li Xia
- Office of Bioequivalence, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Zhuojun J Zhao
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Dajun Sun
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Trueman Sharp
- Office of Bioequivalence, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Dale P Conner
- Office of Bioequivalence, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - John Peters
- Office of Bioequivalence, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Ethan Stier
- Office of Bioequivalence, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Xiaojian Jiang
- Office of Bioequivalence, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
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Gray VA, C. Marques MR, Cole E, Riva Toma JMD, Ghidorsi L, Guo JH, Han JH, Han F, Hosty CT, Kochling JD, Kraemer J, Langdon T, Leinbach SR, Martin GP, Meyerhoffer SM, Moreton RC, Raghaven KS, Shneyvas E, Suggett JA, Tindal S, Vudathala M, Wang H, Anand O, Gao Z, Shah R, Xia L, Fotso J, Hussain MA, Schmidt VN, Ghosh T, Davydova N, Brown WE, Fringer JM, Stippler ES, Eranui T. Use of Enzymes in the Dissolution Testing of Gelatin Capsules and Gelatin-Coated Tablets-Revisions to Dissolution <711> and Disintegration and Dissolution of Dietary Supplements <2040>. DISSOLUT TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.14227/dt210414p6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bansal A, McGregor DH, Anand O, Singh M, Rao D, Cherian R, Wani SB, Rastogi A, Singh V, House J, Jones PG, Sharma P. Presence or absence of intestinal metaplasia but not its burden is associated with prevalent high-grade dysplasia and cancer in Barrett's esophagus. Dis Esophagus 2013; 27:751-6. [PMID: 24165297 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Universal agreement on the inclusion of intestinal metaplasia to diagnose Barrett's esophagus (BE) is lacking. Our aim was to determine the association of intestinal metaplasia and its density with the prevalence of dysplasia/cancer in columnar lined esophagus (CLE). Patients with CLE but no intestinal metaplasia (CLE-no IM) were identified by querying the clinical pathology database using SNOMED codes for distal esophageal biopsies. CLE-IM patients were identified from a prospectively maintained database of BE patients. Subsequently, relative risks for prevalent dysplasia and cancer were calculated. Since patients with CLE-no IM are not usually enrolled in surveillance, only prevalent dysplasia/cancer on index endoscopy was analyzed. Goblet cell density and percent intestinal metaplasia were estimated. All biopsy slides were reviewed for dysplasia by two experienced gastrointestinal pathologists. Two hundred sixty-two CLE-IM and 260 CLE-no IM patients were included (age 64±12 vs. 60±11 years, P=0.001; whites 92% vs. 82%, P=0.001; males 99.7% vs. 99.3%, P=NS; CLE length 3.4±3.2 vears 1.4±0.4 cm, P=0.001 and hiatus hernia 64% vs. 56%, P=0.013). The odds of finding low-grade dysplasia and of high-grade dysplasia (HGD)/cancer were 12.5-fold (2.9-53.8, P=0.007) and 4.2-fold (95% CI 1.4-13, P=0.01) higher, respectively, in the CLE-IM group. Reanalysis after controlling for important variables of age, race, and length did not significantly alter the overall results. In CLE-IM group, when patients with high (>50/LPF) versus low goblet cell density (<50/LPF) and <10% versus >10% intestinal metaplasia were compared, the odds of HGD/cancer, OR 1.5 (0.5-4.9, P=0.5) and 1.97 (0.54-7.22), respectively, were not significantly higher. Demonstration of intestinal metaplasia continues to be an essential element in the definition of BE, but its quantification may not be useful for risk stratification of HGD/cancer in BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bansal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA; Kansas Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Nair AK, Anand O, Chun N, Conner DP, Mehta MU, Nhu DT, Polli JE, Yu LX, Davit BM. Statistics on BCS classification of generic drug products approved between 2000 and 2011 in the USA. AAPS J 2012; 14:664-6. [PMID: 22718306 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Biopharmaceutics Classification system (BCS) classifies drug substances based on aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability. The objective of this study was to use the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines to determine the distribution of BCS Class 1, 2, 3, and 4 drugs in Abbreviated New drug Applications (ANDA) submissions. To categorize solubility and intestinal permeability properties of generic drugs under development, we used a list of 61 drugs which were classified as BCS 1, 2, 3, and 4 drugs with certainty in the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines. Applying this list to evaluation of 263 ANDA approvals of BCS drugs during the period of 2000 to 2011 indicated 110 approvals (41.8%) for Class 1 drugs (based on both biowaiver and in vivo bioequivalence studies), 55 (20.9%) approvals for Class 2 drugs, 98 (37.3%) approvals for Class 3 drugs, and no (0%) approvals for Class 4 drugs. The present data indicated a trend of more ANDA approvals of BCS Class 1 drugs than Class 3 or Class 2 drugs. Antiallergic drugs in Class 1, drugs for pain relief in Class 2 and antidiabetic drugs in Class 3 have received the largest number of approvals during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Nair
- Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 7520 Standish Place, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA.
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Anand O, Almoazen H, Mehrotra N, Johnson J, Shukla A. Controlled release of modified insulin glargine from novel biodegradable injectable gels. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:313-22. [PMID: 22258803 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the duration of biological effects of modified insulin glargine released from a novel biodegradable injectable gel in type II diabetic Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Modified insulin glargine was purified from the marketed formulation by process of dialysis followed by freeze-drying, and the purity was confirmed by the single peak, corresponding to insulin glargine in the HPLC chromatogram. To determine and to compare the biological activity of purified insulin glargine with marketed formulation, it was suspended in isotonic saline solutions and administered subcutaneously to ZDF rats at a dose of 10 IU/kg of insulin and the blood glucose levels were measured. The blood glucose levels of ZDF rats after a subcutaneous injection of a suspension of purified insulin glargine decreased below 200 mg/dL within 2 h and remained at this level up to 6 h, then steadily raised above 400 mg/dL in 12 h. Insulin glargine particles were loaded into a novel biodegradable injectable gel formulation prepared from a blend of polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and biocompatible plasticizers. Approximately 0.1 mL of insulin glargine-loaded gel prepared with PLGA was administered subcutaneously to the ZDF rats, and blood glucose levels were measured. The PLGA gel formulations prepared with insulin glargine particles had duration of action of 10 days following a single subcutaneous injection. The addition of zinc sulfate to the formulations prepared with purified insulin glargine particles further slowed down the drop in blood glucose concentrations.
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Anand O, Yu LX, Conner DP, Davit BM. Dissolution testing for generic drugs: an FDA perspective. AAPS J 2011; 13:328-35. [PMID: 21479700 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro dissolution testing is an important tool used for development and approval of generic dosage forms. The objective of this article is to summarize how dissolution testing is used for the approval of safe and effective generic drug products in the United States (US). Dissolution testing is routinely used for stability and quality control purposes for both oral and non-oral dosage forms. The dissolution method should be developed using an appropriate validated method depending on the dosage form. There are several ways in which dissolution testing plays a pivotal role in regulatory decision-making. It may be used to waive in vivo bioequivalence (BE) study requirements, as BE documentation for Scale Up and Post Approval Changes (SUPAC), and to predict the potential for a modified-release (MR) drug product to dose-dump if co-administered with alcoholic beverages. Thus, in vitro dissolution testing plays a major role in FDA's efforts to reduce the regulatory burden and unnecessary human studies in generic drug development without sacrificing the quality of the drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Anand
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- O Anand
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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12
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Rosenthal RN, Perkel C, Singh P, Anand O, Miner CR. A pilot open randomized trial of valproate and phenobarbital in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal. Am J Addict 1998; 7:189-97. [PMID: 9702286 DOI: 10.3109/10550499808998350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors conducted a randomized, open comparison of the GABAergic anticonvulsant sodium valproate (divalproex sodium; Depakote) and phenobarbital as an active control in the management of acute withdrawal from alcohol. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess treatment effects in the first 37 inpatients, evaluating mood, hostility, and subjective and objective measures of withdrawal at index, 3, and 5 days of detoxification. Subjective and objective ratings of abstinence symptoms and subjective mood disturbance decreased significantly in intensity in both groups over 5 days, but there were no significant treatment differences nor treatment by time interactions. Hostility scores did not differ overall, but a group by time effect was observed (F = 5.42, df = [1,13], P < 0.05), with phenobarbital subjects reporting less hostility/aggression than those in the valproate group. There were no withdrawal-related seizures or other acute sequelae. This study offers pilot confirmation that sodium valproate is as effective as phenobarbital in the management of acute alcohol withdrawal, but it is unclear whether valproate offers a clinical advantage with respect to stabilizing changes in mood and interpersonal hostility during detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Rosenthal
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York 10003, USA
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Rosenthal RN, Perkel C, Singh P, Anand O, Miner CR. A Pilot Open Randomized Trial of Valproate and Phenobarbital in the Treatment of Acute Alcohol Withdrawal. Am J Addict 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.1998.tb00336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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