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de Barros RD, Costa EA, dos Santos DB, Souza GS, Álvares J, Guerra AA, Acurcio FDA, Guibu IA, Costa KS, Karnikowski MGDO, Soeiro OM, Leite SN. Access to medicines: relations with the institutionalization of pharmaceutical services. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:8s. [PMID: 29160462 PMCID: PMC5676401 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVE To analyze the relationship between access to medicines by the population and the institutionalization of pharmaceutical services in Brazilian primary health care. METHODS This study is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços 2015 (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services 2015), a cross-sectional, exploratory, and evaluative study composed of an information survey in a representative sample of cities, stratified by Brazilian regions. Access was defined based on the acquisition of medicines reported by the patient, ranging between: total, partial, or null. The institutionalization of pharmaceutical services was analyzed based on information provided by pharmaceutical services providers and by those responsible for medicines delivery. Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS Full access to medicines was greater when professionals affirmed there were the following aspects of the dimensions: "management tools," "participation and social control," "financing," and "personnel structure," with significant associations in the bivariate analysis. The "pharmaceutical care" dimension did not achieve such an association. After multinomial logistic regression, full access was more prevalent when those in charge of pharmaceutical services stated that: they always or repeatedly attend meetings of the Municipal Health Council, OR = 3.3 (95%CI 1.5-7.3); there are protocols for medicines delivery, OR = 2.7 (95%CI 1.2-6.1); there is computerized system for managing pharmaceutical services, OR = 3.9 (95%CI 1.9-8.0); those responsible for medicines delivery reported having participated in a course or training for professionals in the past two years, OR = 2.0 (95%CI 1.1-3.5); there is computerized system for pharmaceutical services management, OR = 4.3 (95%CI 2.4-7.5). CONCLUSIONS Aspects related to the institutionalization of pharmaceutical services have been strongly related to access to medicines. Our results indicate the need to prioritize its implementation, contributing to its consolidation in Brazil and to the effectiveness of health services regarding the purposes of pharmaceutical services policies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | | | - Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
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do Nascimento RCRM, Álvares J, Guerra AA, Gomes IC, Silveira MR, Costa EA, Leite SN, Costa KS, Soeiro OM, Guibu IA, Karnikowski MGDO, Acurcio FDA. Polypharmacy: a challenge for the primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:19s. [PMID: 29160460 PMCID: PMC5676396 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the polypharmacy in primary health care patients and to identify its associated factors. METHODS This is a cross-sectional, exploratory, and evaluative study, part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services, 2015). The variable of interest was polypharmacy, defined as the use of five or more medicines. We sought to identify the association of sociodemographic variables and indicators of health conditions to polypharmacy. For group comparison, the Pearson's Chi-square test was used. The association between polypharmacy and explanatory variables was evaluated by logistic regression model (p < 0.05). The quality of the adjustment was verified by Hosmer-Lemeshow test. RESULTS The prevalence of polypharmacy among medicine users was 9.4% (95%CI 7.8-12.0) in the general population and 18.1% (95%CI 13.6-22.8) in older adults above 65 years old. We found statistically significant association between polypharmacy and age above 45 years, lower self-perception of health, presence of chronic diseases, having health insurance, care in emergency services, and region of the Country. South users presented the highest chances to polypharmacy. The most used medicines were those of the cardiovascular system, being compatible with the national epidemiological profile. CONCLUSIONS Polypharmacy is a reality in the population met within the primary care of Brazilian Unified Health System and may be related to excessive or inappropriate use of medicines. The main challenge to qualify health care is to ensure that prescription of multiple medicines be appropriate and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Micheline Rosa Silveira
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Costa EA, Araújo PS, Penaforte TR, Barreto JL, Guerra AA, Acurcio FDA, Guibu IA, Alvares J, Costa KS, Karnikowski MGDO, Soeiro OM, Leite SN. Conceptions on pharmaceutical services in Brazilian primary health care. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:5s. [PMID: 29160453 PMCID: PMC5676364 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify and discuss the conceptions of pharmaceutical services in Brazilian Primary Health Care, according to different subjects. METHODS This study is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services, 2015), which is composed of an information survey in a representative sample of cities, stratified according to Brazilian regions, and a subsample of primary health care services. Municipal secretaries of health, those responsible for pharmaceutical services, and those responsible for medicine delivery in pharmacies/dispensing units of the selected services were interviewed. The questionnaires included one question about the understanding of the interviewee regarding pharmaceutical services. The content analysis technique was used to apprehend, in the statements, the meanings attributed to pharmaceutical services, which were subsequently classified into categories according to their main conceptions. RESULTS Among the wide diversity of conceptions on pharmaceutical services (PS), we highlight the ones focused on 1) logistic control of medicines with activities concerning guidance or information on their use and 2) guidance or information to users on the use of medicine. The findings reveal a shifting tendency from a medicine-focused conception to one that considers the users and their needs as the final recipient of these actions. However, the lack of references to conceptions regarding care management and integrality point out the slowness of this change; after all, this is a social and historical process that comprises the production of meanings that transcend legal, logistic, and technical arrangements in pharmaceutical services. CONCLUSIONS The diversity of conceptions expresses the several meanings attributed to pharmaceutical services; we also identified, in their reorientation process, a movement that reflects a gradual shift in the technical paradigm, from the focus on medicine logistics to a user-oriented approach of health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Sodré Araújo
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida. Universidade do Estado da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Thais Rodrigues Penaforte
- Departamento do Medicamento. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Joslene Lacerda Barreto
- Departamento do Medicamento. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Juliana Alvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
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Costa EA, Araújo PS, Pereira MT, Souto AC, Souza GS, Guerra AA, Acurcio FDA, Guibu IA, Alvares J, Costa KS, Karnikowski MGDO, Soeiro OM, Leite SN. Technical issues and conservation conditions of medicines in the primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:12s. [PMID: 29160452 PMCID: PMC5676372 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the technical issues and conditions of medicines conservation in Primary Health Care of Brazilian regions, responsible for pharmacy/dispensing unit profile; environmental, storage, and dose fractioning conditions; inventory control and waste management; fire and electrical failure safety items; transportation problems; advertising regulation; and pharmacovigilance. METHODS This article is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços (National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services)-, a cross-sectional and exploratory study, of evaluative nature, consisting of an information survey within a representative sample of municipalities, stratified by Brazilian regions, which constitute the study domains, and a sample of Primary Health Care services. Pharmaceutical services (PS) were directly observed with photographic record and face-to-face interviews with those responsible for the dispensing of medicines and over the telephone with those responsible for pharmaceutical services. Data were processed with the SPSS® software version 21. RESULTS The investigated dimensions showed relevant deficiencies and inequalities between the regions, generally more favorable in the Southeast and Midwest regions and weaker in the Northeast and North regions. We verified non-compliance with technical requirements and conditions essential to the conservation of medicines, which may interfere with the maintenance of stability and, thus, on their quality, efficacy, and safety. The regulation of advertising/promotion of medicines is still incipient and there is some progress in the structuring of mechanisms regarding pharmacovigilance. CONCLUSIONS The sanitary situation of medicines in Brazilian Primary Health Care is alarming due to the violation of the specific sanitary legislation for dispensing establishments and due to a wide range of requirements essential to the conservation of medicines. We observed a disconnection between the efforts made in the Brazilian Unified Health System to promote access to medicines for all population and the organization and qualification of pharmaceutical services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Sodré Araújo
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida. Universidade do Estado da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Ana Cristina Souto
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Juliana Alvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
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Gerlack LF, Karnikowski MGDO, Areda CA, Galato D, Oliveira AGD, Álvares J, Leite SN, Costa EA, Guibu IA, Soeiro OM, Costa KS, Guerra AA, Acurcio FDA. Management of pharmaceutical services in the Brazilian primary health care. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:15s. [PMID: 29160449 PMCID: PMC5676386 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify limiting factors in the management of pharmaceutical services in the primary health care provided by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). METHODS This study was based on the data from the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos no Brasil (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines), and it was conducted by interviews with professionals responsible for pharmaceutical services in Brazilian cities, in 2015. To identify the management limiting factors, we considered the organizational, operational, and sustainability indicators of the management. For the analyses, we included the weights and structure of analysis plan for complex samples. The results were expressed by frequencies and measures of central tendency with 95% confidence interval, considering the Brazilian geographic regions. RESULTS We identified the following limiting factors: lack of pharmaceutical services in the Municipal Health Secretariat organization chart (24%) and in the health plan (18%); lack of participation of managers in the Health Board and the absence of reference to this topic in the agenda of meetings (58.4%); lack of financial autonomy (61.5%) and lack of knowledge on the available values (81.7%); lack of adoption of operational procedures (about 50%) for selection, scheduling, and acquisition; and the fact that most professionals evaluate the organization of pharmaceutical services as good and great (58.8%), despite the worrisome indicators. CONCLUSIONS Pharmaceutical services management is currently supported by a legal and political framework that should guide and contribute to improve the pharmaceutical services in the Brazilian Unified Health System primary health care. However, there is a mismatch between the goals established by these guidelines and what is actually happening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Farias Gerlack
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Tecnologias em Saúde. Faculdade de Ceilândia. Universidade de Brasília. Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | | | - Camila Alves Areda
- Curso de Farmácia. Faculdade de Ceilândia. Universidade de Brasília. Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Dayani Galato
- Curso de Farmácia. Faculdade de Ceilândia. Universidade de Brasília. Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Aline Gomes de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Tecnologias em Saúde. Faculdade de Ceilândia. Universidade de Brasília. Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Karnikowski MGDO, Galato D, Meiners MMMDA, da Silva EV, Gerlack LF, Bós ÂJG, Leite SN, Álvares J, Guibu IA, Soeiro OM, Costa KS, Costa EA, Guerra AA, Acurcio FDA. Characterization of the selection of medicines for the Brazilian primary health care. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:9s. [PMID: 29160450 PMCID: PMC5676384 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the process of selection of medicines for primary health care in the Brazilian regions. METHODS This article is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services, 2015), a cross-sectional study that consisted of an information gathering in a sample of cities in the five regions of Brazil. The data used were collected by interviews with those responsible for pharmaceutical services (PS) (n = 506), professionals responsible for the dispensing of medicines (n = 1,139), and physicians (n = 1,558). To evaluate the difference between ratios, we adopted the Chi-square test for complex samples. The differences between the averages were analyzed in generalized linear models with F-test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. The analyses considered significant had p≤0.05. RESULTS The professionals responsible for pharmaceutical services reported non-existence of a formally constituted Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee (PTC) (12.5%). They claimed to have an updated (80.4%) list of Essential Medicines (85.3%) and being active participants of this process (88.2%). However, in the perception of respondents, the list only partially (70.1%) meets the health demands. Of the interviewed professionals responsible for the dispensing of medicines, only 16.6% were pharmacists; even so, 47.8% reported to know the procedures to change the list. From the perspective of most of these professionals (70.9%), the list meets the health demands of the city. Among physicians, only 27.2% reported to know the procedures to change the list, but 76.5% would have some claim to change it. Most of them reported to base their claims in clinical experiences (80.0%). For 13.0% of them, the list meets the health demands. CONCLUSIONS As this is the first national survey of characterization of the process of selection of medicines within primary health care, it brings unpublished data for the assessment of policies related to medicines in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dayani Galato
- Curso de Farmácia. Faculdade de Ceilândia. Universidade de Brasília. Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | | | | | - Letícia Farias Gerlack
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Tecnologias em Saúde. Faculdade de Ceilândia. Universidade de Brasília. Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | | | - Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
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Faleiros DR, Acurcio FDA, Álvares J, do Nascimento RCRM, Costa EA, Guibu IA, Soeiro OM, Leite SN, Karnikowski MGDO, Costa KS, Guerra AA. Financing of Pharmaceutical Services in the municipal management of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:14s. [PMID: 29160447 PMCID: PMC5676413 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss factors related to the financing of the Basic Component of Pharmaceutical Services within the municipal management of the Brazilian Unified Health System. METHODS The Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos no Brasil - Serviços (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services) is a cross-sectional, exploratory, and evaluative study that performed an information survey in a representative sample, stratified by Brazilian regions It considered different study populations in the sampling plan, which represent primary health care services in the cities. Data were collected in 2015 by two methods: in person, by applying direct observation scripts and interviews with users, physicians, and professionals responsible for the dispensing of medicines in primary care services; by telephone interviews with municipal health managers and municipal professionals responsible for Pharmaceutical Services. The results were extracted from the questionnaires applied by telephone. RESULTS Of the sample of 600 eligible cities, we collected 369 interviews (61.5%) with secretaries and 507 (84.5%) with pharmaceutical services managers. 70.8% of the cities have a computerized management system; and 11.9% have qualification/training of professionals. More than half (51.3%) of the cities received funds for the structuring of pharmaceutical services, and almost 60% of these cities performed this type of spending. In 35.4% of cases, municipal secretaries of health said that they use resources of medicines from the Componente Básico da Assistência Farmacêutica (CBAF - Basic Component of Pharmaceutical Services) to cover demands of other medicines, but only 9.7% believed that these funds were sufficient to cover the demands. The existence of a permanent bidding committee exclusively for acquiring medicines was reported in 40.0% of the cities. CONCLUSIONS We found serious deficiencies in the public financing of medicines, as well as little concern about the formality in the use of public resources, expenses that meet individual demands to the detriment of the community, insufficient resources allocated to the Basic Component of Pharmaceutical Services, and exhaustion of the financing model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Resende Faleiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicamentos e Assistência Farmacêutica. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | | | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicamentos e Assistência Farmacêutica. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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8
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Souza GS, Costa EA, Barros RDD, Pereira MT, Barreto JL, Guerra AA, Acurcio FDA, Guibu IA, Álvares J, Costa KS, Karnikowski MGDO, Soeiro OM, Leite SN. Characterization of the institutionalization of pharmaceutical services in Brazilian primary health care. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:7s. [PMID: 29160459 PMCID: PMC5676353 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the current stage of the institutionalization of pharmaceutical services in Brazilian cities. METHODS This study is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines), a cross-sectional, exploratory, and evaluative study composed by an information survey in a representative sample of cities, stratified by Brazilian regions. We interviewed municipal secretaries of health, responsible for pharmaceutical services, and pharmacists responsible for the dispensing of medicines. The variables selected from the interviews were grouped into five dimensions that defined three stages of pharmaceutical services institutionalization: incipient (0%-34.0%), partial (35.0%-69.0%), and advanced (70.0%-100%), estimated based on the interviewees' answers. Frequencies were estimated with 95% confidence intervals. For the statistical association analysis, the Chi-square test was applied, with significance level of p<0.05. RESULTS Our results show a partial and heterogeneous process of institutionalization of pharmaceutical services in Brazil, and an advanced stage in formal structures, such as the municipal health plans and the existence of a standardized list of medicines. The analysed variables in the "organization, structure, and financing" dimension configured stages that range from partial to advanced. The management presented partial institutionalization, positively showing the existence of computerized system, but also disparate results regarding the autonomy in the management of financial resources. Indispensable items related to the structure expressed disparities between the regions, with statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION The study showed a partial and heterogeneous process of institutionalization of pharmaceutical services in Brazilian cities, showing regional disparities. Variables related to the normative aspects of institutionalization were positively highlighted in all dimensions; however, it is necessary to conduct new studies to evaluate the institutionalization of pharmaceutical services' finalistic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
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9
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Álvares J, Guerra AA, Araújo VED, Almeida AM, Dias CZ, Ascef BDO, Costa EA, Guibu IA, Soeiro OM, Leite SN, Karnikowski MGDO, Costa KS, Acurcio FDA. Access to medicines by patients of the primary health care in the Brazilian Unified Health System. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:20s. [PMID: 29160463 PMCID: PMC5676371 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the access to medicines in primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), from the patients’ perspective. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study that used data from the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Services, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines), conducted by interviews with 8,591 patients in cities of the five regions of Brazil. Evaluation of access to medicines used concepts proposed by Penshansky and Thomas (1981), according to the dimensions: availability, accessibility, accommodation, acceptability, and affordability. Each dimension was evaluated by its own indicators. RESULTS For the “availability” dimension, 59.8% of patients reported having full access to medicines, without significant difference between regions. For “accessibility,” 60% of patients declared that the basic health unit (UBS) was not far from their house, 83% said it was very easy/easy to get to the UBS, and most patients reported that they go walking (64.5%). For “accommodation,” UBS was evaluated as very good/good for the items “comfort” (74.2%) and “cleanliness” (90.9%), and 70.8% of patients reported that they do not wait to receive their medicines, although the average waiting time was 32.9 minutes. For “acceptability,” 93.1% of patients reported to be served with respect and courtesy by the staff of the dispensing units and 90.5% declared that the units’ service was very good/good. For “affordability,” 13% of patients reported not being able to buy something important to cover expenses with health problems, and 41.8% of participants pointed out the expense with medicines. CONCLUSIONS Results show 70%–90% compliance, which is compatible with developed countries. However, access to medicines remains a challenge, because it is still heavily compromised by the low availability of essential medicines in public health units, showing that it does not occur universally, equally, and decisively to the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | | | | | - Carolina Zampirolli Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicamentos e Assistência Farmacêutica. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Bruna de Oliveira Ascef
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | | | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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10
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Guibu IA, de Moraes JC, Guerra AA, Costa EA, Acurcio FDA, Costa KS, Karnikowski MGDO, Soeiro OM, Leite SN, Álvares J. Main characteristics of patients of primary health care services in Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:17s. [PMID: 29160451 PMCID: PMC5676377 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize patients of primary health care services according to demographic and socioeconomic aspects, habits and lifestyle, health condition, and demand for health services and medicines. METHODS This study is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services), a cross-sectional study carried out between 2014 and 2015. Interviews were conducted with patients over the age of 17 years, with a standardized questionnaire, in primary health care services of a representative sample of cities, stratified by regions of Brazil. The analysis was performed for complex samples and weighted according to the population size of each region. RESULTS A total of 8,676 patients were interviewed, being 75.8% women, most of them aged from 18 to 39 years; 24.2% men, most of them aged from 40 to 59 years; 53.7% with elementary school; 50.5% reported to be of mixed race ethnicity, 39.7%, white, and 7.8%, black. Half of patients were classified as class C and 24.8% received the Bolsa Familia benefit. Only 9.8% had health insurance, with higher proportion in the South and lower in the North and Midwest. The proportion of men who consumed alcohol was higher than among women, as well as smokers. The self-assessment of health showed that 57% believed it to be very good or good, with lower proportion in the Northeast. The prevalence of chronic diseases/conditions, such as hypertension (38.6%), dyslipidemia (22.7%), arthritis/rheumatism (19.4%), depression (18.5%), diabetes (13.6%), and others are higher in these patients them among the general population. Medicines were predominantly sought in the health care service or in pharmacies of the Brazilian Unified Health System. CONCLUSIONS It was possible to characterize the profile of patients of Primary Health Care, but the originality of the research and its national scope hinders the comparison of results with official data or other articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - José Cássio de Moraes
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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11
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Costa CMFN, Silveira MR, Acurcio FDA, Guerra AA, Guibu IA, Costa KS, Karnikowski MGDO, Soeiro OM, Leite SN, Costa EA, Nascimento RCRMD, Araújo VED, Álvares J. Use of medicines by patients of the primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:18s. [PMID: 29160464 PMCID: PMC5676385 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the use of medicines by patients of the primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). METHODS This is a cross-sectional, exploratory, and descriptive study, part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015). Interviews were carried out with patients present in the services by semi-structured questionnaires. Sociodemographic, clinical, and use of medicines variables were assessed and the use of medicines in the 30 days prior to the interview was also verified. The population was stratified into three age groups: 18 to 44, 45 to 64, and 65 years or more. The differences between the age groups were verified using the Student’s t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for the categorical ones. The complex samples analysis plan was employed. The medicines were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. RESULTS Of the 8,803 patients interviewed, 6,511 (76.2%) reported to have used medicines in the 30 days prior to the interview. On average, each patient used 2.32 medicines, without difference between the sexes. Among medicine users, 18.2% were aged 65 years or more. Compared to the other age groups, older adults presented more comorbidities, used more medicines, and self-reported worse health conditions. They were also less educated, reported worse economic situation, and lived alone. The medicines that were mostly used were “other analgesics and antipyretics” (3rd ATC level) and Losartan (5th ATC level). CONCLUSIONS Most medicine users had lower education level and presented comorbidities. The most used medicines were the antihypertensive ones. Self-medication was higher among young people. Most patients reported to use generic medicines. The average number of medicines and the prevalence of use increased with age. Due to the characteristics observed and the difficulties in the use of medicines, older adults are in a situation of greater vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Melo Franco Neves Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicamentos e Assistência Farmacêutica. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Micheline Rosa Silveira
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Vânia Eloísa de Araújo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Saúde. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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12
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Lima MG, Álvares J, Guerra AA, Costa EA, Guibu IA, Soeiro OM, Leite SN, Karnikowski MGDO, Costa KS, Acurcio FDA. Indicators related to the rational use of medicines and its associated factors. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:23s. [PMID: 29160461 PMCID: PMC5676378 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate indicators related to the rational use of medicines and its associated factors in Basic Health Units. METHOD This is a cross-sectional study carried out in a representative sample of Brazilian cities included in the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015). The data were collected by interviews with users, medicine dispensing professionals, and prescribers; and described by prescription, dispensing, and health services indicators. We analyzed the association between human resources characteristics of pharmaceutical services and dispensing indicators. RESULTS At national level, the average number of medicines prescribed was 2.4. Among the users, 5.8% had antibiotic prescription, 74.8% received guidance on how to use the medicines at the pharmacy and, for 45.1% of users, all prescribed medicines were from the national list of essential medicines. All the indicators presented statistically significant differences between the regions of Brazil. The dispensing professionals that reported the presence of a pharmacist in the unit with a working load of 40 hours or more per week presented 1.82 more chance of transmitting information on the way of using the medicines in the dispensing process. CONCLUSION The analysis of prescription, dispensing, and health services indicators in the basic health units showed an unsatisfactory proportion of essential medicines prescription and limitations in the correct identification of the medicine, orientation to the patients on medicines, and availability of therapeutic protocols in the health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Guimarães Lima
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | | | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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13
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Costa KS, Tavares NUL, do Nascimento JM, Mengue SS, Álvares J, Guerra AA, Acurcio FDA, Soeiro OM. Pharmaceutical services in primary health care: interfederative agreement in the development of pharmaceutical policies in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:2s. [PMID: 29160467 PMCID: PMC5676368 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.201705100supl2ap] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Noêmia Urruth Leão Tavares
- Departamento de Farmácia. Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde. Universidade de Brasília. Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | | | - Sotero Serrate Mengue
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
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14
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Leite SN, Bernardo NLMDC, Álvares J, Guerra AA, Costa EA, Acurcio FDA, Guibu IA, Costa KS, Karnikowski MGDO, Soeiro OM, Soares L. Medicine dispensing service in primary health care of SUS. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:11s. [PMID: 29160457 PMCID: PMC5676395 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the medicine dispensing services in the primary health care network in Brazil and in its different regions, aiming to promote the access and rational use of medicines. METHODS This is a cross-sectional, quantitative study with data obtained from the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines), 2015. Observation visits were carried out in 1,175 dispensing units, and interviews were held with 1,139 professionals responsible for the dispensation of medicines in the dispensing units and 495 municipal coordinators of pharmaceutical services. RESULTS More than half (53%) of the units presented a space smaller than 10 m2 for dispensing of medicines; 23.8% had bars or barriers between users and dispenser; 41.7% had computerized system; and 23.7% had counters for individual care. Among those responsible for dispensation, 87.4% said they always or repeatedly inform users how to use the medicines, and 18.1% reported developing some type of clinical activity. Isolated pharmacies presented a more developed physical and personal structure than those belonging to health units, but we found no significant differences regarding the information provided and the development of clinical activities. CONCLUSIONS There are major differences in the organization models of dispensation between cities, with regional differences regarding the physical structure and professionals involved. The centralization of medicine dispensing in pharmacies separated from the health services is associated with better structural and professional conditions, as in the dispensing units of the South, Southeast, and Midwest regions. However, the development of dispensation as health service does not prevail in any pharmacy or region of the Country yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | | | - Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | | | - Luciano Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente. Universidade da Região de Joinville. Joinville, SC, Brasil
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Ascef BDO, Haddad JPA, Álvares J, Guerra AA, Costa EA, Acurcio FDA, Guibu IA, Costa KS, Karnikowski MGDO, Soeiro OM, Leite SN, Silveira MR. Health-related quality of life of patients of Brazilian primary health care. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:22s. [PMID: 29160458 PMCID: PMC5676389 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of patients of the primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) and its associated factors. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services, 2015). Data were collected with a questionnaire that included the EuroQol 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) instrument. Patients from the five regions of Brazil were interviewed. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze their Health-Related Quality of Life and its associated factors. RESULTS Of the total of 8,590 patients, the most frequent dimensions were pain/discomfort (50.7%) and anxiety/depression (38.8%). About 10% of the patients reported extreme problems in these dimensions. The following factors were significantly associated with a worse quality of life: being female; having arthritis, osteoarthritis, or rheumatism; cerebrovascular accident; heart disease; depression; health self-assessment as poor or very poor; drinking alcoholic beverages once or more per month; dieting to lose weight, avoiding salt consumption, and reducing fat intake. Significant association was observed between a better quality of life and: living in the North and Southeast regions of Brazil; practicing physical activities; and having a higher educational level. No association was observed with factors related to the health services. CONCLUSIONS The Health-Related Quality of Life of patients was influenced by demographic and socioeconomic factors that were related to health conditions and lifestyle, being useful to guide specific actions for promoting health and the integral care to patients of the Brazilian Unified Health System.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna de Oliveira Ascef
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicamentos e Assistência Farmacêutica. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - João Paulo Amaral Haddad
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Micheline Rosa Silveira
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Costa KS, Tavares NUL, do Nascimento JM, Mengue SS, Álvares J, Guerra AA, Acurcio FDA, Soeiro OM. Pharmaceutical services in the primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System: advances and challenges. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:3s. [PMID: 29160466 PMCID: PMC5676381 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is a synthesis of the main results of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines), Evaluation Component of the Basic Pharmaceutical Services. Based on the critical narrative of the elements of Brazil's pharmaceutical policies, we discuss aspects related to the structure of the pharmaceutical services, the medicines' sanitary state, human resources, access to medicines, rational use and management. Despite the advances that reflect the commitment of the group of actors involved, the results of the Survey indicate challenges, such as equitable access to medicines, the structuring of pharmaceutical services, the improvement of logistics and administration, and the implementation of actions directed to pharmaceutical care in the health units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Noêmia Urruth Leão Tavares
- Departamento de Farmácia. Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde. Universidade de Brasília. Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | | | - Sotero Serrate Mengue
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Soeiro OM, Tavares NUL, do Nascimento JM, Guerra AA, Costa EA, Acurcio FDA, Guibu IA, Álvares J, Karnikowski MGDO, Leite SN, Costa KS. Patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services in Brazilian primary health care. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:21s. [PMID: 29160465 PMCID: PMC5676369 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services in Brazilian primary health care. METHODS This is a cross-sectional, exploratory, and evaluative study on a representative sample from the five Brazilian geopolitical regions resulting from the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services, 2015). The outcome was the patient's satisfaction, obtained using the item response theory. Associations were tested using Pearson's Chi-square test with sociodemographic and health variables, and multiple logistic regression analyses were carried out. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to verify the adequacy of the final model. Logistic regression results were presented as odds ratio. RESULTS The overall percentage of patients satisfied with these services was 58.4% (95%CI 54.4-62.3). The "opportunity/convenience" aspect had the lowest satisfaction percentage (49.5%; 95%CI 46.4-52.6) and "interpersonal aspects," the highest percentage (90.5%; 95%CI 88.9-91.8), significantly higher than other aspects. Sex, age group, limitations due to disease, and self-perception of health remained associated in the final multiple logistic model regarding general satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS Most of the interviewed users were satisfied with pharmaceutical services in Brazilian cities, and the satisfaction with the customer's service was determinant in the patient's overall satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Noêmia Urruth Leão Tavares
- Departamento de Farmácia. Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde. Universidade de Brasília. Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | | | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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do Nascimento RCRM, Álvares J, Guerra AA, Gomes IC, Costa EA, Leite SN, Costa KS, Soeiro OM, Guibu IA, Karnikowski MGDO, Acurcio FDA. Availability of essential medicines in primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:10s. [PMID: 29160448 PMCID: PMC5676352 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the availability of tracer medicines in pharmaceutical services in primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). METHODS This is a cross-sectional and evaluative study, part of the Pesquisa Nacional Sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services, 2015). To analyze the availability of medicines, we verified 50 items selected from the Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais (Rename - National List of Essential Medicines) of 2012. Observation scripts were applied to medicine dispensing services in the primary health care. Interviews were carried out with patients, health care professionals, and public managers, using semi-structured questionnaires. The availability index was presented as the percentage of health units where the medicines were available. For statistical analysis, absolute, relative, and mean frequencies were presented (with 95% confidence intervals). The comparison of groups was carried out by Pearson Chi-square tests or variance analysis, when needed. RESULTS One thousand, one hundred, and seventy-five observation scripts were filled in a national representative sample composed by 273 cities. Statistically significant differences were observed regarding the type of unit, infrastructure, and presence of a pharmacist between regions of Brazil. The average availability of tracer medicines in primary health care was 52.9%, with differences between regions and sampling strata. This index increased to 62.5% when phytotherapic medicines were excluded. We found limited availability of medicines for treatment of chronic and epidemiological diseases, such as tuberculosis and congenital syphilis. CONCLUSIONS The low availability of essential medicines purchased centrally by the Brazilian Ministry of Health indicates deficiencies in supply chain management. The different views on the availability of tracer medicines in SUS confirm the general availability verified in this study. Among patients, about 60% said they obtain medicines in SUS units, data consistent with the lack of medicines reported by medicine dispensers and in line with physicians' evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social . Faculdade de Farmácia . Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais . Belo Horizonte , MG , Brasil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Farmácia Social . Faculdade de Farmácia . Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais . Belo Horizonte , MG , Brasil
| | | | - Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva . Universidade Federal da Bahia . Salvador , BA , Brasil
| | - Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas . Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina . Florianópolis , SC , Brasil
| | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas . Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Campinas , SP , Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva . Faculdade de Ciências Médicas . Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Campinas , SP , Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina . Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul . Porto Alegre , RS , Brasil
| | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas . Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas . Campinas , SP , Brasil
| | - Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva . Faculdade de Ciências Médicas . Santa Casa de São Paulo . São Paulo , SP , Brasil
| | | | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social . Faculdade de Farmácia . Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais . Belo Horizonte , MG , Brasil
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Carvalho MN, Álvares J, Costa KS, Guerra AA, Acurcio FDA, Costa EA, Guibu IA, Soeiro OM, Karnikowski MGDO, Leite SN. Workforce in the pharmaceutical services of the primary health care of SUS, Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:16s. [PMID: 29160455 PMCID: PMC5676380 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the workforce in the pharmaceutical services in the primary care of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). METHODS This is a cross-sectional and quantitative study, with data from the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services, 2015). For the analysis, we considered the data stratification into geographical regions. We analyzed the data on workers in the municipal pharmaceutical services management and in the medicine dispensing units, according to the country's regions. For the statistical association analysis, we carried out a Pearson correlation test for the categorical variables. RESULTS We analyzed 1,175 pharmacies/dispensing units, 507 phone interviews (495 pharmaceutical services coordinators), and 1,139 professionals responsible for medicine delivery. The workforce in pharmaceutical services was mostly constituted by women, aged from 18 to 39 years, with higher education (90.7% in coordination and 45.5% in dispensing units), having permanent employment bonds (public tender), being for more than one year in the position or duty, and with weekly work hours above 30h, working both in municipal management and in medicine dispensing units. We observed regional differences in the workforce composition in dispensing units, with higher percentage of pharmacists in the Southeast and Midwest regions. CONCLUSIONS The professionalization of municipal management posts in primary health care is an achievement in the organization of the workforce in pharmaceutical services. However, significant deficiencies exist in the workforce composition in medicine dispensing units, which may compromise the medicine use quality and its results in population health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
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Álvares J, Alves MCGP, Escuder MML, Almeida AM, Izidoro JB, Guerra AA, Costa KS, Costa EA, Guibu IA, Soeiro OM, Leite SN, Karnikowski MGDO, Acurcio FDA. National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines: methods. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:4s. [PMID: 29160446 PMCID: PMC5676398 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos -Serviços (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services) aimed to characterize the organization of pharmaceutical services in the Primary Health Care of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). PNAUM - Services is a cross-sectional and evaluative study, with planned sample of 600 cities, held between 2014 and 2015, composed of a remote phase, with telephone interviews with health managers. Of these 600 cities, 300 were selected for a survey on health services. We selected the 27 capitals, the 0.5% largest cities of each region, and the remaining cities were drawn. The estimate of the representative national sample size considered three levels: cities, medicine dispensing services, and patients. The interviews were carried out with a structured questionnaire specific for: municipal secretaries of health, professionals responsible for pharmaceutical services in the city, professionals responsible for the dispensing of medicines, physicians, and patients. The secondary data were obtained in official databases, in the latest update date. PNAUM - Services was the first nationwide research aimed at the assessment and acquisition of national and regional indicators on access to medicines, as well as use and rational use, from the perspective of various social subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Jans Bastos Izidoro
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | | | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Araújo PS, Costa EA, Guerra AA, Acurcio FDA, Guibu IA, Álvares J, Costa KS, Karnikowski MGDO, Soeiro OM, Leite SN. Pharmaceutical care in Brazil's primary health care. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:6s. [PMID: 29160454 PMCID: PMC5676414 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2017051007109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the activities of clinical nature developed by pharmacists in basic health units and their participation in educational activities aiming at health promotion. METHODS This article is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services, 2015), a cross-sectional and exploratory study, of evaluative nature, consisting of a survey of information in a representative sample of cities, stratified by the Brazilian regions that constitute domains of study, and a subsample of primary health care services. The interviewed pharmacists (n=285) were responsible for the delivery of medicines and were interviewed in person with the use of a script. The characterization of the activities of clinical nature was based on information from pharmacists who declared to perform them, and on participation in educational activities aiming at health promotion, according to information from all pharmacists. The results are presented in frequency and their 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS From the interviewed subjects, 21.3% said they perform activities of clinical nature. Of these, more than 80% considered them very important; the majority does not dispose of specific places to perform them, which hinders privacy and confidentiality in these activities. The main denominations were "pharmaceutical guidance" and "pharmaceutical care." The registration of activities is mainly made in the users' medical records, computerized system, and in a specific document filed at the pharmacy, impairing the circulation of information among professionals. Most pharmacists performed these activities mainly along with physicians and nurses; 24.7% rarely participated in meetings with the health team, and 19.7% have never participated. CONCLUSIONS Activities of clinical nature performed by pharmacists in Brazil are still incipient. The difficulties found point out to the professionals' improvisation and effort. The small participation in educational activities of health promotion indicates little integration of pharmacists with the health team and of pharmaceutical services with other health actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sodré Araújo
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida. Curso de Farmácia. Universidade do Estado da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Ediná Alves Costa
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ione Aquemi Guibu
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Santa Casa de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Juliana Álvares
- Departamento de Farmácia Social. Faculdade de Farmácia. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Karen Sarmento Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos de Políticas Públicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Orlando Mario Soeiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Silvana Nair Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
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