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Kujur W, Gomez OM, Adduri RS, Vankayalapati R, Konduru NV, Mulik S. NK cells exhibit memory and stem cell like features after Zika virus infection. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.20.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are the components of innate immune system known for their role in virus infection and tumor immunity. Their importance is appreciated from the case studies where lack of NK cells leads to life threatening herpes virus infection and increased host susceptibility to certain cancers. Recent development in the NK field have opened a new frontier bringing to light that innate immune cells can demonstrate memory features too. In line with the above-mentioned development, we report NK memory cell generation post Zika virus infection in mice. Our detailed transcriptomics, epigenetic and functional analysis revealed that CD27+ memory like NK cell that developed post Zika virus infection exhibited stem cell like properties and shared gene signatures with memory CD8 T cells, stem cells and stem like T cells from chronic infection and cancer. We termed these cells as “NK memory stem cells” which also possessed greater antiviral function when adoptively transferred into Zika infected mice. We next performed single cell RNA-seq on NK memory stem cells and identified multiple subpopulations which differed in gene expression profiles. Our work revealed NK cells with memory like and stemness features that are helpful in fighting viral infection. We also detected subpopulations in NK memory stem cells and efforts are ongoing to evaluate the role of these NK subpopulations in antiviral immunity.
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Mavengere H, Mattox K, Teixeira MM, Sepúlveda VE, Gomez OM, Hernandez O, McEwen J, Matute DR. Paracoccidioides Genomes Reflect High Levels of Species Divergence and Little Interspecific Gene Flow. mBio 2020; 11:e01999-20. [PMID: 33443110 PMCID: PMC8534288 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01999-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Paracoccidioides is a prevalent human pathogen endemic to South America. The genus is composed of five species. In this report, we use 37 whole-genome sequences to study the allocation of genetic variation in Paracoccidioides We tested three genome-wide predictions of advanced speciation, namely, that all species should be reciprocally monophyletic, that species pairs should be highly differentiated along the whole genome, and that there should be low rates of interspecific gene exchange. We find support for these three hypotheses. Species pairs with older divergences show no evidence of gene exchange, while more recently diverged species pairs show evidence of modest rates of introgression. Our results indicate that as divergence progresses, species boundaries become less porous among Paracoccidioides species. Our results suggest that species in Paracoccidioides are at different stages along the divergence continuum.IMPORTANCEParacoccidioides is the causal agent of a systemic mycosis in Latin America. Most of the inference of the evolutionary history of Paracoccidioides has used only a few molecular markers. In this report, we evaluate the extent of genome divergence among Paracoccidioides species and study the possibility of interspecific gene exchange. We find that all species are highly differentiated. We also find that the amount of gene flow between species is low and in some cases is even completely absent in spite of geographic overlap. Our study constitutes a systematic effort to identify species boundaries in fungal pathogens and to determine the extent of gene exchange among fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Mavengere
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathleen Mattox
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marcus M Teixeira
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Victoria E Sepúlveda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Oscar M Gomez
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Orville Hernandez
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
- MICROBA Research Group, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan McEwen
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Daniel R Matute
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Turissini DA, Gomez OM, Teixeira MM, McEwen JG, Matute DR. Species boundaries in the human pathogen Paracoccidioides. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 106:9-25. [PMID: 28602831 PMCID: PMC8335726 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of molecular taxonomy for identifying recently diverged species has transformed the study of speciation in fungi. The pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides spp has been hypothesized to be composed of five phylogenetic species, four of which compose the brasiliensis species complex. Nuclear gene genealogies support this divergence scenario, but mitochondrial loci do not; while all species from the brasiliensis complex are differentiated at nuclear coding loci, they are not at mitochondrial loci. We addressed the source of this incongruity using 11 previously published gene fragments, 10 newly-sequenced nuclear non-coding loci, and 10 microsatellites. We hypothesized and further demonstrated that the mito-nuclear incongruence in the brasiliensis species complex results from interspecific hybridization and mitochondrial introgression, a common phenomenon in eukaryotes. Additional population genetic analyses revealed possible nuclear introgression but much less than that seen in the mitochondrion. Our results are consistent with a divergence scenario of secondary contact and subsequent mitochondrial introgression despite the continued persistence of species boundaries. We also suggest that yeast morphology slightly-but significantly-differs across all five Paracoccidioides species and propose to elevate four of these phylogenetic species to formally described taxonomic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Turissini
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Oscar M Gomez
- Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Medellín, Colombia; Biology Institute, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Marcus M Teixeira
- Northern Arizona Center for Valley Fever Research, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Juan G McEwen
- Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Medellín, Colombia; School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Daniel R Matute
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Stamper CE, Hoisington AJ, Gomez OM, Halweg-Edwards AL, Smith DG, Bates KL, Kinney KA, Postolache TT, Brenner LA, Rook GAW, Lowry CA. The Microbiome of the Built Environment and Human Behavior: Implications for Emotional Health and Well-Being in Postmodern Western Societies. Int Rev Neurobiol 2016; 131:289-323. [PMID: 27793224 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that inflammation is an important determinant of cognitive function and emotional behaviors that are dysregulated in stress-related psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and affective disorders. Inflammatory responses to physical or psychological stressors are dependent on immunoregulation, which is indicated by a balanced expansion of effector T-cell populations and regulatory T cells. This balance is in part driven by microbial signals. The hygiene or "old friends" hypothesis posits that exposure to immunoregulation-inducing microorganisms is reduced in modern urban societies, leading to an epidemic of inflammatory disease and increased vulnerability to stress-related psychiatric disorders. With the global trend toward urbanization, humans are progressively spending more time in built environments, thereby, experiencing limited exposures to these immunoregulatory "old friends." Here, we evaluate the implications of the global trend toward urbanization, and how this transition may affect human microbial exposures and human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Stamper
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - A J Hoisington
- US Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, United States; Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, CO, United States
| | - O M Gomez
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | | | - D G Smith
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - K L Bates
- US Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - K A Kinney
- Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, CO, United States; University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - T T Postolache
- Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, CO, United States; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; VISN 5 Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Baltimore, MD, United States; Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver, CO, United States
| | - L A Brenner
- Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, CO, United States; Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver, CO, United States; University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - G A W Rook
- Center for Clinical Microbiology, UCL (University College London), London, United Kingdom
| | - C A Lowry
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States; Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, CO, United States; Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver, CO, United States; University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.
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