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Alomar K, Orabi A, Qatleesh S, Saleh IEA, Hamdan O, Ahmad F. A rare case of Burkitt's lymphoma of the duodenal bulb in a 9 year-old child - A case report and review of the literature. Int J Surg Case Rep 2023; 109:108525. [PMID: 37499347 PMCID: PMC10413052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.108525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE The presence of Burkitt's lymphoma in the duodenum is very rare, as this lymphoma is most commonly found at the end of the ileum, as it contains a high proportion of lymphoid tissue, spreads rapidly, and is aggressive. Primary diagnosis by histological examination. It gives a starry sky view with positive for tumor markers. CASE PRESENTATION We reported a child suffering from recurrent vomiting with weight loss, and a radiological examination revealed the presence of a mass in the duodenum causing obstruction there. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed, and biopsies were obtained for histologic examination. Burkitt's lymphoma was then diagnosed, palliative surgery was performed, and appropriate chemotherapy was subsequently applied. CLINICAL DISCUSSION Burkitt's lymphoma is rare in the duodenum. However, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of duodenal problems to allow early diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSION Burkitt's lymphoma is diagnosed by histologic examination and is very aggressive. However, it is highly responsive to chemotherapy in the absence of poor prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Alomar
- Damascus University - University pediatrics' Hospital, Syria.
| | - Alaa Orabi
- Damascus University - University pediatrics' Hospital, Syria
| | - Safaa Qatleesh
- Damascus University - Al Assad University Hospital, Syria
| | | | - Othman Hamdan
- Damascus University - University pediatrics' Hospital, Syria
| | - Fariz Ahmad
- Damascus University - Al Assad University Hospital, Syria
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Kakaje A, Fadel A, Hosam Aldeen O, Hamdan O. Priapism in a Child from Homocystinuria from Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase MTHFR (C677T) Mutation. Case Rep Urol 2023; 2023:2263341. [PMID: 37485311 PMCID: PMC10359136 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2263341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Priapism is a prolonged involuntary erection that can have severe complications if left untreated. Ischaemic priapism is very rare in children and requires urgent intervention to prevent permanent erectile dysfunction and penile shortening. It can be caused by ischaemia in sickle cell anaemia, leukaemia, trauma, drugs, or idiopathy. Homocystinuria is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that can cause hyperhomocysteinemia and hypercoagulability. Very few reports suggested that priapism can be caused by hyperhomocysteinemia, and they were in adults. However, we present the first of such a case to the best of our knowledge of a prepubescent child who only had the MTHFR (C677T) mutation that causes homocystinuria and had ischaemic priapism. A nine-year-old Syrian Arab boy was presented with priapism that lasted for a few hours. Blood tests show normal blood count, film, and haemoglobin electrophoresis. However, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, homocysteine level, and C-reactive protein were elevated. Other coagulation tests were within the normal range. Doppler ultrasonography found decreased cavernous blood flow, and warm 0.9% saline lavage of the cavernosa was indicated and successfully treated the priapism. Genetic testing for the homozygous MTHFR (C677T) mutation was later confirmed, and warfarin was indicated. In conclusion, homocystinuria is very rare in priapism, and this is the first case to report this phenomenon in a child. Ultrasonography in low-income countries is an essential tool that helps identify a wide variety of medical conditions such as priapism and can be successfully managed by aspiration with warm saline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Kakaje
- Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
- University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ammar Fadel
- Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
- Redcliffe Hospital, Metro North Health, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Othman Hamdan
- Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
- Department of Haematology, Children's University Hospital, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
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Deeb Y, Martini N, Ahmad YA, Alkosti M, Hamdan O. A challenging diagnosis for thiamine transporter deficiency anemia (Rogers syndrome) in two young siblings: A rare case report. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7192. [PMID: 37091967 PMCID: PMC10114085 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We present these two cases to emphasize the necessity of critical thinking and high suspicion of the disease (Rogers syndrome) to avoid potentially fatal situations due to its rarity and the importance of early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Deeb
- Faculty of MedicineAl Andalus UniversityQadmusSyrian Arab Republic
- Stemosis for Scientific ResearchDamascusSyrian Arab Republic
| | - Nafiza Martini
- Stemosis for Scientific ResearchDamascusSyrian Arab Republic
- Faculty of MedicineDamascus UniversityDamascusSyrian Arab Republic
| | - Yara Ahmad Ahmad
- Stemosis for Scientific ResearchDamascusSyrian Arab Republic
- Faculty of MedicineDamascus UniversityDamascusSyrian Arab Republic
| | - Marwa Alkosti
- Faculty of MedicineDamascus UniversityDamascusSyrian Arab Republic
- Pediatric University HospitalDamascusSyrian Arab Republic
| | - Othman Hamdan
- Faculty of MedicineDamascus UniversityDamascusSyrian Arab Republic
- Pediatric University HospitalDamascusSyrian Arab Republic
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Kakaje A, Alhalabi MM, Ghareeb A, Karam B, Mansour B, Zahra B, Hamdan O. Consanguinity and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a case-control study. Egypt Pediatric Association Gaz 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43054-022-00145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Consanguineous marriage is widely practised across the world. Its effect on acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is controversial as both parents share some of the genes which might increase the incidence of sharing recessive genes. However, other theories suggest that consanguinity might have a protective factor as it does for other types of cancers. This study aims to study childhood ALL and consanguinity.
Methods
This is a case-control study, conducted in the major paediatric hospital in Damascus, Syria, using medical records. Case group included children with ALL, while control group included other patients and were matched by gender and age.
Results
This study comprised 386 patients, 193 of which were cases. Overall, 136 were of consanguineous marriages (36.8%), and there was no difference in consanguinity overall between cases and controls. However, when only comparing non-consanguineous parents and fourth-degree consanguinity, fourth degree was significantly higher among case group, suggesting a negative correlation OR = 0.387 (0.187–0.801) in contrast to third-degree consanguinity which was no significantly different when comparing the two groups (p > 0.05). We found no significant association between ALL and having a family history of cancer (p > 0.05) or between parents’ educational level and case-control groups (p > 0.05).
Conclusion
Our research suggests a negative association between fourth-degree consanguinity and childhood leukaemia. This was not observed with a third-degree consanguinity. Previous studies had contradicting data on consanguinity and ALL which demonstrates the need for further research.
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Kakaje A, Mahmoud Y, Hosam Aldeen O, Hamdan O. Isolated tuberculosis of the spleen presenting with fever of unknown origin in a vaccinated child. Oxf Med Case Reports 2020; 2020:omaa092. [PMID: 33133625 PMCID: PMC7583411 DOI: 10.1093/omcr/omaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide and is more common in developing countries. Isolated splenic TB is typically found in trauma, miliary TB and immunocompromised status. We present a very rare case of an immunocompetent child with an isolated primary TB in the spleen. The child only had fever of unknown origin (FUO), and mild anaemia. The diagnosis was not made until splenectomy was performed. The patient took the quadruple therapy for TB, and follow-ups showed no recurrence. This case is unique because this child was immunocompetent with no history of trauma or active TB. TB diagnosis should never be ignored in FUO as this might prevent unnecessary procedures to the patient. Although the child was vaccinated with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin that usually protects against severe TB in first 5 years of life, it did not prevent from affecting the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Kakaje
- Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus Syria
| | - Yousef Mahmoud
- Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus Syria
| | | | - Othman Hamdan
- Department of Haematology, Children's University Hospital, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
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Wafa A, Jarjour RA, Alolabi D, Liehr T, Hamdan O, Melo JB, Carreira IM, Othman MAK, Al-Achkar W. A new childhood ALL case with an extremely complex karyotype and acute spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome. Mol Cytogenet 2020; 13:44. [PMID: 32944079 PMCID: PMC7488544 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-020-00512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the most common malignancy of childhood, with, after corresponding treatment, an overall complete remission rate of 90%. Approximately 75% of B-ALL cases harbor recurrent abnormalities, including so-called complex karyotypes (CK). Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a metabolic abnormality which may arise during cancer therapy and also, extremely rarely, as spontaneous TLS before initiation of chemotherapy in patients with ALL. CASE PRESENTATION Here we report a 9-year-old male, diagnosed with a de novo pre-B-ALL according to the WHO classification. Cytogenetic, molecular cytogenetic approaches and array comparative genomic hybridization analyses revealed a unique CK involving five chromosomes. It included four yet unreported chromosomal aberrations: a der(11)t(7;11)(p22.1;q24.2), a der(18)t(7;18)(q21.3;p11.22), del(11)(q24.2q25) and dup(18)(q11.1q23). Unfortunately, the patient died 3 months after the initial diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, a comparable childhood ALL case was not previously reported. Thus, the combination of the here seen chromosomal aberrations in childhood primary ALL seems to indicate for an extremely adverse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsamad Wafa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Human Genetics Division, Atomic Energy Commission, Damascus, Syria
| | - Rami A. Jarjour
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Human Genetics Division, Atomic Energy Commission, Damascus, Syria
| | - Doaa Alolabi
- Department of Hematology, Damascus Children University Hospital, Ministry of High Education, Damascus, Syria
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany
| | - Othman Hamdan
- Department of Hematology, Damascus Children University Hospital, Ministry of High Education, Damascus, Syria
| | - Joana B. Melo
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIMAGO-Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel M. Carreira
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIMAGO-Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Walid Al-Achkar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Human Genetics Division, Atomic Energy Commission, Damascus, Syria
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Kakaje A, Hosam Aldeen O, Mahmoud Y, Hamdan O. Metachronous retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma. Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2020.101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Kakaje A, Mujahed R, Hamdan O, Hakim J. A large epithelioid angiomyolipoma of the kidney in a very young child with idiopathic chylothorax: A diagnostic dilemma. Urol Case Rep 2019; 28:101035. [PMID: 31641614 PMCID: PMC6796615 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2019.101035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelioid angiomyolipoma (EAML) is a subtype of angiomyolipoma, the most common benign renal tumour and usually asymptomatic until adulthood. This paper reports a patient with EAML identified at 30 months, the youngest age of presentation with this tumour reported in the literature. In this case the tumour was extremely large andwas successfully surgically removed. Furthermore, the patient had no other TS features, presented with acute symptoms, and had bilateral idiopathic chylothorax which was managed by octreotide and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Kakaje
- Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
- Corresponding author. Damasucs University - Faculty of Medicine, Children's University Hospital, Syria.
| | | | - Othman Hamdan
- Department of Haematology, Children's University Hospital, Damascus, Syria
| | - Jihad Hakim
- Department of Urology, Children's University Hospital, Damascus, Syria
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Hamdan O, Rahman KA, Samsudin M. Quantifying rate of deforestation and CO 2emission in Peninsular Malaysia using Palsar imageries. IOP Conf Ser : Earth Environ Sci 2016; 37:012028. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/37/1/012028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Perey L, Rosti G, Lange A, Pampallona S, Bosquée L, Pasini F, Humblet Y, Hamdan O, Cetto GL, Marangolo M, Leyvraz S. Sequential high-dose ICE chemotherapy with circulating progenitor cells (CPC) in small cell lung cancer: an EBMT study. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996; 18 Suppl 1:S40-3. [PMID: 8899170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Perey
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Lausanne, Suisse
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Guillaume T, Sekhavat M, Rubinstein DB, Hamdan O, Leblanc P, Symann ML. Defective cytokine production following autologous stem cell transplantation for solid tumors and hematologic malignancies regardless of bone marrow or peripheral origin and lack of evidence for a role for interleukin-10 in delayed immune reconstitution. Cancer Res 1994; 54:3800-7. [PMID: 7913409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A substantial body of evidence accumulated in recent years indicates a protracted delay in immune reconstitution following autologous stem cell transplantation. In order to investigate the cellular basis of this phenomenon, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were studied from recipients of autologous stem cell transplantation for solid tumors and hematological malignancies. On stimulation with phytohemagglutinin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, transplant-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells demonstrate statistically significant depressed production of interleukin 3 (IL-3), IL-4, granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, and gamma-interferon as compared to normal controls, during the first 6 months following engraftment, which recover to normal levels 6 months or more posttransplant. When the overall group of transplant recipients is compared to the control group, there is a statistically significant lower production of IL-2. In addition, no differences were observed regardless of the source of the engrafted stem cells, whether from bone marrow alone (autologous bone marrow transplantation), from peripheral blood stem cells alone, or from a combination of autologous bone marrow transplantation and peripheral blood stem cells. The defect persisted past 6 months postengraftment. Transplant-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with combinations of either phytohemagglutinin plus the calcium ionophore A23187, thereby circumventing the requirement for accessory cell function, or with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody, mimicking the CD28-B7 cell surface-ligand interaction capable of triggering and stabilizing IL-2 gene transcription. In both situations, decreased production of IL-2 as compared to controls was observed in individuals within 6 months of transplantation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicates that decreased transcription of IL-2 mRNA following transplantation is not due solely to a decrease in the absolute numbers of CD4+ T-cells but is secondary to reduced numbers of transcript copies per cell. Production of IL-10 was found to be decreased regardless of whether the autologous graft was of bone marrow or peripheral blood origin. These findings are consistent with the conclusion that: (a) multiple dysregulations exist in the production of cytokines important in immune homeostasis; (b) a defect occurs at or prior to the level of transcription of IL-2 mRNA; (c) IL-10 does not play a direct role in the pathogenesis of posttransplantation immunosuppression; and (d) there is no evidence that peripheral blood stem cells may be superior to bone marrow-derived stem cells in accelerating immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Guillaume
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Guillaume T, Sekhavat M, Rubinstein DB, Hamdan O, Symann ML. Transcription of genes encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin 3, and interleukin 6 receptors and lack of proliferative response to exogenous cytokines in nonhematopoietic human malignant cell lines. Cancer Res 1993; 53:3139-44. [PMID: 8319222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Studies in recent years have suggested that human tumor cell lines are capable of responding in vitro to hematopoietic growth factors. In the present study, we investigate the transcription of the alpha and beta subunits of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor, the alpha and beta subunits of interleukin 3 (IL-3) receptor, and the single subunit of interleukin 6 (IL-6) receptor and its associated gp130 transduction protein by PCR amplification of reverse-transcribed cellular mRNA in 34 malignant cell lines derived from a variety of histological cell types. mRNA for only a single subunit polypeptide was found in a significant minority of cell lines (23%), while in 20% both the alpha and beta subunits of either the GM-CSF receptor or the IL-3 receptor were detected among a number of different histological cell types. Transcription of the gene encoding the IL-6 receptor was found in 38% of cell lines, and all lines transcribed the gp130 transduction protein, consistent with previous observations on the ubiquity of that polypeptide. In order to test the in vitro effect of exogenously added growth factors on those malignant cell lines transcribing complete cytokine receptor, either GM-CSF, IL-3, or IL-6 was added in therapeutic concentrations (20-500 ng/ml) and cellular proliferation was measured by incorporation of [3H]thymidine. No stimulation was seen at either 3 and 6 days of culture. Production of cytokine by these cell lines was investigated at the level of transcription and by assay of peptide product. None transcribed mRNA for either GM-CSF or IL-3, while 5 of 6 (STD, DOZ, ADE, Hep-2, and Detroit) expressed IL-6 mRNA. Of these latter, 2 cell lines (ADE and Hep-2) produced IL-6 as determined by bioassay, while none produced GM-CSF or IL-3 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This suggests that in the case of GM-CSF and IL-3, failure to proliferate on addition of cytokine is not due to the prior presence of endogenous production. In contrast, at least a subset of malignant cell lines may involve a closed IL-6 autocrine loop saturating cell surface sites. These findings suggest that the ability to transcribe the genes encoding cytokine receptor is by itself insufficient to render cells cytokine responsive and that malignant cells may lack the cellular machinery for cytokine-induced proliferation. This in turn suggests that therapeutic administration of either GM-CSF, IL-3, or IL-6 may involve no additional risk of tumor regrowth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Guillaume
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Guillaume T, Hamdan O, Staquet P, Sekhavat M, Chatelain B, Bosly A, Rubinstein DB, Humblet Y, Doyen C, Coiffier B. Blunted rise in intracellular calcium in CD4+ T cells in response to mitogen following autologous bone marrow transplantation. Br J Haematol 1993; 84:131-6. [PMID: 8101719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1993.tb03035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Following autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT), both impaired T cell activation and defective production of the principal T cell growth factor, interleukin-2 (IL-2), has been observed. These processes are dependent on a rise of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), a step which follows binding of T cell receptor (TCR) and transduction of signal via the generation of cytoplasmic second messengers. In order to better understand the nature of defective cellular immunity in ABMT, in the present study we investigated the rise of [Ca2+]i in T cells of recipients of ABMT. By concomitant labelling lymphocytes with anti-CD4 antibody and addition of fluo-3 as fluorescent calcium indicator, we have selected for the T cell subset which is the principal source of IL-2. Short-term (less than 1 year post-transplantation) recipients of ABMT show a statistically significant blunted rise in [Ca2+]i in response to concanavalin A as compared to normal controls not accounted for solely by a decreased percentage of CD4+ cells in these patients. The [Ca2+]i response of CD4+ cells from long-term (greater than 1 year post-transplant) recipients was lower than that of the normal group although not to a statistically significant level. These findings suggest that following ABMT is a defect in the early stages of T cell activation involving either T cell receptor binding or early signal transduction ultimately resulting in depressed transcription of IL-2 mRNA. These defects are analogous to findings in both allogeneic transplantation where factors of histoincompatibility and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) come into play, as well as in the defective T cell activation of the normal ageing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Guillaume
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Haematology, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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