Paenibacillus silvisoli sp. nov. and Paenibacillus humicola sp. nov., isolated from forest soil

During the study of microbial ecology of forest soil, two circular, white-colored bacterial colonies were isolated and labeled as strains TW38T and TW40T. Both strains were catalase positive and oxidase negative. Strains TW38T and TW40T demonstrated growth within a temperature range of 10-37 °C and 18-37 °C, respectively, and thrived within a pH range of 5.5-9.0 and 6.0-8.0, respectively. Both strains grew at 0-2.0% (w/v) NaCl concentrations. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that strains TW38T and TW40T affiliated to the genus Paenibacillus, with the closest neighbors being Paenibacillus montanisoli RA17T (98.6%) and Paenibacillus arachidis E3T (95.4%), respectively. In both strains, the sole respiratory quinone was MK-7, the signature fatty acid was antiso-C15:0, and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and the average nucleotide identity values between TW38T, TW40T, and closest reference strains were < 29.0% and < 85.0%, respectively. The DNA G+C content of TW38T and TW40T was 54.5% and 57.1%, respectively. In general, the phylogenetic, genomics, chemotaxonomic, and phenotypic data support the differentiation of TW38T and TW40T from other closest members of the genus Paenibacillus. Thus, we conclude both strains TW38T and TW40T represent novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus silvisoli sp. nov. and Paenibacillus humicola sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strain of Paenibacillus silvisoli is TW38T (= KCTC 43468T = NBRC 116015T) and type strain of Paenibacillus humicola is TW40T (= KCTC 43469T = NBRC 116016T).

Paenibacillus caseinilyticus sp. nov., isolated forest soil

A milky-white-coloured, aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped and motile bacterial strain (GW78T) was isolated from forest soil. GW78T was catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. The strain was able to grow optimally at 37 °C and at pH 7.0 in Reasoner's 2A media. The phylogenetic and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of GW78T showed its affiliation with the genus Paenibacillus. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of GW78T revealed 98.3 % similarity to its nearest neighbour Paenibacillus mucilaginosus VKPM B-7519T. Its chemotaxonomic properties included MK-7 as the sole menaquinone, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids, and anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1  ω11c and anteiso-C17 : 0 as predominant fatty acids. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity results with its closest relatives were <74.0 % and <14.0 %, respectively. Overall, 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, phylogenetic and genomic evidence, and phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data allow the differentiation of GW78T from other members of the genus Paenibacillus. Thus, we propose that strain GW78T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, with the name Paenibacillus caseinilyticus sp. nov. The type strain is GW78T (=KCTC 43430T=NBRC 116023T).

Paenibacillus agricola sp. nov., isolated from agricultural soil

A white-coloured, rod-shaped, motile, aerobic, and Gram-stain-positive bacterial strain S3N08^T was isolated from agricultural soil. The strain grew at temperature 10-40 °C, at 0-1.0% (w/v) NaCl concentration, and at pH 6.5-8.0. Catalase was negative and oxidase was positive. The phylogenetic analysis inferred that the strain S3N08^T belonged to the genus Paenibacillus, with the closest relative being Paenibacillus periandrae PM10^T (95.6% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The only menaquinone was MK-7 and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. The predominant fatty acids were antiso-C_15:0, C_16:0, and iso-C_15:0. The DNA G + C content was 45.1%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain S3N08^T and with closest members were < 72.0% and < 19.0%, respectively. Altogether, the phylogenetic, genomics, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic evidence illustrated in this study suggested that strain S3N08^T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus agricola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S3N08^T (= KACC 19666 ^T = NBRC 113430 ^T).

Prophylactic control of post-operative nausea and vomiting using ondansetron and ramosetron after cardiac surgery

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ondansetron and ramosetron in the reduction of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) associated with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) after cardiac surgery.

METHODS

A total of 320 patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to one of four treatment regimens (n=80 in each group): no prophylactic antiemetics (group P); intravenous (i.v.) ondansetron 4 mg at the end of surgery and 12 mg added to PCA (group O); i.v. ramosetron 0.3 mg at the end of surgery and no antiemetics added to PCA (group R1); and i.v. ramosetron 0.3 mg at the end of surgery and 0.6 mg added to PCA (group R2).

RESULTS

The incidence of PONV during the 48-h post-operative period was lower in groups O (46%), R1 (54%), and R2 (35%) compared with group P (71%, P<0.001). The incidence and severity of nausea were lower in groups O, R1, and R2 than in group P during the 24-h post-operative period, whereas the incidence and severity of nausea during 24-48 h after surgery were lower in groups O and R2, but not in group R1, than in group P. Compared with group P (53%), the frequency of rescue antiemetic usage was significantly lower in groups O (34%) and R2 (29%), but not in group R1 (43%).

CONCLUSION

The addition of either ondansetron or ramosetron to PCA can reduce the incidence of PONV during 48 h after cardiac surgery.