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Ferreira RP, Lopes PFM, Campos-Silva JV, Silvano RAM, Begossi A. The Upper Juruá Extractive Reserve in the Brazilian Amazon: past and present†. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e239188. [PMID: 34133557 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.239188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amazonian livelihoods are largely dependent on rivers, with local protein consumption mainly relying on several species of fish. The UJER (Upper Juruá Extractive Reserve - Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá) is located in the state of Acre, bordering Peru and several indigenous areas. Here we summarize the data we collected in 1993/1994 on the population living along the banks of the Juruá, Tejo, Bagé, Igarapé São João and Breu rivers on crop cultivation, animal husbandry, and use of game and fish resources. We interviewed 133 individuals (94 on the Juruá and Tejo, 16 on Bagé, 16 on Igarapé São João and 7 on Breu rivers). Our results include a comprehensive description on local livelihoods, including the most important fish species for local subsistence considering gender and seasonality, the main husbandry and game species, and the items cultivated on the local agriculture. Whenever more recent information was available in the literature, we compared changes in livelihoods over time in the same region and also with the recent patterns observed in the Lower and in the Middle Juruá River. We hope to provide useful information to understand temporal changes in local livelihoods, which can help adapt and shape the ecological management in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Ferreira
- Graduate Program/Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos, SP, Brasil
| | - P F M Lopes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Ecologia, Fisheries management, Ecology and Economics Group, Natal, RN, Brasil.,Fisheries and Food Institute - FIFO, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - J V Campos-Silva
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Ås, Norway.,Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - R A M Silvano
- Fisheries and Food Institute - FIFO, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Departamento de Ecologia e Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia - IB, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - A Begossi
- Graduate Program/Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos, SP, Brasil.,Fisheries and Food Institute - FIFO, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Programa de Capacitação de Pescadores - CAPESCA, Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Alimentação - NEPA, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Silva MRO, Pennino MG, Lopes PFM. Predicting potential compliance of small-scale fishers in Brazil: The need to increase trust to achieve fisheries management goals. J Environ Manage 2021; 288:112372. [PMID: 33756387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many global management and conservation initiatives fail to prevent overfishing either because they do not plan for local engagement, surveillance, and enforcement, and/or because they fail to include alternatives for short-term losses. Thus, these initiatives do not gain support among fishers. In this study, we interviewed fishers to investigate their stated behavior toward fisheries regulations. We assessed possible (non)compliant behavior under scenarios where fishers would face a moratorium on some of their target species. Additionally, we investigated the consequences of such a moratorium on the food web if it were to lead to fishing alternative species. Using data from two Brazilian coastal sites, we found that younger fishers and those who demonstrated a trustworthy relationship with stakeholders were inclined to comply with the rules. The level of potential compliance also varied between the studied places, probably due to unidentified local idiosyncrasies. Fishers tended to trust community actors (e.g., the leader or head of the fishing community) more than institutional actors (e.g., environmental agencies). When fishers were asked why they would choose specific replacement species in the event of a moratorium, they most often cited expected profitability and ease of capture as reasons. Fishers also tended to say that they would replace endangered species with species in the same and/or lower trophic categories. We suggest working toward stronger stakeholder engagement, given that an overall sense of trust in a community appears to be an important asset toward successful management. Higher levels of trust could promote more transparency in the decision-making process, which could facilitate information dissemination, awareness, and the need for compliance. The mixed methods approach used here could help predict responses to new and existing management policies and support adaptive fisheries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R O Silva
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Fishing Ecology, management and economics group, Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - M G Pennino
- Fishing Ecology, management and economics group, Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Spain
| | - P F M Lopes
- Fishing Ecology, management and economics group, Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Begossi A, Salivonchyk SV, Hallwass G, Hanazaki N, Lopes PFM, Silvano RAM, Dumaresq D, Pittock J. Fish consumption on the Amazon: a review of biodiversity, hydropower and food security issues. BRAZ J BIOL 2018; 79:345-357. [PMID: 30379202 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.186572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of knowledge about the majority of fish species harvested in Amazonian small-scale fisheries, in association with impacts from hydroelectric power plants, may lead to biodiversity loss and a decrease in the protein food supply for riverine Amazonians. This study uses existing datasets on fisheries and riverine developmental projects to infer effects associated with fish losses where actual data and outcomes are not available. The targeted fish species' status may be regarded as either threatened or there being no knowledge of their conservation requirements, biology or ecology. Among the 90 Amazonian fish species that are the most important for the diet of the riverine fishers, 78% are not assessed or their biological information is unknown, according to the IUCN Red List. Consequently, the effects created by the thoroughly disregarded trade-off between energy generation and food security in the planning of Amazonian land use have been worsened by the lack of biological and ecological information on fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Begossi
- Programa de Capacitação de Pescadores Artesanais - CAPESCA, Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Alimentação - NEPA, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Albert Einstein, nº 291, CEP 13083-852, Campinas, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Sustentabilidade de Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos - PPG-ECOMAR, Universidade Santa Cecília - UNISANTA, Rua Oswaldo Cruz, nº 277, Boqueirão, CEP 11045-907, Santos, SP, Brasil.,Fisheries and Food Institute - FIFO, Rua Oswaldo Cruz, nº 277, Boqueirão, CEP 11045-907, Santos, SP, Brasil
| | - S V Salivonchyk
- Institute for Nature Management, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 10 Fr. Skaryna Street, Minsk, 220114, Minsk, Belarus
| | - G Hallwass
- Fisheries and Food Institute - FIFO, Rua Oswaldo Cruz, nº 277, Boqueirão, CEP 11045-907, Santos, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará - UFOPA, Rodovia -254, nº 257, CEP 68270-000, Oriximiná, PA, Brasil
| | - N Hanazaki
- Fisheries and Food Institute - FIFO, Rua Oswaldo Cruz, nº 277, Boqueirão, CEP 11045-907, Santos, SP, Brasil.,Departmento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Campus Universitário, Córrego Grande, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - P F M Lopes
- Fisheries and Food Institute - FIFO, Rua Oswaldo Cruz, nº 277, Boqueirão, CEP 11045-907, Santos, SP, Brasil.,Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho, nº 3000, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59064-741, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - R A M Silvano
- Fisheries and Food Institute - FIFO, Rua Oswaldo Cruz, nº 277, Boqueirão, CEP 11045-907, Santos, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, CP 15007, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - D Dumaresq
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University - ANU, B141, B48, B48A, Linnaeus Way, Acton ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia
| | - J Pittock
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University - ANU, B141, B48, B48A, Linnaeus Way, Acton ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia
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Lopes PFM, Mendes L, Fonseca V, Villasante S. Tourism as a driver of conflicts and changes in fisheries value chains in Marine Protected Areas. J Environ Manage 2017; 200:123-134. [PMID: 28575780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although critical tools for protecting ocean habitats, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are sometimes challenged for social impacts and conflicts they may generate. Some conflicts have an economic base, which, once understood, can be used to resolve associated socioenvironmental problems. We addressed how the fish trade in an MPA that combines no-take zones and tourist or resident zones creates incentives for increased fisheries. We performed a value chain analysis following the fish supply and trade through interviews that assessed consumer demand and preference. The results showed a simple and closed value chain driven by tourism (70% of the consumption). Both tourists and local consumers preferred high trophic level species (predators), but the former preferred large pelagics (tuna and dolphinfish) and the latter preferred reef species (barracuda and snapper). Pelagic predators are caught with fresh sardines, which are sometimes located only in the no-take zone. Pelagic species are mainly served as fillet, and the leftover fish parts end up as waste, an issue that, if properly addressed, can help reduce fishing pressure. Whereas some of the target species may be sustainable (e.g., dolphinfish), others are more vulnerable (e.g., wahoo) and should not be intensively fished. We advise setting stricter limits to the number of tourists visiting MPAs, according to their own capacity and peculiarities, in order to avoid conflicts with conservations goals through incentives for increased resource use.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F M Lopes
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil; Fisheries and Food Institute, Santos, SP, Brazil; Fishing Ecology, Management and Economics (FEME), Natal, Brazil.
| | - L Mendes
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - V Fonseca
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - S Villasante
- Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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