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Bernasconi-Elias P, Hu T, Jenkins D, Firestone B, Gans S, Kurth E, Capodieci P, Deplazes-Lauber J, Petropoulos K, Thiel P, Ponsel D, Hee Choi S, LeMotte P, London A, Goetcshkes M, Nolin E, Jones MD, Slocum K, Kluk MJ, Weinstock DM, Christodoulou A, Weinberg O, Jaehrling J, Ettenberg SA, Buckler A, Blacklow SC, Aster JC, Fryer CJ. Characterization of activating mutations of NOTCH3 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and anti-leukemic activity of NOTCH3 inhibitory antibodies. Oncogene 2016; 35:6077-6086. [PMID: 27157619 PMCID: PMC5102827 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Notch receptors have been implicated as oncogenic drivers in several cancers, the most notable example being NOTCH1 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). To characterize the role of activated NOTCH3 in cancer, we generated an antibody that detects the neo-epitope created upon gamma-secretase cleavage of NOTCH3 to release its intracellular domain (ICD3), and sequenced the negative regulatory region (NRR) and PEST domain coding regions of NOTCH3 in a panel of cell lines. We also characterize NOTCH3 tumor-associated mutations that result in activation of signaling and report new inhibitory antibodies. We determined the structural basis for receptor inhibition by obtaining the first co-crystal structure of a NOTCH3 antibody with the NRR protein and defined two distinct epitopes for NRR antibodies. The antibodies exhibit potent anti-leukemic activity in cell lines and tumor xenografts harboring NOTCH3 activating mutations. Screening of primary T-ALL samples reveals that two of 40 tumors examined show active NOTCH3 signaling. We also identified evidence of NOTCH3 activation in 12 of 24 patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models, two of which exhibit activation of NOTCH3 without activation of NOTCH1. Our studies provide additional insights into NOTCH3 activation and offer a path forward for identification of cancers that are likely to respond to therapy with NOTCH3 selective inhibitory antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bernasconi-Elias
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - T Hu
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D Jenkins
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - B Firestone
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Gans
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - E Kurth
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - P Capodieci
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Deplazes-Lauber
- Discovery Alliances and Technologies, MorphoSys AG, Martinsried, Germany
| | - K Petropoulos
- Discovery Alliances and Technologies, MorphoSys AG, Martinsried, Germany
| | - P Thiel
- Discovery Alliances and Technologies, MorphoSys AG, Martinsried, Germany
| | - D Ponsel
- Discovery Alliances and Technologies, MorphoSys AG, Martinsried, Germany
| | - S Hee Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P LeMotte
- Department of Biologics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A London
- Department of Biologics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Goetcshkes
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - E Nolin
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M D Jones
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K Slocum
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M J Kluk
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D M Weinstock
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Christodoulou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - O Weinberg
- Pathology Children Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Jaehrling
- Discovery Alliances and Technologies, MorphoSys AG, Martinsried, Germany
| | - S A Ettenberg
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A Buckler
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S C Blacklow
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J C Aster
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C J Fryer
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Abstract
Ro 41-5253 is a RARalpha-selective antagonist that binds RARalpha but does not induce transcriptional activation and does not influence RAR/RXR heterodimerization and DNA binding. This retinoid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in MCF-7 and ZR-75.1 estrogen-receptor-positive breast-carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent way. The anti-proliferative effect is more evident in ZR-75.1 cells than in MCF-7 cells and is probably mediated by anti-AP1 activity, a mechanism known to be implied in the action of several retinoids. In the induction of apoptosis also ZR-75.1 cells are more sensitive to treatment with Ro 41-5253 than MCF-7 cells. In ZR-75.1 cells an apoptotic/hypodiploid DNA peak is already evident after 2 days of incubation, whereas in MCF-7 cells it appears only after 4 days. The highest percentage of apoptotic cells, for both cell lines, is reached after 6 days of treatment. The apoptosis pathway is p53-independent and bcl-2 downregulation seems to be correlated with an increase in TGF-beta1 protein. The MDA-MB-231 estrogen-receptor-negative cell line is poorly responsive to Ro 41-5253 treatment, both in terms of proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction. Ro 41-5253 has proliferation-inhibiting and apoptosis-inducing properties that are not mediated by transcriptional activation from retinoic-acid response elements. This retinoid antagonist seems to be a compound that exerts an anti-tumor activity but does not induce the toxic side effects of retinoids and might, therefore, be considered as a candidate for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Toma
- National Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, University of Genoa, Italy.
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Algermissen B, Sitzmann J, LeMotte P, Czarnetzki B. Differential expression of CRABP II, psoriasin and cytokeratin 1 mRNA in human skin diseases. Arch Dermatol Res 1996; 288:426-30. [PMID: 8844119 DOI: 10.1007/bf02505229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to confirm and further explore the significance of the overexpression of the CRABP II (cellular retinoic acid binding protein type II) and psoriasin genes in psoriatic versus normal skin, we examined the mRNA expression levels of these two genes by in situ hybridization in skin samples from psoriatic plaques and in one case from the border between a psoriatic plaque and uninvolved skin. Both genes were markedly upregulated in lesional skin, with a shift from low to high expression in the transitional zone of the plaque. Expression of the cytokeratin 1 (K1) gene was, in contrast, high in normal skin and decreased in the transition from uninvolved skin to psoriatic plaque, Examination of mRNA levels of CRABP II and psoriasin in other hyperproliferative and inflammatory skin diseases showed high expression of psoriasin, and in some cases also of CRABP II, in atopic dermatitis, mycosis fungoides, Darier's disease and inflammatory lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. In atrophic lesions of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus that lacked an inflammatory infiltrate, these changes were only weakly expressed. These findings demonstrate that altered epidermal gene expression of K1, psoriasin and CRABP II is not disease-specific and may reflect instead an altered state of epidermal differentiation and/or may be linked to the inflammation and cellular infiltration common to all the conditions studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Algermissen
- Department of Dermatology, Virchow Klinikum, Humboldt-University zu Berlin, Germany
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Keidel S, LeMotte P, Apfel C. Different agonist- and antagonist-induced conformational changes in retinoic acid receptors analyzed by protease mapping. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:287-98. [PMID: 8264595 PMCID: PMC358378 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.1.287-298.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic effects of retinoic acid on cell differentiation and proliferation are mediated by two subfamilies of nuclear receptors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs). Recently the synthetic retinoid Ro 41-5253 was identified as a selective RAR alpha antagonist. As demonstrated by gel retardation assays, Ro 41-5253 and two related new RAR alpha antagonists do not influence RAR alpha/RXR alpha heterodimerization and DNA binding. In a limited trypsin digestion assay, complexation of RAR alpha with retinoic acid or several other agonistic retinoids altered the degradation of the receptor such that a 30-kDa proteolytic fragment became resistant to proteolysis. This suggests a ligand-induced conformational change, which may be necessary for the interaction of the DNA-bound RAR alpha/RXR alpha heterodimer with other transcription factors. Our results demonstrate that antagonists compete with agonists for binding to RAR alpha and may induce a different structural alteration, suggested by the tryptic resistance of a shorter 25-kDa protein fragment in the digestion assay. This RAR alpha conformation seems to allow RAR alpha/RXR alpha binding to DNA but not the subsequent transactivation of target genes. Protease mapping with C-terminally truncated receptors revealed that the proposed conformational changes mainly occur in the DE regions of RAR alpha. Complexation of RAR beta, RAR gamma, and RXR alpha, as well as the vitamin D3 receptor, with their natural ligands resulted in a similar resistance of fragments to proteolytic digestion. This could mean that ligand-induced conformational changes are a general feature in the hormonal activation of vitamin D3 and retinoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Keidel
- Department of Dermatology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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