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Smída R, Werner F, Engel R, Arteaga-Velázquez JC, Bekk K, Bertaina M, Blümer J, Bozdog H, Brancus IM, Chiavassa A, Cossavella F, Di Pierro F, Doll P, Fuchs B, Fuhrmann D, Grupen C, Haungs A, Heck D, Hörandel JR, Huber D, Huege T, Kampert KH, Kang D, Klages H, Kleifges M, Krömer O, Link K, Luczak P, Ludwig M, Mathes HJ, Mathys S, Mayer HJ, Melissas M, Morello C, Neunteufel P, Oehlschläger J, Palmieri N, Pekala J, Pierog T, Rautenberg J, Rebel H, Riegel M, Roth M, Salamida F, Schieler H, Schoo S, Schröder FG, Sima O, Stasielak J, Toma G, Trinchero GC, Unger M, Weber M, Weindl A, Wilczyński H, Will M, Wochele J, Zabierowski J. First Experimental Characterization of Microwave Emission from Cosmic Ray Air Showers. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:221101. [PMID: 25494064 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.221101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the first direct measurement of the overall characteristics of microwave radio emission from extensive air showers. Using a trigger provided by the KASCADE-Grande air shower array, the signals of the microwave antennas of the Cosmic-Ray Observation via Microwave Emission experiment have been read out and searched for signatures of radio emission by high-energy air showers in the GHz frequency range. Microwave signals have been detected for more than 30 showers with energies above 3×10^{16} eV. The observations presented in this Letter are consistent with a mainly forward-directed and polarized emission process in the GHz frequency range. The measurements show that microwave radiation offers a new means of studying air showers at E≥10^{17} eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Smída
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Werner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - K Bekk
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Bertaina
- Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - J Blümer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Bozdog
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - I M Brancus
- National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 76900 Bucharest, Romania
| | - A Chiavassa
- Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - F Cossavella
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Di Pierro
- Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - P Doll
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B Fuchs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Fuhrmann
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - C Grupen
- Department of Physics, Siegen University, 57072 Germany
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Heck
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J R Hörandel
- Department of Astrophysics, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 The Netherlands
| | - D Huber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T Huege
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K-H Kampert
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D Kang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Klages
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Kleifges
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - O Krömer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K Link
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Luczak
- Department of Astrophysics, National Centre for Nuclear Research, 90-950 Łódź, Poland
| | - M Ludwig
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H J Mathes
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Mathys
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - H J Mayer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Melissas
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C Morello
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, INAF 10133, Torino, Italy
| | - P Neunteufel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Oehlschläger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Palmieri
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Pekala
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
| | - T Pierog
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Rautenberg
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - H Rebel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Riegel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Roth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Salamida
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Schoo
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F G Schröder
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - O Sima
- Department of Physics, University of Bucharest, 76900 Bucharest, Romania
| | - J Stasielak
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
| | - G Toma
- National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 76900 Bucharest, Romania
| | - G C Trinchero
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, INAF 10133, Torino, Italy
| | - M Unger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Weber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Wilczyński
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
| | - M Will
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Wochele
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Zabierowski
- Department of Astrophysics, National Centre for Nuclear Research, 90-950 Łódź, Poland
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Kumpf C, Neder RB, Niederdraenk F, Luczak P, Stahl A, Scheuermann M, Joshi S, Kulkarni SK, Barglik-Chory C, Heske C, Umbach E. Structure determination of CdS and ZnS nanoparticles: Direct modeling of synchrotron-radiation diffraction data. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:224707. [PMID: 16375495 DOI: 10.1063/1.2129369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a modified method of powder-diffraction data analysis to obtain precise structural information on freestanding ZnS and CdS nanoparticles with diameters well below 5 nm, i.e., in a range where common bulk-derived approaches fail. The method is based on the Debye equation and allows us to access the crystal structure and the size of the particles with high precision. Detailed information on strain, relaxation effects, stacking faults, and the shape of the particles becomes available. We find significant size differences between our new results and those obtained by established methods, and conclude that a mixed zinc-blende/wurtzite stacking and significant lattice distortions occur in our CdS nanoparticles. Our approach should have direct impact on the understanding and modeling of quantum size effects in nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kumpf
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik II, Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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