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Lush P, Seth AK. Reply to: No specific relationship between hypnotic suggestibility and the rubber hand illusion. Nat Commun 2022; 13:563. [PMID: 35091580 PMCID: PMC8799699 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P Lush
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK. .,Department of Informatics, Chichester Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK.
| | - A K Seth
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK.,Department of Informatics, Chichester Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program on Brain, Mind, and Consciousness, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
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Lush P, Moga G, McLatchie N, Dienes Z. Corrigendum to: the Sussex-Waterloo Scale of Hypnotizability (SWASH): measuring capacity for altering conscious experience. Neurosci Conscious 2021; 2021:niab041. [PMID: 34804592 PMCID: PMC8601213 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/nc/niy006.].
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lush
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RH, UK
| | - G Moga
- School of Psychology, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RH, UK
| | - N McLatchie
- Department of Psychology, Fylde College, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YF, UK
| | - Z Dienes
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RH, UK
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Lush P, Seth AK, Dienes Z. Hypothesis awareness confounds asynchronous control conditions in indirect measures of the rubber hand illusion. R Soc Open Sci 2021; 8:210911. [PMID: 34737876 PMCID: PMC8564603 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Reports of changes in experiences of body location and ownership following synchronous tactile and visual stimulation of fake and real hands (rubber hand (RH) effects) are widely attributed to multisensory integration mechanisms. However, existing control methods for subjective report measures (asynchronous stroking and control statements) are confounded by participant hypothesis awareness; the report may reflect response to demand characteristics. Subjective report is often accompanied by indirect (also called 'objective' or 'implicit') measures. Here, we report tests of expectancies for synchronous 'illusion' and asynchronous 'control' conditions across two pre-registered studies (n = 140 and n = 45) for two indirect measures: proprioceptive drift (a change in perceived hand location) and skin conductance response (a measure of physiological arousal). Expectancies for synchronous condition measures were greater than for asynchronous conditions in both studies. Differences between synchronous and asynchronous control condition measures are therefore confounded by hypothesis awareness. This means indirect measures of RH effects may reflect compliance, bias and phenomenological control in response to demand characteristics, just as for subjective measures. Valid control measures are required to support claims of a role of multisensory integration for both direct and indirect measures of RH effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Lush
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK
- Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Chichester Building, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK
| | - A. K. Seth
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK
- Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Chichester Building, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Z. Dienes
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Pevensey Building, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK
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Lush P, Botan V, Scott RB, Seth AK, Ward J, Dienes Z. Trait phenomenological control predicts experience of mirror synaesthesia and the rubber hand illusion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4853. [PMID: 32978377 PMCID: PMC7519080 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In hypnotic responding, expectancies arising from imaginative suggestion drive striking experiential changes (e.g., hallucinations) - which are experienced as involuntary - according to a normally distributed and stable trait ability (hypnotisability). Such experiences can be triggered by implicit suggestion and occur outside the hypnotic context. In large sample studies (of 156, 404 and 353 participants), we report substantial relationships between hypnotisability and experimental measures of experiential change in mirror-sensory synaesthesia and the rubber hand illusion comparable to relationships between hypnotisability and individual hypnosis scale items. The control of phenomenology to meet expectancies arising from perceived task requirements can account for experiential change in psychological experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lush
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK.
- Department of Informatics, Chichester Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK.
| | - V Botan
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK
- School of Psychology, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK
| | - R B Scott
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK
- School of Psychology, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK
| | - A K Seth
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK
- Department of Informatics, Chichester Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Program on Brain, Mind, and Consciousness, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - J Ward
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK
- School of Psychology, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Z Dienes
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK
- School of Psychology, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK
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Abstract
Hypnosis and hypnotic suggestions are gradually gaining popularity within the consciousness community as established tools for the experimental manipulation of illusions of involuntariness, hallucinations and delusions. However, hypnosis is still far from being a widespread instrument; a crucial hindrance to taking it up is the amount of time needed to invest in identifying people high and low in responsiveness to suggestion. In this study, we introduced an online assessment of hypnotic response and estimated the extent to which the scores and psychometric properties of an online screening differ from an offline one. We propose that the online screening of hypnotic response is viable as it reduces the level of responsiveness only by a slight extent. The application of online screening may prompt researchers to run large-scale studies with more heterogeneous samples, which would help researchers to overcome some of the issues underlying the current replication crisis in psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Palfi
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
| | - G Moga
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - P Lush
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- School of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - R B Scott
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Z Dienes
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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Lush P, Moga G, McLatchie N, Dienes Z. The Sussex-Waterloo Scale of Hypnotizability (SWASH): measuring capacity for altering conscious experience. Neurosci Conscious 2018; 2018:niy006. [PMID: 30042859 PMCID: PMC6007130 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niy006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to respond to hypnotic suggestibility (hypnotizability) is a stable trait which can be measured in a standardized procedure consisting of a hypnotic induction and a series of hypnotic suggestions. The SWASH is a 10-item adaptation of an established scale, the Waterloo-Stanford Group C Scale of Hypnotic Suggestibility (WSGC). Development of the SWASH was motivated by three distinct aims: to reduce required screening time, to provide an induction which more accurately reflects current theoretical understanding and to supplement the objective scoring with experiential scoring. Screening time was reduced by shortening the induction, removing two suggestions which may cause distress (dream and age regression) and by modifications which allow administration in lecture theatres, so that more participants can be screened simultaneously. Theoretical issues were addressed by removing references to sleep, absorption and eye fixation and closure. Data from 418 participants at the University of Sussex and the Lancaster University are presented, along with data from 66 participants who completed a retest screening. The subjective and objective scales were highly correlated. The subjective scale showed good reliability and objective scale reliability was comparable to the WSGC. The addition of subjective scale responses to the post-hypnotic suggestion (PHS) item suggested a high probability that responses to PHS are inflated in WSGC screening. The SWASH is an effective measure of hypnotizability, which reflects changes in conscious experience and presents practical and theoretical advantages over existing scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lush
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RH, UK
- School of Psychology, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RH, UK
| | - G Moga
- School of Psychology, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RH, UK
| | - N McLatchie
- Department of Psychology, Fylde College, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YF, UK
| | - Z Dienes
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RH, UK
- School of Psychology, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RH, UK
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