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Mühlberger N, Jelinek T, Gascon J, Probst M, Zoller T, Schunk M, Beran J, Gjørup I, Behrens RH, Clerinx J, Björkman A, McWhinney P, Matteelli A, Lopez-Velez R, Bisoffi Z, Hellgren U, Puente S, Schmid ML, Myrvang B, Holthoff-Stich ML, Laferl H, Hatz C, Kollaritsch H, Kapaun A, Knobloch J, Iversen J, Kotlowski A, Malvy DJM, Kern P, Fry G, Siikamaki H, Schulze MH, Soula G, Paul M, Prat JGI, Lehmann V, Bouchaud O, Cunha SD, Atouguia J, Boecken G. Epidemiology and clinical features of vivax malaria imported to Europe: sentinel surveillance data from TropNetEurop. Malar J 2004; 3:5. [PMID: 15003128 PMCID: PMC385246 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-3-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax is the second most common species among malaria patients diagnosed in Europe, but epidemiological and clinical data on imported P. vivax malaria are limited. The TropNetEurop surveillance network has monitored the importation of vivax malaria into Europe since 1999. OBJECTIVES To present epidemiological and clinical data on imported P. vivax malaria collected at European level. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data of primary cases of P. vivax malaria reported between January 1999 and September 2003 were analysed, focusing on disease frequency, patient characteristics, place of infection, course of disease, treatment and differences between network-member countries. RESULTS Within the surveillance period 4,801 cases of imported malaria were reported. 618 (12.9%) were attributed to P. vivax. European travellers and immigrants were the largest patient groups, but their proportion varied among the reporting countries. The main regions of infection in descending order were the Indian subcontinent, Indonesia, South America and Western and Eastern Africa, as a group accounting for more than 60% of the cases. Regular use of malaria chemoprophylaxis was reported by 118 patients. With 86 (inter-quartile range 41-158) versus 31 days (inter-quartile range 4-133) the median symptom onset was significantly delayed in patients with chemoprophylaxis (p < 0.0001). Common complaints were fever, headache, fatigue, and musculo-skeletal symptoms. All patients survived and severe clinical complications were rare. Hospitalization was provided for 60% and primaquine treatment administered to 83.8% of the patients, but frequencies varied strongly among reporting countries. CONCLUSIONS TropNetEurop data can contribute to the harmonization of European treatment policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mühlberger
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - T Jelinek
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Gascon
- Secció Medicina Tropical, Hospital Clinic Barcelona – IDIBAPS., Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Probst
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - T Zoller
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Schunk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, Germany
| | - J Beran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - I Gjørup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - RH Behrens
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, UK
| | - J Clerinx
- Clinical Services, Prins Leopold Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde, Antwerp; Belgium
| | - A Björkman
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P McWhinney
- Infection and Tropical Medicine, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
| | - A Matteelli
- Clinica di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, Universitá di Brescia, Italy
| | - R Lopez-Velez
- Infectious Diseases–Microbiology Department, Tropical Medicine & Clinical Parasitology Unit, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Z Bisoffi
- Centro per le Malattie Tropicali, Ospedale S. Cuore, Negrar Verona, Italy
| | - U Hellgren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Puente
- Sección de Medicina Tropical-Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Carlos III- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - ML Schmid
- Department of Infection & Tropical Medicine, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle- upon-Tyne, UK
| | - B Myrvang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - H Laferl
- 4. Medizinische Abteilung mit Infektions- und Tropenmedizin, Kaiser-Franz-Josef-Spital der Stadt Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Hatz
- Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - H Kollaritsch
- Abteilung fur spezifische Prophylaxe und Tropenmedizin am Institut für Pathophysiologie, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - A Kapaun
- Institut für Tropenhygiene und öffentliches Gesundheitswesen, Universität Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Knobloch
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Germany
| | - J Iversen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - A Kotlowski
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Interfacultary Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia, Poland
| | - DJM Malvy
- Hôpital St André-CHU, Bordeaux, France
| | - P Kern
- Sektion Infektiologie und Klinische Immunologie, Universität Ulm, Germany
| | - G Fry
- Tropical Medical Bureau, Dublin, Ireland
| | - H Siikamaki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - MH Schulze
- 2. Klinik für Innere Medizin, Städtische Kliniken "St. Georg", Leipzig, Germany
| | - G Soula
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hopital Nord CHU, Marseille, France
| | - M Paul
- Department and Clinic of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - J Gómez i Prat
- Unitat de Malalties Tropicals, Importades i Vacunacions Internationales, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Lehmann
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Imported Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - O Bouchaud
- Consultation de médecine tropicale, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - S da Cunha
- Consulta de Medicina do Viajante, Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Hospital Universitário, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J Atouguia
- Instituto de Higiena e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - G Boecken
- The German Navy Institute for Maritime Medicine, Center for Applied Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Kronshagen, Germany
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Mühlberger N, Jelinek T, Behrens RH, Gjørup I, Coulaud JP, Clerinx J, Puente S, Burchard G, Gascon J, Grobusch MP, Weitzel T, Zoller T, Kollaritsch H, Beran J, Iversen J, Hatz C, Schmid ML, Björkman A, Fleischer K, Bisoffi Z, Guggemos W, Knobloch J, Matteelli A, Schulze MH, Laferl H, Kapaun A, McWhinney P, Lopez-Velez R, Fätkenheuer G, Kern P, Zieger BW, Kotlowski A, Fry G, Cuadros J, Myrvang B. Age as a risk factor for severe manifestations and fatal outcome of falciparum malaria in European patients: observations from TropNetEurop and SIMPID Surveillance Data. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:990-5. [PMID: 12684911 DOI: 10.1086/374224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2002] [Accepted: 01/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that age is a risk factor for severe falciparum malaria in nonimmune patients. The objectives of this study were to reevaluate previous findings with a larger sample and to find out how strongly clinical outcomes for elderly patients differ from those for younger patients. Results of adjusted analyses indicated that the risks of death due to falciparum malaria, of experiencing cerebral or severe disease in general, and of hospitalization increased significantly with each decade of life. The case-fatality rate was almost 6 times greater among elderly patients than among younger patients, and cerebral complications occurred 3 times more often among elderly patients. Antimalarial chemoprophylaxis was significantly associated with a lower case-fatality rate and a lower frequency of cerebral complications. Women were more susceptible to cerebral complications than were men. Our study provides evidence that falciparum malaria is more serious in older patients and demonstrates that clinical surveillance networks are capable of providing quality data for investigation of rare events or diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mühlberger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Jelinek T, Schulte C, Behrens R, Grobusch MP, Coulaud JP, Bisoffi Z, Matteelli A, Clerinx J, Corachán M, Puente S, Gjørup I, Harms G, Kollaritsch H, Kotlowski A, Björkmann A, Delmont JP, Knobloch J, Nielsen LN, Cuadros J, Hatz C, Beran J, Schmid ML, Schulze M, Lopez-Velez R, Fleischer K, Kapaun A, McWhinney P, Kern P, Atougia J, Fry G, da Cunha S, Boecken G. Imported Falciparum malaria in Europe: sentinel surveillance data from the European network on surveillance of imported infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34:572-6. [PMID: 11803507 DOI: 10.1086/338235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2001] [Revised: 08/24/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria continues to have a high morbidity rate associated among European travelers. Thorough recording of epidemiological and clinical aspects of imported malaria has been helpful in the detection of new outbreaks and areas of developing drug resistance. Sentinel surveillance of data collected prospectively since 1999 has begun within TropNetEurop, a European network focusing on imported infectious diseases. TropNetEurop appears to cover approximately 10% of all patients with malaria seen in Europe. Reports of 1659 immigrants and European patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria were analyzed for epidemiological information and data on clinical features. Regional data were quite diverse, reflecting local patterns of immigration and international travel. By far, the most infections were imported from West Africa. Europeans had more clinical complications; consequently, all deaths occurred in this group. Compared with European standards, the mortality rate was low (0.6% in Europeans). Data from TropNetEurop member sites can contribute to our understanding of the epidemiological and clinical findings regarding imported falciparum malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jelinek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany.
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