Successful anti-viral treatment improves survival of patients with advanced liver disease due to chronic hepatitis C

BACKGROUND

Long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis C patients with successful viral eradication seems to be promising.

AIM

To evaluate mortality, incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver failure and liver transplantation in sustained virological responders (SVR) and non-SVR patients with different stages of fibrosis.

METHODS

Seven hundred and fourteen patients with a follow-up of 7.2 (1-21.1) years (age: 51.4 ± 12.0 years, 276 female, IFN-monotherapy: n = 19, IFN/RBV: n = 122, peg-IFN/RBV: n = 573, SVR: 551, non-SVR: 163) were studied. Two hundred and ten of 540 patients with a liver biopsy prior to treatment had advanced stages of fibrosis (Metavir F3/F4).

RESULTS

Forty-eight patients died during follow-up, 15 with SVR and 33 without (P < 0.001). Five- and 10-year mortality rates were 1.8% (10/551) and 2.7% (15/551) in the SVR group and 8.6% (14/163) and 19.1% (31/163) in the non-SVR patients (P < 0.001). In 29 patients, decompensation of liver disease [SVR: 9 (1.6%) vs. non-SVR: 20 (12.3%); P < 0.001] occurred and in 29 patients, HCC developed during follow-up [SVR: 10 (1.8%) vs. non-SVR: 19 (11.7%); P < 0.001]. Non-SVR was an independent predictor for developing (i) HCC [HR: 2.36 (95% CI: 1.07-5.23; P = 0.034], (ii) liver-related complications [HR: 2.62; (95% CI: 1.18-5.81; P = 0.018] and (iii) mortality (HR: 3.46; 95% CI: 1.91-6.29; P < 0.001). For patients with early stages of fibrosis (F0-F2), a survival benefit of SVR patients could not be demonstrated.

CONCLUSIONS

Successful anti-viral therapy decreases mortality, incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure in patients with advanced fibrosis. However, hepatocellular carcinoma development or liver failure are not prevented completely, and further follow-up of patients is advisable.

Polymorphisms of interferon-λ4 and IL28B - effects on treatment response to interferon/ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C

BACKGROUND

The IL28B genotype in rs12979860 predicts success of peginterferon/ribavirin (PEG/RBV) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Recently, a dinucleotide frame shift variant in ss469415590 (TT or ΔG) was described, which generates the novel interferon lambda 4 protein (IFNL4). IFNL4 ss469415590 (ΔG) allele carriers have an impaired clearance of HCV infection and response to IFN-α therapy. In this study, we compared the role of IFNL4 polymorphism with the two commonly used IL28B SNPs rs12979860 and rs8099917 on response to PEG/RBV in patients with CHC.

AIM

To compare the role of IFNL4 polymorphism with the two commonly used IL28B SNPs rs12979860 and rs8099917 on response to PEG/RBV in patients with CHC.

METHODS

A total of 754 PEG/RBV patients treated (male/female = 484/270; Caucasians: 98.8%; mean age: 42.8 [CI 95%: 42.0-43.6] y; genotype (GT)1: n = 435, GT2: n = 23, GT3: n = 185, GT4: n = 114) were investigated. Liver fibrosis was assessed by liver biopsy in 456 patients. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ss469415590, rs12979860 and rs8099917 were analysed by RT-PCR system.

RESULTS

Of the patients, 12.9% (n = 97) had the ss469415590 ΔG/ΔG genotype (IFNL4), 51.3% (n = 387) were heterozygous (TT/ΔG) and 35.8% (n = 270) had TT/TT. IFNL4 polymorphism was independently associated with SVR in GT1 (OR: 2.539, CI 95%: 1.629-3.021, P < 0.001) and GT4 (OR: 12.573, CI 95%: 3.427-46.133, P < 0.001), but not in GT3 (OR: 1.514, CI 95%: 0.933-2.458, P = 0.093). IFNL4 correlated strongly with rs12979860 (ρ = 0.988, P < 0.001), but only moderately with rs8099917 (ρ = 0.598, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings underscore the role of IFNL4 for treatment response in patients with CHC genotypes 1 and 4. However, due to its strong correlation with rs12979860 in IL28B, there is no benefit in additional testing for IFNL4 for treatment prediction in Caucasian patients. By contrast, IFNL4 improves prediction of response to interferon-based therapies, if SNP rs8099917 is used.

Durability of SVR in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with peginterferon-α2a/ribavirin in combination with a direct-acting anti-viral

BACKGROUND

The introduction of direct-acting anti-virals has increased sustained virological response (SVR) rates in chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection. At present, data on long-term durability of viral eradication after successful triple therapy are lacking.

AIM

To evaluate the long-term durability of viral eradication in patients treated with triple therapy, including direct-acting anti-virals.

METHODS

Patients who participated in randomised, controlled trials or an extended access programme of treatment with peginterferon-α2a/ribavirin in combination with a direct-acting anti-viral (telaprevir, danoprevir, faldaprevir, simeprevir, mericitabine, balapiravir) were followed after achieving SVR. The median follow-up after the patients was 21 (range: 7-64) months.

RESULTS

One hundred and three patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection [f/m: 34/69; GT-1b: 67 GT-1a: 34, GT-4: 2; mean age: 47.6 years (45.5-49.7; 95% CI)] achieving a SVR triple therapy were followed. Two cases of late relapses (2/103, 1.9%; 95% CI: 0.24-6.8) were observed. One patient was cirrhotic, both carried the genotype 1b and completed the prescribed treatment. The relapses occurred 8 and 12 months after cessation of anti-viral treatment. Cloning sequencing revealed identical sequence in both patients. Resistance analysis revealed no presence of viral resistance.

CONCLUSION

Like the SVR after peginterferon-α2/ribavirin combination treatment, HCV eradication after triple therapy remains durable after long-term follow-up.

Prevalence and clinical significance of GB virus type C/hepatitis G virus coinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C undergoing antiviral therapy

Coinfection with GBV-C/HGV in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) may influence clinical course and response rates of antiviral therapy. Aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of GBV-C/HGV/HCV coinfection and its influence on outcome of interferon/ribavirin combination therapy. Three hundred and four patients with CHC [m/f = 211/93, age: 42 (18-65)] were investigated. HGV RNA detection was performed by polymerase chain reaction prior to and 6 months after the end of antiviral therapy. HGV/HCV coinfection could be identified in 37/304 (12.2%) patients with intravenous drug abuse as the most common source of infection (N = 21, (56.8%)). The predominant HCV genotype in coinfected individuals was HCV-3a (HCV-3a: 51.4%, HCV-1: 37.8%, HCV-4: 10.8%). HGV coinfection was more prevalent in patients infected with HCV-3 compared to HCV-1 or HCV-4 [19/45 (42.2%) vs. 14/185 (7.6%) vs. 4/52 (7.7%), P < 0.01]. Patients with HGV/HCV coinfection were younger [35 (18-56) vs. 43 (19-65), years; P < 0.01], and advanced fibrosis (F3-F4) was less frequent (22.2% vs. 42.9%, P < 0.05). A sustained virological response was achieved more frequently in HGV/HCV coinfected patients [26/37 (70.3%)] than in monoinfected patients [120/267 (44.9%), P < 0.01]. HGV RNA was undetectable in 65.7% of the coinfected patients at the end of follow-up. Intravenous drug abuse seems to be a major risk factor for HGV coinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Coinfection with HGV does not worsen the clinical course of chronic hepatitis C or diminish response of HCV to antiviral therapy. Interferon/ribavirin combination therapy also clears HGV infection in a high proportion of cases.

Efficacy and safety of antiviral therapy in patients with Crohn's disease and chronic hepatitis C

BACKGROUND

Efficacy and safety of antiviral combination therapy in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is presently not established and consequently CHC is rarely treated in CD patients.

AIM

To analyse the efficacy and tolerability of antiviral interferon/ribavirin therapy in patients with CHC and CD.

METHODS

Eleven HCV-infected CD patients received either 3 x 1.5 microg/kg/week interferon-alpha-2b or 180 microg/week peginterferon-alpha-2a (PEGASYS; Roche, Basel, Switzerland) as monotherapy (n = 1) or in combination with 800-1200 mg/day ribavirin (COPEGUS; Roche) (n = 10) for 24-54 weeks according to HCV-genotype and initial response respectively. Eight patients were under CD-specific therapy.

RESULTS

Five (46%) patients (HCV-1: a = 3; HCV-2: n = 0; HCV-3: n = 1; unknown: n = 1) achieved a sustained virological response, three (27%) patients relapsed, three (27%) were nonresponders (all GT 1b). At baseline, the Harvey--Bradshaw Index was 0 (0-8) [median (range)], increased on antiviral therapy to 4 (1-15) (P = 0.005) and decreased to baseline level 0 (0-6) after 6-month follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

This preliminary experience demonstrates that treatment of CHC in patients with CD is comparable to the treatment of CHC in those without CD. However, gastrointestinal symptoms may be temporarily exacerbated and haemopoietic growth factors may be required.

Hepatocellular carcinoma in long-term sustained virological responders following antiviral combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C

Antiviral treatment results in a sustained virologic response (SVR) in 50-75% of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Long-term follow up studies have observed ongoing SVR in the overwhelming majority of them. Thus chronic hepatitis C is considered 'cured' if an SVR is achieved. Consequently, it is expected that in sustained virologic responders long-term complications of hepatatic C virus (HCV) related chronic liver disease including hepatocellular carcinoma are eliminated or have a decreased incidence. We report on five patients (three from Austria, two from USA) who developed hepatocellular carcinoma during follow up (3-6 years) after achieving SVR. During follow up and at diagnosis all were HCV-RNA neg. None of the patients had other liver diseases. One patient presented with bilateral adrenal metastasis, the remaining four with large hepatic tumours. Three patients were noncirrhotic at the start of treatment at the time of tumour diagnosis. Successful antiviral treatment in HCV patients does not prevent development of hepatocellular carcinoma even in non-cirrhotic livers. Long-term follow up of patients with SVR is mandatory and should include surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Long-term follow-up of chronic hepatitis C patients with sustained virological response to various forms of interferon-based anti-viral therapy

BACKGROUND

Combination anti-viral therapy achieves a sustained virological response (defined as HCV-RNA negativity 6 months after the end of therapy) of 56% of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Little is known about long-term durability of HCV-RNA negativity in patient treated with pegylated interferon.

AIM

To evaluate the durability of virologic response in patients with sustained virological response to anti-viral therapy treated at our centre.

METHODS

A total of 187 sustained virological responses (50% genotype 1, 42% genotype 2 or 3 and 8% genotype 4; 20% with cirrhosis) with a follow-up of >12 months post-therapy were studied. Twelve patients received monotherapy with interferon-alpha2a or -2b. One hundred and seventy-five received combination therapy with ribavirin and standard interferon-alpha (n = 73) or pegylated interferon-alpha2a or 2b (n = 102). Qualitative serum HCV-RNA was tested by COBAS AMPLICOR HCV test, v2.0.

RESULTS

Median follow-up time was 29 months (range 12-172). Recurrence of HCV infection was not observed in any of the 187 sustained virological responders. Alanine aminotransferase values were normal in 90% and two patients showed minimal elevation of alpha-fetoprotein levels.

CONCLUSIONS

No recurrence of HCV infection was seen in any patient. Thus, long-term prognosis in chronic hepatitis C patients with a sustained virological response to therapy with pegylated interferon +/- ribavirin is promising, but long-term studies need to continue.

Primary interferon resistance and treatment response in chronic hepatitis C infection: a pilot study

Only 30% of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 (HCV-1) infection achieve a sustained virological response to interferon and ribavirin combination therapy. We prospectively assessed decline in viral load 24 h after one dose of interferon alfa as a predictor of non-response to 6 months of treatment with interferon and ribavirin. Interferon sensitivity was measured before initiation of combination therapy. We measured viral load in 29 consecutive patients, who had not previously been treated with interferon and who were chronically infected with HCV-1 within 24 h after one dose of 5 MU or 10 MU interferon alfa-2b, and 14 days of daily 5 MU interferon alfa-2b. A 24 h viral load decline by less than 70% of baseline after 5 MU interferon was the best pretreatment measure to identify non-responders (specificity 100%, n=10, 95% CI 74-100], sensitivity 83% [15/18], 59-96]).

Treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C not responding to interferon with high-dose interferon alpha with or without ribavirin: final results of a prospective randomized trial. Austrian Hepatitis Study Group

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the efficacy of high-dose interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) with or without ribavirin in interferon (IFN) non-responders.

STUDY DESIGN

304 chronic hepatitis C patients received 5 MU IFN-alpha2b (IntronA, Schering-Plough, Kenilworth, NJ, USA) three times a week for 3 months. Non-responders were randomized either to continue with IFN (IFN 5 MU/TIW followed by 10 MU/TIW, each for 3 months) alone (group A: n = 76, m: f = 54: 22, age 45.7 +/- 12 years, 16% cirrhosis, alanine aminotransferase [ALT] 66 +/- 35 U/l) or in combination with ribavirin (approximately 14 mg/kg/day) (group B: n = 81, m: f = 57: 24, age 48.2 +/- 12 years, 17% cirrhosis, ALT 71 +/- 40 U/l). At the end of treatment, patients were followed for 6 months.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Virological response at end of treatment and 6 months thereafter.

SETTING

University hospitals and tertiary referral centres.

RESULTS

At the end of treatment, eight (10.8%) and 25 (31.3%, P= 0.0066) patients were HCV-RNA negative, and 51 and 39 were HCV-RNA positive, in groups A and B, respectively. There were 17 drop-outs in each group. Six months after treatment, only one patient in group A (1.3%) and seven patients (8.6%, P= 0.06) in group B had normal ALT and undetectable serum HCV-RNA.

CONCLUSIONS

A combination of high-dose IFN with ribavirin induces a short-lasting complete response in about one-third of IFN-non-responders.

Interim analysis of a randomized controlled trial of combination of ribavirin and high dose interferon-alpha in interferon nonresponders with chronic hepatitis C

This trial investigated the efficacy of a combination of high-dose interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) with ribavirin in IFN nonresponders.

STUDY PROTOCOL

304 patients with chronic hepatitis C were treated with 5 MU IFN-alpha2b (IntronA(R), Schering-Plough) per TIW for 3 months. Nonresponders (defined by HCV-RNA positivity in serum after the 3 months of therapy) were randomized either to continue with IFN (5 MU IFN per TIW followed by 10 MU per TIW for each 3 months) alone (group A) or in combination with ribavirin (1-1.2 g per day) (group B). ALT was measured in monthly intervals, HCV-RNA in 3 monthly intervals. Pretreatment characteristics of the randomized patients were as follows: group A, n = 76; m/f, 54/22; 16% cirrhosis, age, 45. 7 +/- 12 years; ALT (U per litre), 66 +/- 35; group B, n = 81; m/f, 57/24; 17% cirrhosis, age, 48.2 +/- 12; ALT, 71 +/- 40. After 9 months of treatment, nine (11.6%) and 27 (32.5%, P = 0.0066) patients were HCV-RNA negative and 51 and 39 were HCV-RNA positive, in groups A and B, respectively. There were 17 drop-outs in group A and 15 in group B. Six months after treatment only two patients in group A (2.5%) and five (6%, P = 0.06) in group B had normal ALT and no detectable HCV-RNA in serum. In addition to the well-known side-effects of IFN the mean haemoglobin concentration dropped by 2 g per litre in group B. These data indicate that a combination of high-dose IFN with ribavirin is effective in inducing a short-lasting complete response in one-third of IFN nonresponders. Prolonged treatment with IFN/ribavirin may be necessary to obtain a sustained response.