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Isinger M, Busto D, Mikaelsson S, Zhong S, Guo C, Salières P, Arnold CL, L'Huillier A, Gisselbrecht M. Accuracy and precision of the RABBIT technique. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2019; 377:20170475. [PMID: 30929623 PMCID: PMC6452058 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
One of the most ubiquitous techniques within attosecond science is the so-called reconstruction of attosecond beating by interference of two-photon transitions (RABBIT). Originally proposed for the characterization of attosecond pulses, it has been successfully applied to the accurate determination of time delays in photoemission. Here, we examine in detail, using numerical simulations, the effect of the spatial and temporal properties of the light fields and of the experimental procedure on the accuracy of the method. This allows us to identify the necessary conditions to achieve the best temporal precision in RABBIT measurements. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Isinger
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - D. Busto
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - S. Mikaelsson
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - S. Zhong
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - C. Guo
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - P. Salières
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - C. L. Arnold
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - A. L'Huillier
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - M. Gisselbrecht
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
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2
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Gruson V, Barreau L, Jiménez-Galan Á, Risoud F, Caillat J, Maquet A, Carré B, Lepetit F, Hergott JF, Ruchon T, Argenti L, Taïeb R, Martín F, Salières P. Attosecond dynamics through a Fano resonance: Monitoring the birth of a photoelectron. Science 2017; 354:734-738. [PMID: 27846602 DOI: 10.1126/science.aah5188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of quantum systems are encoded in the amplitude and phase of wave packets. However, the rapidity of electron dynamics on the attosecond scale has precluded the complete characterization of electron wave packets in the time domain. Using spectrally resolved electron interferometry, we were able to measure the amplitude and phase of a photoelectron wave packet created through a Fano autoionizing resonance in helium. In our setup, replicas obtained by two-photon transitions interfere with reference wave packets that are formed through smooth continua, allowing the full temporal reconstruction, purely from experimental data, of the resonant wave packet released in the continuum. In turn, this resolves the buildup of the autoionizing resonance on an attosecond time scale. Our results, in excellent agreement with ab initio time-dependent calculations, raise prospects for detailed investigations of ultrafast photoemission dynamics governed by electron correlation, as well as coherent control over structured electron wave packets.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gruson
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - L Barreau
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Á Jiménez-Galan
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Risoud
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 6, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, and CNRS, UMR 7614, LCPMR, Paris, France
| | - J Caillat
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 6, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, and CNRS, UMR 7614, LCPMR, Paris, France
| | - A Maquet
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 6, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, and CNRS, UMR 7614, LCPMR, Paris, France
| | - B Carré
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - F Lepetit
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - J-F Hergott
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - T Ruchon
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - L Argenti
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Taïeb
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 6, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, and CNRS, UMR 7614, LCPMR, Paris, France
| | - F Martín
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Salières
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
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3
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Schoun SB, Camper A, Salières P, Lucchese RR, Agostini P, DiMauro LF. Precise Access to the Molecular-Frame Complex Recombination Dipole through High-Harmonic Spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:033201. [PMID: 28157344 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.033201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on spectral intensity and group delay measurements of the highest-occupied molecular-orbital (HOMO) recombination dipole moment of N_{2} in the molecular-frame using high harmonic spectroscopy. We take advantage of the long-wavelength 1.3 μm driving laser to isolate the HOMO in the near threshold region, 19-67 eV. The precision of our group delay measurements reveals previously unseen angle-resolved spectral features associated with autoionizing resonances, and allows quantitative comparison with cutting-edge correlated 8-channel photoionization dipole moment calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Schoun
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - A Camper
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - P Salières
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - R R Lucchese
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - P Agostini
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - L F DiMauro
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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4
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Veyrinas K, Gruson V, Weber SJ, Barreau L, Ruchon T, Hergott JF, Houver JC, Lucchese RR, Salières P, Dowek D. Molecular frame photoemission by a comb of elliptical high-order harmonics: a sensitive probe of both photodynamics and harmonic complete polarization state. Faraday Discuss 2016; 194:161-183. [PMID: 27853775 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00137h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the intimate anisotropic interaction between an XUV light field and a molecule resulting in photoionization (PI), molecular frame photoelectron angular distributions (MFPADs) are most sensitive probes of both electronic/nuclear dynamics and the polarization state of the ionizing light field. Consequently, they encode the complex dipole matrix elements describing the dynamics of the PI transition, as well as the three normalized Stokes parameters s1, s2, s3 characterizing the complete polarization state of the light, operating as molecular polarimetry. The remarkable development of advanced light sources delivering attosecond XUV pulses opens the perspective to visualize the primary steps of photochemical dynamics in time-resolved studies, at the natural attosecond to few femtosecond time-scales of electron dynamics and fast nuclear motion. It is thus timely to investigate the feasibility of measurement of MFPADs when PI is induced e.g., by an attosecond pulse train (APT) corresponding to a comb of discrete high-order harmonics. In the work presented here, we report MFPAD studies based on coincident electron-ion 3D momentum imaging in the context of ultrafast molecular dynamics investigated at the PLFA facility (CEA-SLIC), with two perspectives: (i) using APTs generated in atoms/molecules as a source for MFPAD-resolved PI studies, and (ii) taking advantage of molecular polarimetry to perform a complete polarization analysis of the harmonic emission of molecules, a major challenge of high harmonic spectroscopy. Recent results illustrating both aspects are reported for APTs generated in unaligned SF6 molecules by an elliptically polarized infrared driving field. The observed fingerprints of the elliptically polarized harmonics include the first direct determination of the complete s1, s2, s3 Stokes vector, equivalent to (ψ, ε, P), the orientation and the signed ellipticity of the polarization ellipse, and the degree of polarization P. They are compared to so far incomplete results of XUV optical polarimetry. We finally discuss the comparison between the outcomes of photoionization and high harmonic spectroscopy for the description of molecular photodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Veyrinas
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France.
| | - V Gruson
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - S J Weber
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - L Barreau
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - T Ruchon
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - J-F Hergott
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - J-C Houver
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France.
| | - R R Lucchese
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - P Salières
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - D Dowek
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France.
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5
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Weber SJ, Manschwetus B, Billon M, Böttcher M, Bougeard M, Breger P, Géléoc M, Gruson V, Huetz A, Lin N, Picard YJ, Ruchon T, Salières P, Carré B. Flexible attosecond beamline for high harmonic spectroscopy and XUV/near-IR pump probe experiments requiring long acquisition times. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:033108. [PMID: 25832212 DOI: 10.1063/1.4914464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe the versatile features of the attosecond beamline recently installed at CEA-Saclay on the PLFA kHz laser. It combines a fine and very complete set of diagnostics enabling high harmonic spectroscopy (HHS) through the advanced characterization of the amplitude, phase, and polarization of the harmonic emission. It also allows a variety of photo-ionization experiments using magnetic bottle and COLTRIMS (COLd Target Recoil Ion Momentum Microscopy) electron spectrometers that may be used simultaneously, thanks to a two-foci configuration. Using both passive and active stabilization, special care was paid to the long term stability of the system to allow, using both experimental approaches, time resolved studies with attosecond precision, typically over several hours of acquisition times. As an illustration, applications to multi-orbital HHS and electron-ion coincidence time resolved spectroscopy are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Weber
- Commissariat l'Energie Atomique, Laser, Interactions and Dynamics Laboratory (LIDyL), DSM/IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - B Manschwetus
- Commissariat l'Energie Atomique, Laser, Interactions and Dynamics Laboratory (LIDyL), DSM/IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - M Billon
- Commissariat l'Energie Atomique, Laser, Interactions and Dynamics Laboratory (LIDyL), DSM/IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - M Böttcher
- ISMO, UMR 8214, Université Paris-Sud, Batiment 350, Orsay, France
| | - M Bougeard
- Commissariat l'Energie Atomique, Laser, Interactions and Dynamics Laboratory (LIDyL), DSM/IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - P Breger
- Commissariat l'Energie Atomique, Laser, Interactions and Dynamics Laboratory (LIDyL), DSM/IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - M Géléoc
- Commissariat l'Energie Atomique, Laser, Interactions and Dynamics Laboratory (LIDyL), DSM/IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - V Gruson
- Commissariat l'Energie Atomique, Laser, Interactions and Dynamics Laboratory (LIDyL), DSM/IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - A Huetz
- ISMO, UMR 8214, Université Paris-Sud, Batiment 350, Orsay, France
| | - N Lin
- Commissariat l'Energie Atomique, Laser, Interactions and Dynamics Laboratory (LIDyL), DSM/IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Y J Picard
- ISMO, UMR 8214, Université Paris-Sud, Batiment 350, Orsay, France
| | - T Ruchon
- Commissariat l'Energie Atomique, Laser, Interactions and Dynamics Laboratory (LIDyL), DSM/IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - P Salières
- Commissariat l'Energie Atomique, Laser, Interactions and Dynamics Laboratory (LIDyL), DSM/IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - B Carré
- Commissariat l'Energie Atomique, Laser, Interactions and Dynamics Laboratory (LIDyL), DSM/IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
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6
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Abstract
The recently developed attosecond light sources make the investigation of ultrafast processes in matter possible with unprecedented time resolution. It has been proposed that the very mechanism underlying the attosecond emission allows the imaging of valence orbitals with Ångström space resolution. This controversial idea together with the possibility of combining attosecond and Ångström resolutions in the same measurements has become a hot topic in strong-field science. Indeed, this could provide a new way to image the evolution of the molecular electron cloud during, e.g. a chemical reaction in 'real time'. Here we review both experimental and theoretical challenges raised by the implementation of these prospects. In particular, we show how the valence orbital structure is encoded in the spectral phase of the recombination dipole moment calculated for Coulomb scattering states, which allows a tomographic reconstruction of the orbital using first-order corrections to the plane-wave approach. The possibility of disentangling multi-channel contributions to the attosecond emission is discussed as well as the necessary compromise between the temporal and spatial resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Salières
- CEA-Saclay, IRAMIS, Service des Photons, Atomes et Molécules, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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7
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Bourassin-Bouchet C, Diveki Z, de Rossi S, English E, Meltchakov E, Gobert O, Guénot D, Carré B, Delmotte F, Salières P, Ruchon T. Control of the attosecond synchronization of XUV radiation with phase-optimized mirrors. Opt Express 2011; 19:3809-3817. [PMID: 21369205 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.003809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report on the advanced amplitude and phase control of attosecond radiation allowed by specifically-designed multilayer XUV mirrors. We first demonstrate that such mirrors can compensate for the intrinsic chirp of the attosecond emission over a large bandwidth of more than 20 eV. We then show that their combination with metallic foils introduces a third-order dispersion that is adjustable through the mirror's incidence angle. This results in a controllable beating allowing the radiation to be shaped from a single to a series of sub-100 as pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bourassin-Bouchet
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d’Optique, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, 2 Avenue, Augustin Fresnel, 91127 Palaiseau, France.
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8
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Elouga Bom LB, Haessler S, Gobert O, Perdrix M, Lepetit F, Hergott JF, Carré B, Ozaki T, Salières P. Attosecond emission from chromium plasma. Opt Express 2011; 19:3677-3685. [PMID: 21369193 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.003677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present the first measurement of the attosecond emission generated from underdense plasma produced on a solid target. We generate high-order harmonics of a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser focused in a weakly ionized underdense chromium plasma. Using the "Reconstruction of Attosecond Beating by Interference of Two-photon Transitions" (RABITT) technique, we show that the 11th to the 19th harmonic orders form in the time domain an attosecond pulse train with each pulse having 300 as duration, which is only 1.05 times the theoretical Fourier transform limit. Measurements reveal a very low positive group delay dispersion of 4200 as2. Beside its fundamental interest, high-order harmonic generation in plasma plumes could thus provide an intense source of attosecond pulses for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Elouga Bom
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique–Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
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9
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Schapper F, Holler M, Auguste T, Zaïr A, Weger M, Salières P, Gallmann L, Keller U. Spatial fingerprint of quantum path interferences in high order harmonic generation. Opt Express 2010; 18:2987-2994. [PMID: 20174127 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.002987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have spatially and spectrally resolved the high order harmonic emission from an argon gas target. Under proper phase matching conditions we were able to observe for the first time the spatial fine structure originating from the interference of the two shortest quantum paths in the harmonic beam. The structure can be explained by the intensity-dependent harmonic phase of the contributions from the two paths. The spatially and spectrally resolved measurements are consistent with previous spatially integrated results. Our measurement method represents a new tool to clearly distinguish between different interference effects and to potentially observe higher order trajectories in the future with improved detection sensitivity. Here, we demonstrate additional experimental evidence that the observed interference pattern is only due to quantum-path interferences and cannot be explained by a phase modulation effect. Our experimental results are fully supported by simulations using the strong field approximation and including propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schapper
- Physics Department, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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10
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Holler M, Zaïr A, Schapper F, Auguste T, Cormier E, Wyatt A, Monmayrant A, Walmsley IA, Gallmann L, Salières P, Keller U. Ionization effects on spectral signatures of quantum-path interference in high-harmonic generation. Opt Express 2009; 17:5716-5722. [PMID: 19333340 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.005716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The interference between the emission originating from the short and long electron quantum paths is intrinsic to the high harmonic generation process. We investigate the universal properties of these quantum-path interferences in various generation media and discuss how ionization effects influence the observed interference structures. Our comparison of quantum-path interferences observed in xenon, argon, and neon demonstrates that our experimental tools are generally applicable and should also allow investigating more complex systems such as molecules or clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holler
- Physics Department, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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11
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Zaïr A, Holler M, Guandalini A, Schapper F, Biegert J, Gallmann L, Keller U, Wyatt AS, Monmayrant A, Walmsley IA, Cormier E, Auguste T, Caumes JP, Salières P. Quantum path interferences in high-order harmonic generation. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:143902. [PMID: 18518033 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.143902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the intensity dependence of high-order harmonic generation in argon when the two shortest quantum paths contribute to the harmonic emission. For the first time to our knowledge, experimental conditions were found to clearly observe interference between these two quantum paths that are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. This result is a first step towards the direct experimental characterization of the full single-atom dipole moment and demonstrates an unprecedented accuracy of quantum path control on an attosecond time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaïr
- Physics Department, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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12
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Tate J, Auguste T, Muller HG, Salières P, Agostini P, DiMauro LF. Scaling of wave-packet dynamics in an intense midinfrared field. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:013901. [PMID: 17358475 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.013901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical investigation is presented that examines the wavelength scaling from near-visible (0.8 micro m) to midinfrared (2 micro m) of the photoelectron distribution and high harmonics generated by a "single" atom in an intense electromagnetic field. The calculations use a numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) in argon and the strong-field approximation in helium. The scaling of electron energies (lambda2), harmonic cutoff (lambda2), and attochirp (lambda -1) agree with classical mechanics, but it is found that, surprisingly, the harmonic yield follows a lambda -(5-6) scaling at constant intensity. In addition, the TDSE results reveal an unexpected contribution from higher-order returns of the rescattering electron wave packet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tate
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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13
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Varjú K, Mairesse Y, Agostini P, Breger P, Carré B, Frasinski LJ, Gustafsson E, Johnsson P, Mauritsson J, Merdji H, Monchicourt P, L'Huillier A, Salières P. Reconstruction of attosecond pulse trains using an adiabatic phase expansion. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 95:243901. [PMID: 16384379 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.243901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new method to reconstruct the electric field of attosecond pulse trains. The phase of the high-order harmonic emission electric field is Taylor expanded around the maximum of the laser pulse envelope in the time domain and around the central harmonic in the frequency domain. Experimental measurements allow us to determine the coefficients of this expansion and to characterize the radiation with attosecond accuracy over a femtosecond time scale. The method gives access to pulse-to-pulse variations along the train, including the timing, the chirp, and the attosecond carrier envelope phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Varjú
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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14
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Kovacev M, Fomichev SV, Priori E, Mairesse Y, Merdji H, Monchicourt P, Breger P, Norin J, Persson A, L'Huillier A, Wahlström CG, Carré B, Salières P. Extreme ultraviolet Fourier-transform spectroscopy with high order harmonics. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 95:223903. [PMID: 16384221 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.223903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new scheme for extreme ultraviolet (xuv) Fourier-transform spectroscopy based on the generation of two phase-locked high-harmonic beams. It allows us to measure for the first time interferograms at wavelengths as short as 90 nm, and open the perspective of performing high-resolution Fourier-transform absorption spectroscopy in the xuv. Our measurements also demonstrate that a precise control of the relative phase of harmonic pulses can be obtained with an accuracy on an attosecond time scale, of importance for future xuv pump-xuv probe attosecond spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kovacev
- CEA/DSM/DRECAM/SPAM, bât. 522, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Johnsson P, López-Martens R, Kazamias S, Mauritsson J, Valentin C, Remetter T, Varjú K, Gaarde MB, Mairesse Y, Wabnitz H, Salières P, Balcou P, Schafer KJ, L'Huillier A. Attosecond electron wave packet dynamics in strong laser fields. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 95:013001. [PMID: 16090610 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.013001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We use a train of sub-200 attosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses with energies just above the ionization threshold in argon to create a train of temporally localized electron wave packets. We study the energy transfer from a strong infrared (IR) laser field to the ionized electrons as a function of the delay between the XUV and IR fields. When the wave packets are born at the zero crossings of the IR field, a significant amount of energy (approximately 20 eV) is transferred from the field to the electrons. This results in dramatically enhanced above-threshold ionization in conditions where the IR field alone does not induce any significant ionization. Because both the energy and duration of the wave packets can be varied independently of the IR laser, they are valuable tools for studying and controlling strong-field processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Johnsson
- Department of Physics, Lund Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Mairesse Y, Gobert O, Breger P, Merdji H, Meynadier P, Monchicourt P, Perdrix M, Salières P, Carré B. High harmonic XUV spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:173903. [PMID: 15904292 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.173903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the first experimental complete temporal characterization of high-harmonic XUV pulses by spectral phase interferometry, with an all-optical setup. This method allows us to perform single-shot measurements of the harmonic temporal profile and phase, revealing a remarkable shot-to-shot stability. We characterize harmonics generated in argon by a 50 fs 800 nm laser pulse. The 11th harmonic is found to be 22 fs long with a negative chirp rate of -4.8 x 10(27) s(-2). This duration can be reduced to 13 fs by modulating the polarization of the generating laser. The technique is easy to implement and could be routinely used in femtosecond XUV pump-probe experiments with harmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mairesse
- DSM-DRECAM-Service des Photons, Atomes et Molécules, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Mairesse Y, de Bohan A, Frasinski LJ, Merdji H, Dinu LC, Monchicourt P, Breger P, Kovacev M, Auguste T, Carré B, Muller HG, Agostini P, Salières P. Optimization of attosecond pulse generation. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:163901. [PMID: 15524990 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.163901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The generation of attosecond pulses by superposition of high harmonics relies on their synchronization in the emission. Our experiments in the low-order, plateau, and cutoff regions of the spectrum reveal different regimes in the electron dynamics determining the synchronization quality. The shortest pulses are obtained by combining a spectral filtering of harmonics from the end of the plateau and the cutoff, and a far-field spatial filtering that selects a single electron quantum path contribution to the emission. This method applies to isolated pulses as well as pulse trains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mairesse
- CEA/DSM/DRECAM/SPAM, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Mairesse Y, de Bohan A, Frasinski LJ, Merdji H, Dinu LC, Monchicourt P, Breger P, Kovacev M, Taïeb R, Carré B, Muller HG, Agostini P, Salières P. Attosecond Synchronization of High-Harmonic Soft X-rays. Science 2003; 302:1540-3. [PMID: 14645841 DOI: 10.1126/science.1090277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Subfemtosecond light pulses can be obtained by superposing several high harmonics of an intense laser pulse. Provided that the harmonics are emitted simultaneously, increasing their number should result in shorter pulses. However, we found that the high harmonics were not synchronized on an attosecond time scale, thus setting a lower limit to the achievable x-ray pulse duration. We showed that the synchronization could be improved considerably by controlling the underlying ultrafast electron dynamics, to provide pulses of 130 attoseconds in duration. We discuss the possibility of achieving even shorter pulses, which would allow us to track fast electron processes in matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mairesse
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, DRECAM/SPAM, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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19
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Salières P, Carré B, Le Déroff L, Grasbon F, Paulus GG, Walther H, Kopold R, Becker W, Milosević DB, Sanpera A, Lewenstein M. Feynman's path-integral approach for intense-laser-atom interactions. Science 2001; 292:902-5. [PMID: 11340197 DOI: 10.1126/science.108836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Atoms interacting with intense laser fields can emit electrons and photons of very high energies. An intuitive and quantitative explanation of these highly nonlinear processes can be found in terms of a generalization of classical Newtonian particle trajectories, the so-called quantum orbits. Very few quantum orbits are necessary to reproduce the experimental results. These orbits are clearly identified, thus opening the way for an efficient control as well as previously unknown applications of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Salières
- Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, CEA/DRECAM/SPAM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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20
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Descamps D, Lyngå C, Norin J, L'huillier A, Wahlström CG, Hergott JF, Merdji H, Salières P, Bellini M, Hänsch TW. Extreme ultraviolet interferometry measurements with high-order harmonics. Opt Lett 2000; 25:135-137. [PMID: 18059807 DOI: 10.1364/ol.25.000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that high-order harmonics generated by short, intense laser pulses in gases provide an interesting radiation source for extreme ultraviolet interferometry, since they are tunable, coherent, of short pulse duration, and simple to manipulate. Harmonics from the 9th to the 15th are used to measure the thickness of an aluminum layer. The 11th harmonic is used to determine the spatial distribution of the electron density of a plasma produced by a 300-ps laser. Electronic densities higher than 2-10(20)electrons/cm>(3) are measured.
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Abstract
Using a multilayer spherical mirror, we focus the high-order harmonic radiation produced near 55 nm by the nonlinear interaction of an intense femtosecond laser pulse and a xenon gas jet. The focused XUV beam is characterized by a knife-edge technique in the focal region and by far-field imaging. We show that good-quality beams, nearly two times diffraction limited, can be generated, a conclusion that is at variance with recent predictions of harmonic phase-front distortion. Spot sizes close to 10 microm are obtained, resulting in a high XUV intensity. Increasing the gas density and the length of the generating medium results in a large increase in the divergence in and degradation of the beam quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Le Déroff
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences de Matière/Département de Recherche sur l'Etat Condensé, Atomes et Molécules/Service des Photons, Atomes et Molécules, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Antoine P, L'Huillier A, Lewenstein M, Salières P, Carré B. Theory of high-order harmonic generation by an elliptically polarized laser field. Phys Rev A 1996; 53:1725-1745. [PMID: 9913065 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
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23
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Lewenstein M, Salières P, L'Huillier A. Phase of the atomic polarization in high-order harmonic generation. Phys Rev A 1995; 52:4747-4754. [PMID: 9912816 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.52.4747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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25
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Rzazewski K, Lewenstein M, Salières P. Multielectron stabilization of atoms in a laser field: Classical perspective. Phys Rev A 1994; 49:1196-1201. [PMID: 9910352 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.49.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Wahlström C, Larsson J, Persson A, Starczewski T, Svanberg S, Salières P, Balcou P, L'Huillier A. High-order harmonic generation in rare gases with an intense short-pulse laser. Phys Rev A 1993; 48:4709-4720. [PMID: 9910180 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.48.4709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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27
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L'Huillier A, Lewenstein M, Salières P, Balcou P, Ivanov MY, Larsson J, Wahlström CG. High-order Harmonic-generation cutoff. Phys Rev A 1993; 48:R3433-R3436. [PMID: 9910088 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.48.r3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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28
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