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Martínez-Escribano A, Maroto-García J, Ruiz-Galdón M, Barrios-Rodríguez R, Álvarez-Millán JJ, Cabezas-Sánchez P, Plaza-Andrades I, Molina-Vega M, Tinahones FJ, Queipo-Ortuño MI, Fernández-García JC. Measurement of Serum Testosterone in Nondiabetic Young Obese Men: Comparison of Direct Immunoassay to Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121697. [PMID: 33352636 PMCID: PMC7765982 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoandrogenemia, a frequent finding in men with obesity, is defined by low concentrations of serum testosterone. Although immunoassay (IA) is the most used method for the determination of this steroid in clinical practice, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is considered a more reliable method. In this study, we aimed to compare IA versus LC-MS/MS measurement for the diagnosis of hypoandrogenemia in a cohort of 273 nondiabetic young obese men. Mean total testosterone (TT) levels were 3.20 ± 1.24 ng/mL for IA and 3.78 ± 1.4 ng/mL for LC-MS/MS. 53.7% and 26.3% of patients were classified as presenting hypoandrogenemia with IA and LC-MS/MS, respectively. Considering LC-MS/MS as the reference method, sensitivity and specificity of IA were 91.4% (95% CI 82.3-96.8) and 61.1% (95% CI 54.0-67.8), respectively. IA presented an AUC of 0.879 (95% CI 0.83-0.928). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations (p = 0.002) and insulin resistance (p = 0.008) were factors associated with discrepant IA values. In conclusion, the determination of TT by IA in nondiabetic young men with obesity yields lower concentrations of TT than LC-MS/MS, resulting in an equivocal increased diagnosis of hypoandrogenemia, which could lead to inaccurate diagnosis and unnecessary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martínez-Escribano
- Department of Surgery, Biochemistry and Immunology, Málaga University, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (A.M.-E.); (J.M.-G.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Julia Maroto-García
- Department of Surgery, Biochemistry and Immunology, Málaga University, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (A.M.-E.); (J.M.-G.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Maximiliano Ruiz-Galdón
- Department of Surgery, Biochemistry and Immunology, Málaga University, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (A.M.-E.); (J.M.-G.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Rocío Barrios-Rodríguez
- Departmento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Isaac Plaza-Andrades
- Department of Medical Oncology, Virgen de la Victoria and Regional University Hospitals-IBIMA, UMA-CIMES, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - María Molina-Vega
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (M.M.-V.); (J.C.F.-G.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (M.M.-V.); (J.C.F.-G.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.J.T.); (M.I.Q.-O.); Tel.: +34-951032647 (F.J.T. & M.I.Q.-O.); Fax: +34-951924651 (F.J.T. & M.I.Q.-O.)
| | - María Isabel Queipo-Ortuño
- Department of Medical Oncology, Virgen de la Victoria and Regional University Hospitals-IBIMA, UMA-CIMES, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Correspondence: (F.J.T.); (M.I.Q.-O.); Tel.: +34-951032647 (F.J.T. & M.I.Q.-O.); Fax: +34-951924651 (F.J.T. & M.I.Q.-O.)
| | - José Carlos Fernández-García
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (M.M.-V.); (J.C.F.-G.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Málaga, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
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Martínez-Montoro JI, Molina-Vega M, Asenjo-Plaza M, García-Ruiz MC, Varea-Marineto E, Plaza-Andrade I, Álvarez-Millán JJ, Cabezas-Sánchez P, Tinahones FJ, Fernández-García JC. Adiposity is Associated with Decreased Serum 17-Hydroxyprogesterone Levels in Non-Diabetic Obese Men Aged 18-49: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9123873. [PMID: 33260786 PMCID: PMC7760398 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with decreased circulating testosterone levels, the main male sex hormone. However, there are a number of different male sex hormones whose dynamics remain poorly understood regarding this pathology. In this regard, 17 hydroxyprogesterone (17-OH progesterone), as an important precursor of testosterone synthetized in testes and adrenal glands, could play an essential role in testosterone deficiency in male obesity. Moreover, similarly to testosterone, 17-OH progesterone could be closely associated with visceral fat distribution and metabolic dysfunction. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess serum 17-OH progesterone levels in non-diabetic obese young men and to evaluate their relationship with clinical, analytical, and anthropometric parameters. We conducted a cross-sectional study including 266 non-diabetic men with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) aged 18-49 years; 17-OH progesterone and total testosterone (TT) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. 17-OH progesterone levels were significantly lower in tertile 3 of body fat percentage in comparison with tertile 1 (0.74 ng/mL vs. 0.94 ng/mL, p < 0.01; Bonferroni correction) and in comparison with tertile 2 (0.74 ng/mL vs. 0.89 ng/mL, p = 0.02; Bonferroni correction). 17-OH progesterone levels correlated negatively with weight, BMI, waist circumference, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and visceral fat, and positively with TT, free testosterone (FT), luteinizing hormone, and fat-free mass percentage. Multivariate linear-regression analysis showed that body fat percentage and HOMA-IR were inversely associated with 17-OH progesterone levels, while FT and ACTH were positively linked to circulating 17-OH progesterone levels. In conclusion, in a population of non-diabetic obese young men, 17-OH progesterone levels were inversely associated with adiposity. Body fat percentage and insulin resistance were negatively related to 17-OH progesterone levels, whereas FT and ACTH levels were positively associated with 17-OH progesterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Martínez-Montoro
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.I.M.-M.); (J.C.F.-G.)
| | - María Molina-Vega
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.I.M.-M.); (J.C.F.-G.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.M.-V.); (F.J.T.); Tel.: +34951034016 (M.M.-V. & F.J.T.); Fax: +34951924651 (M.M.-V. & F.J.T.)
| | - Maite Asenjo-Plaza
- Cruz de Humilladero Primary Care Centre, 29006 Málaga, Spain; (M.A.-P.); (M.C.G.-R.); (E.V.-M.)
| | | | - Enrique Varea-Marineto
- Cruz de Humilladero Primary Care Centre, 29006 Málaga, Spain; (M.A.-P.); (M.C.G.-R.); (E.V.-M.)
| | - Isaac Plaza-Andrade
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | | | | | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.I.M.-M.); (J.C.F.-G.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.M.-V.); (F.J.T.); Tel.: +34951034016 (M.M.-V. & F.J.T.); Fax: +34951924651 (M.M.-V. & F.J.T.)
| | - José Carlos Fernández-García
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.I.M.-M.); (J.C.F.-G.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
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Rivera-Torres J, Acín-Perez R, Cabezas-Sánchez P, Osorio FG, Gonzalez-Gómez C, Megias D, Cámara C, López-Otín C, Enríquez JA, Luque-García JL, Andrés V. Identification of mitochondrial dysfunction in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome through use of stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture. J Proteomics 2013; 91:466-77. [PMID: 23969228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare segmental premature aging disorder that recapitulates some biological and physical aspects of physiological aging. The disease is caused by a sporadic dominant mutation in the LMNA gene that leads to the expression of progerin, a mutant form of lamin A that lacks 50 amino acids and retains a toxic farnesyl modification in its carboxy-terminus. However, the mechanisms underlying cellular damage and senescence and accelerated aging in HGPS are incompletely understood. Here, we analyzed fibroblasts from healthy subjects and HGPS patients using SILAC (stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture). We found in HGPS cells a marked downregulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation proteins accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction, a process thought to provoke broad organ decline during normal aging. We also found mitochondrial dysfunction in fibroblasts from adult progeroid mice expressing progerin (Lmna(G609G/G609G) knock-in mice) or prelamin A (Zmpste24-null mice). Analysis of tissues from these mouse models revealed that the damaging effect of these proteins on mitochondrial function is time- and dose-dependent. Mitochondrial alterations were not observed in the brain, a tissue with extremely low progerin expression that seems to be unaffected in HGPS. Remarkably, mitochondrial function was restored in progeroid mouse fibroblasts treated with the isoprenylation inhibitors FTI-277 or pravastatin plus zoledronate, which are being tested in HGPS clinical trials. Our results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to premature organ decline and aging in HGPS. Beyond its effects on progeria, prelamin A and progerin may also contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction and organ damage during normal aging, since these proteins are expressed in cells and tissues from non-HGPS individuals, most prominently at advanced ages. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Mutations in LMNA or defective processing of prelamin A causes premature aging disorders, including Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). Most HGPS patients carry in heterozygosis a de-novo point mutation (c.1824C>T: GGC>GGT; p.G608G) which causes the expression of the lamin A mutant protein called progerin. Despite the importance of progerin and prelamin A in accelerated aging, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. To tackle this question, we compared the proteome of skin-derived dermal fibroblast from HGPS patients and age-matched controls using quantitative stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). Our results show a pronounced down-regulation of several components of the mitochondrial ATPase complex accompanied by up-regulation of some glycolytic enzymes. Accordingly, functional studies demonstrated mitochondrial dysfunction in HGPS fibroblasts. Moreover, our expression and functional studies using cellular and animal models confirmed that mitochondrial dysfunction is a feature of progeria which develops in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Finally, we demonstrate improved mitochondrial function in progeroid mouse cells treated with a combination of statins and aminobisphosphonates, two drugs that are being evaluated in ongoing HGPS clinical trials. Although further studies are needed to unravel the mechanisms through which progerin and prelamin A provoke mitochondrial abnormalities, our findings may pave the way to improved treatments of HGPS. These studies may also improve our knowledge of the mechanisms leading to mitochondrial dysfunction during normal aging, since both progerin and prelamin A have been found to accumulate during normal aging.
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Key Words
- ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit B1
- ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, O subunit
- ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1
- ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, beta polypeptide
- ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, gamma polypeptide
- ATP5A1
- ATP5B
- ATP5C1
- ATP5F1
- ATP5O
- Accelerated aging
- COX
- CS
- ENO2
- FTI
- FpSDH
- HGPS
- Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome
- Lamin A
- MAF
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- Molecular biology of aging
- OXPHOS
- PKM
- Progerin
- SILAC
- Zmpste24
- citrate synthase
- cytochrome c oxidase
- eIF2
- eIF4
- enolase 2
- eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2
- eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4
- farnesyltransferase inhibitor
- flavoprotein subunit of succinate dehydrogenase
- mTOR
- mammalian target of rapamycin
- mouse adult fibroblast
- oxidative phosphorylation
- p70S6K
- pyruvate kinase, muscle
- ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kDa, polypeptide 1
- stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture
- zinc metalloproteinase STE24 homolog
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rivera-Torres
- Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
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