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Castro-Córdova P, Pizarro-Guajardo M, Romero-Rodríguez A. Editorial: Mechanism of colonization and persistence of gut commensal microbiota and pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1176453. [PMID: 36968118 PMCID: PMC10034373 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1176453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Castro-Córdova
- Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy (IMPACT), Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Alba Romero-Rodríguez, ; Pablo Castro-Córdova,
| | | | - Alba Romero-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Alba Romero-Rodríguez, ; Pablo Castro-Córdova,
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2
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Castro-Córdova P, Mendoza-León MJ, Paredes-Sabja D. Using a ligate intestinal loop mouse model to investigate Clostridioides difficile adherence to the intestinal mucosa in aged mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261081. [PMID: 34936648 PMCID: PMC8694449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of Clostridioides difficile spores with the intestinal mucosa contributes to the persistence and recurrence of the infection. Advanced age is one of the main risk factors for C. difficile infection and recurrence of the disease. However, interaction of C. difficile spores with the intestinal mucosa during aging has not been evaluated. In the present work, using intestinal ligated loop technique in a mouse model, we analyzed C. difficile spore adherence and internalization to the ileum and colonic mucosa during aging. Additionally, we provide visual documentation of the critical steps of the procedure. Consequently, our data suggest that spore internalization in the ileum and colonic mucosa is higher in elderly mice rather than adults or young mice. Also, our data suggest that spore adherence to the ileum and colonic mucosa decreases with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Castro-Córdova
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program—Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José Mendoza-León
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program—Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Paredes-Sabja
- ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program—Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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Castro-Córdova P, Mora-Uribe P, Reyes-Ramírez R, Cofré-Araneda G, Orozco-Aguilar J, Brito-Silva C, Mendoza-León MJ, Kuehne SA, Minton NP, Pizarro-Guajardo M, Paredes-Sabja D. Entry of spores into intestinal epithelial cells contributes to recurrence of Clostridioides difficile infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1140. [PMID: 33602902 PMCID: PMC7893008 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile spores produced during infection are important for the recurrence of the disease. Here, we show that C. difficile spores gain entry into the intestinal mucosa via pathways dependent on host fibronectin-α5β1 and vitronectin-αvβ1. The exosporium protein BclA3, on the spore surface, is required for both entry pathways. Deletion of the bclA3 gene in C. difficile, or pharmacological inhibition of endocytosis using nystatin, leads to reduced entry into the intestinal mucosa and reduced recurrence of the disease in a mouse model. Our findings indicate that C. difficile spore entry into the intestinal barrier can contribute to spore persistence and infection recurrence, and suggest potential avenues for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Castro-Córdova
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Mora-Uribe
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Reyes-Ramírez
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Glenda Cofré-Araneda
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Josué Orozco-Aguilar
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Brito-Silva
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José Mendoza-León
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sarah A Kuehne
- School of Dentistry and Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nigel P Minton
- BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marjorie Pizarro-Guajardo
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Paredes-Sabja
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Castro-Córdova P, Díaz-Yáñez F, Muñoz-Miralles J, Gil F, Paredes-Sabja D. Effect of antibiotic to induce Clostridioides difficile-susceptibility and infectious strain in a mouse model of Clostridioides difficile infection and recurrence. Anaerobe 2020; 62:102149. [PMID: 31940467 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic bacterium Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea that can culminate in life-threating colitis. During the C. difficile infection (CDI), C. difficile produces toxins that generate the clinical symptoms of the disease, and produce spores, which persist in the host during antibiotic treatment and can cause recurrent CDI (R-CDI). In this work, we aimed to compare three antibiotic regimens in the susceptibility of mice to CDI and R-CDI (i.e., antibiotic cocktail followed by clindamycin, 5 days of cefoperazone and 10 days of cefoperazone) with three different C. difficile isolates (i.e., strains 630; R20291, and VPI 10463). We observed that the severity of the clinical symptoms of CDI and R-CDI was dependent on the antibiotic treatment used to induce C. difficile-susceptibility, and that the three strains generated a different onset to diarrhea and weight loss in mice that were administrated with the same antibiotic treatment and which differed in comparison to the effect previously reported by other research groups. Our results suggest that, in our experimental conditions, in those animals treated with antibiotic cocktail followed by clindamycin, infection with strain R20291 had the highest diarrhea manifestation in comparison to strains 630 and VPI 10463. In animals treated with cefoperazone for 5 days, infection with strains R20291 or 630 had the highest diarrhea manifestation in comparison to VPI 10463, while in animals treated with cefoperazone for 10 days, infection with strain R20291 or VPI 10463, but not 630, had the highest diarrhea manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Castro-Córdova
- Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Microbiota-Host Interactions & Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Díaz-Yáñez
- Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Microbiota-Host Interactions & Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Muñoz-Miralles
- Microbiota-Host Interactions & Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Gil
- Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Microbiota-Host Interactions & Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Paredes-Sabja
- Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Microbiota-Host Interactions & Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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Muñoz-Miralles J, Trindade BC, Castro-Córdova P, Bergin IL, Kirk LA, Gil F, Aronoff DM, Paredes-Sabja D. Indomethacin increases severity of Clostridium difficile infection in mouse model. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1271-1281. [PMID: 30238771 PMCID: PMC6190216 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect on the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin on Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) severity. MATERIALS & METHODS Indomethacin was administered in two different mouse models of antibiotic-associated CDI in two different facilities, using a low and high dose of indomethacin. RESULTS Indomethacin administration caused weight loss, increased the signs of severe infection and worsened histopathological damage, leading to 100% mortality during CDI. Indomethacin-treated, antibiotic-exposed mice infected with C. difficile had enhanced intestinal inflammation with increased expression of KC, IL-1β and IL-22 compared with infected mice unexposed to indomethacin. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate a negative impact of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on antibiotic-associated CDI in mice and suggest that targeting the synthesis or signaling of prostaglandins might be an approach to ameliorating the severity of CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Muñoz-Miralles
- Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile
- Microbiota-Host Interactions & Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile
| | - Bruno C Trindade
- Department of Pathology, The University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01605 MA, USA
| | - Pablo Castro-Córdova
- Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile
- Microbiota-Host Interactions & Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile
| | - Ingrid L Bergin
- The Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109 MI, USA
| | - Leslie A Kirk
- The Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109 MI, USA
| | - Fernando Gil
- Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile
- Microbiota-Host Interactions & Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile
| | - David M Aronoff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, 37232 TN, USA
| | - Daniel Paredes-Sabja
- Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile
- Microbiota-Host Interactions & Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile
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6
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Calderón-Romero P, Castro-Córdova P, Reyes-Ramírez R, Milano-Céspedes M, Guerrero-Araya E, Pizarro-Guajardo M, Olguín-Araneda V, Gil F, Paredes-Sabja D. Clostridium difficile exosporium cysteine-rich proteins are essential for the morphogenesis of the exosporium layer, spore resistance, and affect C. difficile pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007199. [PMID: 30089172 PMCID: PMC6101409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive spore-former bacterium and the leading cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea that can culminate in fatal colitis. During the infection, C. difficile produces metabolically dormant spores, which persist in the host and can cause recurrence of the infection. The surface of C. difficile spores seems to be the key in spore-host interactions and persistence. The proteome of the outermost exosporium layer of C. difficile spores has been determined, identifying two cysteine-rich exosporium proteins, CdeC and CdeM. In this work, we explore the contribution of both cysteine-rich proteins in exosporium integrity, spore biology and pathogenesis. Using targeted mutagenesis coupled with transmission electron microscopy we demonstrate that both cysteine rich proteins, CdeC and CdeM, are morphogenetic factors of the exosporium layer of C. difficile spores. Notably, cdeC, but not cdeM spores, exhibited defective spore coat, and were more sensitive to ethanol, heat and phagocytic cells. In a healthy colonic mucosa (mouse ileal loop assay), cdeC and cdeM spore adherence was lower than that of wild-type spores; while in a mouse model of recurrence of the disease, cdeC mutant exhibited an increased infection and persistence during recurrence. In a competitive infection mouse model, cdeC mutant had increased fitness over wild-type. Through complementation analysis with FLAG fusion of known exosporium and coat proteins, we demonstrate that CdeC and CdeM are required for the recruitment of several exosporium proteins to the surface of C. difficile spores. CdeC appears to be conserved exclusively in related Peptostreptococcaeace family members, while CdeM is unique to C. difficile. Our results sheds light on how CdeC and CdeM affect the biology of C. difficile spores and the assembly of the exosporium layer and, demonstrate that CdeC affect C. difficile pathogenesis. We discovered a mechanism of assembly of the outer most layer of Clostridium difficile spores, the exosporium. While CdeC is conserved in several Peptostreptococcaeace family members, CdeM is unique to C. difficile. We show that two proteins that are rich in cysteine amino acid residues, CdeC and CdeM, are essential for the recruitment of additional spore coat and exosporium proteins. The absence of CdeC, had profound implications in the correct spore coat assembly which were related to decreased spore resistant properties that are relevant for in vivo infection such as lysozyme resistance, macrophage infection. Notably, the absence of either cysteine rich proteins leads to a decrease in spore adherence of C. difficile spores to healthy colonic mucosa; but only the absence of CdeC affected in vivo competitive fitness in a mouse model, recurrence of the disease in a mouse model of recurrent infection. Considering the importance of the outer layers of C. difficile spores in spore-host interactions, our findings have broad implications on the biology of C. difficile spores and to C. difficile pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Calderón-Romero
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Castro-Córdova
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Reyes-Ramírez
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauro Milano-Céspedes
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enzo Guerrero-Araya
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marjorie Pizarro-Guajardo
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Olguín-Araneda
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Gil
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Paredes-Sabja
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Mora-Uribe P, Miranda-Cárdenas C, Castro-Córdova P, Gil F, Calderón I, Fuentes JA, Rodas PI, Banawas S, Sarker MR, Paredes-Sabja D. Characterization of the Adherence of Clostridium difficile Spores: The Integrity of the Outermost Layer Affects Adherence Properties of Spores of the Epidemic Strain R20291 to Components of the Intestinal Mucosa. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:99. [PMID: 27713865 PMCID: PMC5031699 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is the causative agent of the most frequently reported nosocomial diarrhea worldwide. The high incidence of recurrent infection is the main clinical challenge of C. difficile infections (CDI). Formation of C. difficile spores of the epidemic strain R20291 has been shown to be essential for recurrent infection and transmission of the disease in a mouse model. However, the underlying mechanisms of how these spores persist in the colonic environment remains unclear. In this work, we characterized the adherence properties of epidemic R20291 spores to components of the intestinal mucosa, and we assessed the role of the exosporium integrity in the adherence properties by using cdeC mutant spores with a defective exosporium layer. Our results showed that spores and vegetative cells of the epidemic R20291 strain adhered at high levels to monolayers of Caco-2 cells and mucin. Transmission electron micrographs of Caco-2 cells demonstrated that the hair-like projections on the surface of R20291 spores are in close proximity with the plasma membrane and microvilli of undifferentiated and differentiated monolayers of Caco-2 cells. Competitive-binding assay in differentiated Caco-2 cells suggests that spore-adherence is mediated by specific binding sites. By using spores of a cdeC mutant we demonstrated that the integrity of the exosporium layer determines the affinity of adherence of C. difficile spores to Caco-2 cells and mucin. Binding of fibronectin and vitronectin to the spore surface was concentration-dependent, and depending on the concentration, spore-adherence to Caco-2 cells was enhanced. In the presence of an aberrantly-assembled exosporium (cdeC spores), binding of fibronectin, but not vitronectin, was increased. Notably, independent of the exosporium integrity, only a fraction of the spores had fibronectin and vitronectin molecules binding to their surface. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the integrity of the exosporium layer of strain R20291 contributes to selective spore adherence to components of the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Mora-Uribe
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres BelloSantiago, Chile; Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres BelloSantiago, Chile
| | - Camila Miranda-Cárdenas
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Castro-Córdova
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres BelloSantiago, Chile; Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres BelloSantiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Gil
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Calderón
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula I Rodas
- Facultad de Medicina, Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Saeed Banawas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA; Medical Laboratories Department, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah UniversityAl Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahfuzur R Sarker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Paredes-Sabja
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres BelloSantiago, Chile; Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres BelloSantiago, Chile
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8
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Plaza-Garrido Á, Miranda-Cárdenas C, Castro-Córdova P, Olguín-Araneda V, Cofré-Araneda G, Hernández-Rocha C, Carman R, Ibáñez P, Fawley WN, Wilcox MH, Gil F, Calderón IL, Fuentes JA, Guzmán-Durán AM, Alvarez-Lobos M, Paredes-Sabja D. Outcome of relapsing Clostridium difficile infections do not correlate with virulence-, spore- and vegetative cell-associated phenotypes. Anaerobe 2015; 36:30-8. [PMID: 26403333 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the main clinical challenges of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) is the high rate of relapse episodes. The main determinants involved in relapse of CDI include the presence of antibiotic-resistant C. difficile spores in the colonic environment and a permanent state of dysbiosis of the microbiota caused by antibiotic therapy. A possible scenario is that phenotypes related to the persistence of C. difficile spores might contribute to relapsing infections. In this study, 8 C. difficile isolates recovered from 4 cases with relapsing infection, and 9 isolates recovered from single infection cases were analyzed for PCR ribotyping and the presence of tcdA, tcdB and cdtAB genes. Factors associated to spore persistence, sporulation, spore adherence and biofilm formation and sporulation during biofilm formation were characterized. We also evaluated motility and cytotoxicity. However, we observed no significant difference in the analyzed phenotypes among the different clinical outcomes, most likely due to the high variability observed among strains within clinical backgrounds in each phenotype and the small sample size. It is noteworthy that C. difficile spores adhered to similar extents to undifferentiated and differentiated Caco-2 cells. By contrast, spores of all clinical isolates tested had increased germination efficiency in presence of taurocholate, while decreased sporulation rate during biofilm development in the presence of glucose. In conclusion, these results show that, at least in this cohort of patients, the described phenotypes are not detrimental in the clinical outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Plaza-Garrido
- Gut Microbiota and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Miranda-Cárdenas
- Gut Microbiota and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Castro-Córdova
- Gut Microbiota and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Olguín-Araneda
- Gut Microbiota and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Glenda Cofré-Araneda
- Gut Microbiota and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Hernández-Rocha
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Patricio Ibáñez
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Mark H Wilcox
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Gil
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván L Calderón
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Guzmán-Durán
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Laboratorio Clínico, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Alvarez-Lobos
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Paredes-Sabja
- Gut Microbiota and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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Díaz-González F, Milano M, Olguin-Araneda V, Pizarro-Cerda J, Castro-Córdova P, Tzeng SC, Maier CS, Sarker MR, Paredes-Sabja D. Protein composition of the outermost exosporium-like layer of Clostridium difficile 630 spores. J Proteomics 2015; 123:1-13. [PMID: 25849250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Clostridium difficile spores are considered the morphotype of infection, transmission and persistence of C. difficile infections. There is a lack of information on the composition of the outermost exosporium layer of C. difficile spores. Using recently developed exosporium removal methods combined with MS/MS, we have established a gel-free approach to analyze the proteome of the exosporium of C. difficile spores of strain 630. A total of 184 proteins were found in the exosporium layer of C. difficile spores. We identified 7 characterized spore coat and/or exosporium proteins; 6 proteins likely to be involved in spore resistance; 6 proteins possibly involved in pathogenicity; 13 uncharacterized proteins; and 146 cytosolic proteins that might have been encased into the exosporium during assembly, similarly as reported for Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus spores. We demonstrate through Flag-fusions that CotA and CotB are mainly located in the spore coat, while the exosporium collagen-like glycoproteins (i.e. BclA1, BclA2 and BclA3), the exosporium morphogenetic proteins CdeC and CdeM, and the uncharacterized exosporium proteins CdeA and CdeB are mainly located in the exosporium layer of C. difficile 630 spores. This study offers novel candidates of C. difficile exosporium proteins as suitable targets for detection, removal and spore-based therapies. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study offers a novel strategy to identify proteins of the exosporium layer of C. difficile spores and complements previous proteomic studies on the entire C. difficile spores and spore coat since it defines the proteome of the outermost layer of C. difficile spores, the exosporium. This study suggests that C. difficile spores have several proteins involved in protection against environmental stress as well as putative virulence factors that might play a role during infection. Spore exosporium structural proteins were also identified providing the ground basis for further functional studies of these proteins. Overall this work provides new protein target for the diagnosis and/or therapeutics that may contribute to combat C. difficile infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Díaz-González
- Gut Microbiota and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauro Milano
- Gut Microbiota and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Olguin-Araneda
- Gut Microbiota and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Pizarro-Cerda
- Gut Microbiota and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Castro-Córdova
- Gut Microbiota and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Shin-Chen Tzeng
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Claudia S Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Mahfuzur R Sarker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Paredes-Sabja
- Gut Microbiota and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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