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Bebié P, Becker R, Commichau V, Debus J, Dissertori G, Djambazov L, Eleftheriou A, Fischer J, Fischer P, Ito M, Khateri P, Lustermann W, Ritzer C, Ritzert M, Röser U, Tsoumpas C, Warnock G, Weber B, Wyss MT, Zagozdzinska-Bochenek A. SAFIR-I: Design and Performance of a High-Rate Preclinical PET Insert for MRI. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:7037. [PMID: 34770344 PMCID: PMC8588038 DOI: 10.3390/s21217037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Small Animal Fast Insert for MRI detector I (SAFIR-I) is a preclinical Positron Emission Tomography (PET) insert for the Bruker BioSpec 70/30 Ultra Shield Refrigerated (USR) preclinical 7T Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system. It is designed explicitly for high-rate kinetic studies in mice and rats with injected activities reaching 500MBq, enabling truly simultaneous quantitative PET and Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging with time frames of a few seconds in length. (2) Methods: SAFIR-I has an axial field of view of 54.2mm and an inner diameter of 114mm. It employs Lutetium Yttrium OxyorthoSilicate (LYSO) crystals and Multi Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC) arrays. The Position-Energy-Timing Application Specific Integrated Circuit, version 6, Single Ended (PETA6SE) digitizes the MPPC signals and provides time stamps and energy information. (3) Results: SAFIR-I is MR-compatible. The system's Coincidence Resolving Time (CRT) and energy resolution are between separate-uncertainty 209.0(3)ps and separate-uncertainty 12.41(02) Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) at low activity and separate-uncertainty 326.89(12)ps and separate-uncertainty 20.630(011) FWHM at 550MBq, respectively. The peak sensitivity is ∼1.6. The excellent performance facilitated the successful execution of first in vivo rat studies beyond 300MBq. Based on features visible in the acquired images, we estimate the spatial resolution to be ∼2mm in the center of the Field Of View (FOV). (4) Conclusion: The SAFIR-I PET insert provides excellent performance, permitting simultaneous in vivo small animal PET/MR image acquisitions with time frames of a few seconds in length at activities of up to 500MBq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Bebié
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (R.B.); (V.C.); (J.D.); (G.D.); (L.D.); (J.F.); (M.I.); (P.K.); (W.L.); (C.R.); (U.R.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Robert Becker
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (R.B.); (V.C.); (J.D.); (G.D.); (L.D.); (J.F.); (M.I.); (P.K.); (W.L.); (C.R.); (U.R.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Volker Commichau
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (R.B.); (V.C.); (J.D.); (G.D.); (L.D.); (J.F.); (M.I.); (P.K.); (W.L.); (C.R.); (U.R.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Jan Debus
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (R.B.); (V.C.); (J.D.); (G.D.); (L.D.); (J.F.); (M.I.); (P.K.); (W.L.); (C.R.); (U.R.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Günther Dissertori
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (R.B.); (V.C.); (J.D.); (G.D.); (L.D.); (J.F.); (M.I.); (P.K.); (W.L.); (C.R.); (U.R.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Lubomir Djambazov
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (R.B.); (V.C.); (J.D.); (G.D.); (L.D.); (J.F.); (M.I.); (P.K.); (W.L.); (C.R.); (U.R.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Afroditi Eleftheriou
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (G.W.); (B.W.); (M.T.W.)
| | - Jannis Fischer
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (R.B.); (V.C.); (J.D.); (G.D.); (L.D.); (J.F.); (M.I.); (P.K.); (W.L.); (C.R.); (U.R.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Peter Fischer
- Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (P.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Mikiko Ito
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (R.B.); (V.C.); (J.D.); (G.D.); (L.D.); (J.F.); (M.I.); (P.K.); (W.L.); (C.R.); (U.R.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Parisa Khateri
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (R.B.); (V.C.); (J.D.); (G.D.); (L.D.); (J.F.); (M.I.); (P.K.); (W.L.); (C.R.); (U.R.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Werner Lustermann
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (R.B.); (V.C.); (J.D.); (G.D.); (L.D.); (J.F.); (M.I.); (P.K.); (W.L.); (C.R.); (U.R.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Christian Ritzer
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (R.B.); (V.C.); (J.D.); (G.D.); (L.D.); (J.F.); (M.I.); (P.K.); (W.L.); (C.R.); (U.R.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Michael Ritzert
- Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (P.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Ulf Röser
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (R.B.); (V.C.); (J.D.); (G.D.); (L.D.); (J.F.); (M.I.); (P.K.); (W.L.); (C.R.); (U.R.); (A.Z.-B.)
| | - Charalampos Tsoumpas
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Geoffrey Warnock
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (G.W.); (B.W.); (M.T.W.)
| | - Bruno Weber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (G.W.); (B.W.); (M.T.W.)
| | - Matthias T. Wyss
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (G.W.); (B.W.); (M.T.W.)
| | - Agnieszka Zagozdzinska-Bochenek
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; (R.B.); (V.C.); (J.D.); (G.D.); (L.D.); (J.F.); (M.I.); (P.K.); (W.L.); (C.R.); (U.R.); (A.Z.-B.)
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Denac M, Bebié P, Scharrer E. Effect of various neurotransmitters and electrical field stimulation on smooth muscle preparations from the esophagus of horses. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1993; 40:501-8. [PMID: 7901954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1993.tb00658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects of various neurotransmitters and electrical field stimulation on muscle strips from the distal equine esophagus were studied. Acetylcholine (ACH) caused concentration dependent (1.1-55 x 10(-6) mol/l) contractions of the longitudinal and circular muscle strips from the distal esophagus as well as from the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Atropine (10(-5) mol/l) blocked these contractions. Noradrenaline (NA) induced concentration related (1.1-55 x 10(-6) mol/l) contractions of the muscle strips from the LES. This excitatory effect of noradrenaline was antagonized by the alpha 1-receptor antagonist prazosin. Tetrodotoxin (5 x 10(-6) mol/l) did not affect the contractile response of the muscle strips to noradrenaline (55 x 10(-6) mol/l). Noradrenaline (1.1-55 x 10(-6) mol/l) had no excitatory effect on the circular and the longitudinal muscle strips from the esophagus. Furthermore, noradrenaline induced a concentration dependent (1.1-55 x 10(-6) mol/l) relaxation of the longitudinal muscle strips from the esophagus. The relaxing effect of NA was antagonized by the beta-receptor antagonist propranolol (10(-5) mol/l). Histamine (10(-7)-10(-6) mol/l) elicited a contraction in 4 out of 18 muscle preparations from the LES. The histamine induced contractions were partly antagonized by the H1-receptor antagonist clemastine (10(-4) mol/l) and fully abolished by the H2-receptor antagonist clemastine (10(-4) mol/l). Electrical field stimulation (EFS, 5 Hz, 2 ms; 500 mA; 10 Hz, 2 ms; 500 mA) produced tetrodotoxin sensitive contractions in all three types of muscle strips. Atropine (10(-5) mol/l) fully suppressed these contractions in most preparations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Denac
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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