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Weaver KN, Sullivan BR, Balow SA, Hopkin S, Chini BA, Pan BS, Stottmann RW, Bender PL, Hopkin RJ, Zhang X, Saal HM. Robin sequence without cleft palate: Genetic diagnoses and management implications. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 188:160-177. [PMID: 34569146 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Robin sequence (RS), the triad of micrognathia, glossoptosis, and airway obstruction, is a major cause of respiratory distress and feeding difficulties in neonates. Robin sequence can be associated with other medical or developmental comorbidities in ~50% of cases ("syndromic" RS). As well, RS is variably associated with cleft palate (CP). Previous studies have not investigated differences in clinical characteristics of children with RS based on presence or absence of CP. We retrospectively reviewed 175 children with RS and compared genetic diagnoses, medical and developmental comorbidities, severity of airway obstruction, and feeding outcomes between those with and without CP. Strikingly, 45 of 45 (100%) children with RS without CP were classified as syndromic due to presence of comorbidities unrelated to RS, while 83 of 130 (64%) children with RS with CP were classified as syndromic. Among 128 children with syndromic RS, there were no differences in severity of airway obstruction, surgical intervention rate or type, or feeding outcome at 12 months based on CP status. Our findings support the conclusion that the pathogenesis of RS without CP is distinct from RS with CP and more likely to cause additional medical or developmental problems. Alternatively, children with RS without CP and without additional anomalies present may be under recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nicole Weaver
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Bonnie R Sullivan
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephanie A Balow
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sara Hopkin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Barbara A Chini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian S Pan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rolf W Stottmann
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Patricia L Bender
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert J Hopkin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Xue Zhang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Howard M Saal
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Abell K, Hopkin RJ, Bender PL, Jackson F, Smallwood K, Sullivan B, Stottmann RW, Saal HM, Weaver KN. Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly: An expansion of the phenotype via parental survey. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:413-423. [PMID: 33247512 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly (MFDM) is due to haploinsufficiency of spliceosomal GTPase EFTUD2. Features include microcephaly, craniofacial dysmorphology, developmental disability, and other anomalies. We surveyed parents of individuals with MFDM to expand knowledge about health, development, and parental concerns. Participants included attendees of the inaugural MFDM family conference in June 2019 and members of the MFDM online group. To explore MFDM variable expressivity, we offered targeted Sanger sequencing for untested parents. Forty-seven parents participated in the survey. 59% of individuals with MFDM were male, with mean age 6.4 years (range 8 months to 49 years). Similar to the literature (n = 123), common features include microcephaly, cleft palate, choanal stenosis, tracheoesophageal fistula, heart problems, and seizures. New information includes airway intervention details, age-based developmental outcomes, rate of vision refractive errors, and lower incidences of prematurity and IUGR. Family concerns focused on development, communication, and increased support. Targeted Sanger sequencing for families of seven individuals demonstrated de novo variants, for a total of 91.9% de novo EFTUD2 variants (n = 34/37). This study reports the largest single cohort of individuals with MFDM, expands phenotypic spectrum and inheritance patterns, improves understanding of developmental outcomes and care needs, and identifies development as the biggest concern for parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Abell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert J Hopkin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Patricia L Bender
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Patient Services, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Farrah Jackson
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelly Smallwood
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Bonnie Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Rolf W Stottmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Howard M Saal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - K Nicole Weaver
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Hufnagel RB, Zimmerman SL, Krueger LA, Bender PL, Ahmed ZM, Saal HM. A new frontonasal dysplasia syndrome associated with deletion of the SIX2 gene. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:487-491. [PMID: 26581443 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The frontonasal dysplasias are a group of craniofacial phenotypes characterized by hypertelorism, nasal clefting, frontal bossing, and abnormal hairline. These conditions are caused by recessive mutations in members of the aristaless gene family, resulting in abnormal cranial neural crest migration and differentiation. We report a family with a dominantly inherited craniofacial phenotype comprised of frontal bossing with high hairline, ptosis, hypertelorism, broad nasal tip, large anterior fontanelle, cranial base anomalies, and sagittal synostosis. Chromosomal microarray identified a heterozygous 108.3 kilobase deletion of chromosome 2p21 segregating with phenotype and limited to the sine oculis homeobox gene SIX2 and surrounding noncoding DNA. Similar to the human SIX2 deletion phenotype, one mouse model of frontonasal dysplasia, brachyrrhine, exhibits dominant inheritance and impaired cranial base chondrogenesis associated with reduced Six2 expression. We report the first human autosomal dominant frontonasal dysplasia syndrome associated with SIX2 deletion and with phenotypic similarities to murine models of Six2 Loss-of-function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Hufnagel
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics. University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sarah L Zimmerman
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics. University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Laura A Krueger
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics. University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Patricia L Bender
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics. University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Zubair M Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Howard M Saal
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics. University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Bookman LB, Melton KR, Pan BS, Bender PL, Chini BA, Greenberg JM, Saal HM, Taylor JA, Elluru RG. Neonates with Tongue-Based Airway Obstruction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 146:8-18. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599811421598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective. In this systematic review, the authors summarize the current evidence in the literature regarding diagnosis, treatment, and long-term outcomes in neonates with tongue-based airway obstruction (TBAO) and assess the level of evidence of included studies. Data Sources. The terms Pierre Robin syndrome/sequence, micrognathia, retrognathia, and cleft palate were combined with airway obstruction, treatment, tongue-lip plication, and osteogenesis distraction to perform an Ovid literature search, yielding 341 references. The authors excluded references containing patients with isolated choanal/nasal obstruction, patients older than 12 months, and expert opinion papers, yielding 126 articles. Review Methods. The authors searched 3 electronic databases and reference lists of existing reviews from 1980 to October 2010 for articles pertaining to the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of TBAO. Reviewers assigned a level of evidence score based on Oxford’s Centre for Evidence Based Medicine scoring system and recorded relevant information. Results. Most studies were case studies and single-center findings. The lack of standardization of diagnostic and treatment protocols and the heterogeneity of cohorts both within and between studies precluded a meta-analysis. There was little evidence beyond expert opinion and single-center evaluation regarding diagnosis, treatment, and long-term outcomes of neonates with TBAO. Conclusions. The variability in the phenotype of the cohorts studied and the absence of standardized indications for intervention preclude deriving any definitive conclusions regarding diagnostic tools to evaluate this patient population, treatment choices, or long-term outcomes. A coordinated multicenter study with a standardized diagnostic and treatment algorithm is recommended to develop evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of neonates with TBAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel B. Bookman
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristin R. Melton
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian S. Pan
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Barbara A. Chini
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Howard M. Saal
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jesse A. Taylor
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to evaluate the growth of patients with isolated cleft lip (CL), with or without cleft palate (CP), or CP during the first few years of life. METHODS A retrospective analysis of data from birth to 5 years for 307 patients with isolated CL/CP or CP alone who were seen in a large craniofacial center between 1980 and 2007 was performed. We analyzed growth patterns and feeding interventions. Anthropometric values were plotted onto 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention charts. Longitudinal analyses were performed to estimate age-related changes and to test whether feeding interventions or early education influenced age-related changes. RESULTS Including progressive weight, length, and head circumference values, a total of 1944 data points were available. The most frequent diagnosis was unilateral CL with CP (165 [53.7%] of 307 cases). No patients experienced significant failure to thrive during the study period, although predicted weight and length percentiles for age had initial decreases during the first year of life, with nadirs at 5.2 and 15 months, respectively. These decreases were followed by recovery that started at approximately 12 months for weight and at 20 months for length (P < .0001). Patients who had feeding interventions had a significantly (P = .047) increased gain rate over time for weight for length, compared with those who did not. CONCLUSIONS In this population, there were weight and length decreases during the first year of life, which were not clinically significant and were followed by statistically significant recovery. Recovery seemed to be related to successful education and feeding interventions. Head circumference and weight for length started at lower percentiles but showed consistent gain over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Zarate
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 4006, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Abstract
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/CP) is one of the most common structural birth defects, with treatment including multiple surgeries, speech therapy, and dental and orthodontic treatments over the first 18 years of life. As a result of the treatment interventions, pediatric nurses may be required to care for these children beginning in infancy through adolescence. Providing care for these patients and families can include educating patients and parents about the genetics of CL/CP, as well as meeting their immediate medical needs. A basic overview of normal lip and palate development, classification of clefts, pathophysiology of CL/CP, incidence, inheritance, genetic and environmental causes, genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, fetal surgery, and nursing implications is provided to educate pediatric nurses about the basics of the genetics of CL/CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Bender
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Abstract
The label Pierre Robin sequence is given to infants presenting with a triad of specific congenital anomalies: micrognathia, glossoptosis, and cleft palate. However, this label should be considered the first, not the final, step in the diagnostic process. In approximately 80 percent of newborns with Pierre Robin sequence, the triad of anomalies is part of an underlying genetic condition. This article reviews the variable etiologies of and general clinical considerations for Pierre Robin sequence. To illustrate how clinical management might vary based on the identification of an underlying condition, three case examples of neonates with Pierre Robin sequence and different underlying genetic conditions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Prows
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 455229, USA.
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to familiarize nurses with why, how, when, and where a genetic family history assessment should be used in clinical practice. Pedigrees are diagrams that display the relationship among family members by using a combination of symbols and lines. They are used to record concisely a complete family history to identify the risk of transmitting inherited condition, to identify people at risk for development of adult-onset conditions, to aid in clinical diagnosis, and to serve as a reference for social and biologic relationships. A detailed explanation of the standardized pedigree nomenclature that was recommended by the Pedigree Standardization Task Force in 1995 is included. Step-by-step guidelines on taking a genetic family history and drawing pedigrees are provided. A case study is also included to illustrate pedigree construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Bender
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Dickey JO, Bender PL, Faller JE, Newhall XX, Ricklefs RL, Ries JG, Shelus PJ, Veillet C, Whipple AL, Wiant JR, Williams JG, Yoder CF. Lunar Laser Ranging: A Continuing Legacy of the Apollo Program. Science 1994; 265:482-90. [PMID: 17781305 DOI: 10.1126/science.265.5171.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
On 21 July 1969, during the first manned lunar mission, Apollo 11, the first retroreflector array was placed on the moon, enabling highly accurate measurements of the Earthmoon separation by means of laser ranging. Lunar laser ranging (LLR) turns the Earthmoon system into a laboratory for a broad range of investigations, including astronomy, lunar science, gravitational physics, geodesy, and geodynamics. Contributions from LLR include the three-orders-of-magnitude improvement in accuracy in the lunar ephemeris, a several-orders-of-magnitude improvement in the measurement of the variations in the moon's rotation, and the verification of the principle of equivalence for massive bodies with unprecedented accuracy. Lunar laser ranging analysis has provided measurements of the Earth's precession, the moon's tidal acceleration, and lunar rotational dissipation. These scientific results, current technological developments, and prospects for the future are discussed here.
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Niebauer TM, Faller JE, Bender PL. Comment on "Possible resolution of the Brookhaven and Washington Eötvös experiments". Phys Rev Lett 1988; 61:2272. [PMID: 10039032 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.61.2272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Bertotti B, Ciufolini I, Bender PL. New test of general relativity: Measurement of de Sitter geodetic precession rate for lunar perigee. Phys Rev Lett 1987; 58:1062-1065. [PMID: 10034329 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.58.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Stolz A, Bender PL, Faller JE, Silverberg EC, Mulholland JD, Shelus PJ, Williams JG, Carter WE, Currie DG, Kaula WM. Earth Rotation Measured by Lunar Laser Ranging. Science 1976; 193:997-9. [PMID: 17735699 DOI: 10.1126/science.193.4257.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The estimated median accuracy of 194 single-day determinations of the earth's angular position in space is 0.7 millisecond (0.01 arc second). Comparison with classical astronomical results gives agreement to about the expected 2-millisecond uncertainty of the 5-day averages obtained by the Bureau International de l'Heure. Little evidence for very rapid variations in the earth's rotation is present in the data.
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Bender PL, Currie DG, Poultney SK, Alley CO, Dicke RH, Wilkinson DT, Eckhardt DH, Faller JE, Kaula WM, Mulholland JD, Plotkin HH, Silverberg EC, Williams JG. The Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment. Science 1973; 182:229-38. [PMID: 17749298 DOI: 10.1126/science.182.4109.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The lunar ranging measurements now being made at the McDonald Observatory have an accuracy of 1 nsec in round-trip travel time. This corresponds to 15 cm in the one-way distance. The use of lasers with pulse-lengths of less than 1 nsec is expected to give an accuracy of 2 to 3 cm in the next few years. A new station is under construction in Hawaii, and additional stations in other countries are either in operation or under development. It is hoped that these stations will form the basis for a worldwide network to determine polar motion and earth rotation on a regular basis, and will assist in providing information about movement of the tectonic plates making up the earth's surface. Several mobile lunar ranging stations with telescopes having diameters of 1.0 m or less could, in the future, greatly extend the information obtainable about motions within and between the tectonic plates. The data obtained so far by the McDonald Observatory have been used to generate a new lunar ephemeris based on direct numerical integration of the equations of motion for the moon and planets. With this ephemeris, the range to the three Apollo retro-reflectors can be fit to an accuracy of 5 m by adjusting the differences in moments of inertia of the moon about its principal axes, the selenocentric coordinates of the reflectors, and the McDonald longitude. The accuracy of fitting the results is limited currently by errors of the order of an arc second in the angular orientation of the moon, as derived from the best available theory of how the moon rotates in response to the torques acting on it. Both a new calculation of the moon's orientation as a function of time based on direct numerical integration of the torque equations and a new analytic theory of the moon's orientation are expected to be available soon, and to improve considerably the accuracy of fitting the data. The accuracy already achieved routinely in lunar laser ranging represents a hundredfold improvement over any previously available knowledge of the distance to points on the lunar surface. Already, extremely complex structure has been observed in the lunar rotation and significant improvement has been achieved in our knowledge of lunar orbit. The selenocentric coordinates of the retroreflectors give improved reference points for use in lunar mapping, and new information on the lunar mass distribution has been obtained. Beyond the applications discussed in this article, however, the history of science shows many cases of previously unknown, phenomena discovered as a consequence of major improvements in the accuracy of measurements. It will be interesting to see whether this once again proves the case as we acquire an extended series of lunar distance observations with decimetric and then centimetric accuracy.
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Alley CO, Chang RF, Currie DG, Poultney SK, Bender PL, Dicke RH, Wilkinson DT, Faller JE, Kaula WM, Macdonald GJ, Mulholland JD, Plotkin HH, Carrion W, Wampler EJ. Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector: Continuing Measurements and Expected Results. Science 1970; 167:458-60. [PMID: 17781451 DOI: 10.1126/science.167.3918.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
After successful acquisition in August of reflected ruby laser pulses from the Apollo 11 laser ranging retro-reflector (LRRR) with the telescopes at the Lick and McDonald observatories, repeated measurements of the round-trip travel time of light have been made from the McDonald Observatory in September with an equivalent range precision of +/-2.5 meters. These acquisition period observations demonstrated the performance of the LRRR through lunar night and during sunlit conditions on the moon. Instrumentation activated at the McDonald Observatory in October has yielded a precision of +/-0.3 meter, and improvement to +/-0.15 meter is expected shortly. Continued monitoring of the changes in the earth-moon distance as measured by the round-trip travel time of light from suitably distributed earth stations is expected to contribute to our knowledge of the earth-moon system.
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Bender PL, Barry JD, Coleman PJ, Libby WF, Libby LM. Radio Reflection by Free Radicals in Earth's Atmosphere. Science 1967; 158:1487-8. [PMID: 17796409 DOI: 10.1126/science.158.3807.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Bender PL. Probability, Logic and Medical Diagnosis. Science 1959; 130:890. [PMID: 17732887 DOI: 10.1126/science.130.3380.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Bender PL. DIFFUSION OF PARTICLES WITH MEMORY. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1957; 43:412-6. [PMID: 16590031 PMCID: PMC528467 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.43.5.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P L Bender
- PRINCETON UNIVERSITY AND NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
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