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Hirst JE, Boniface JJ, Le DP, Polpitiya AD, Fox AC, Vu TTK, Dang TT, Fleischer TC, Bui NTH, Hickok DE, Kearney PE, Thwaites G, Kennedy SH, Kestelyn E, Le TQ. Validating the ratio of insulin like growth factor binding protein 4 to sex hormone binding globulin as a prognostic predictor of preterm birth in Viet Nam: a case-cohort study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2024; 37:2333923. [PMID: 38584143 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2024.2333923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate a serum biomarker developed in the USA for preterm birth (PTB) risk stratification in Viet Nam. METHODS Women with singleton pregnancies (n = 5000) were recruited between 19+0-23+6 weeks' gestation at Tu Du Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City. Maternal serum was collected from 19+0-22+6 weeks' gestation and participants followed to neonatal discharge. Relative insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (IGFBP4) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) abundances were measured by mass spectrometry and their ratio compared between PTB cases and term controls. Discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, AUC) and calibration for PTB <37 and <34 weeks' gestation were tested, with model tuning using clinical factors. Measured outcomes included all PTBs (any birth ≤37 weeks' gestation) and spontaneous PTBs (birth ≤37 weeks' gestation with clinical signs of initiation of parturition). RESULTS Complete data were available for 4984 (99.7%) individuals. The cohort PTB rate was 6.7% (n = 335). We observed an inverse association between the IGFBP4/SHBG ratio and gestational age at birth (p = 0.017; AUC 0.60 [95% CI, 0.53-0.68]). Including previous PTB (for multiparous women) or prior miscarriage (for primiparous women) improved performance (AUC 0.65 and 0.70, respectively, for PTB <37 and <34 weeks' gestation). Optimal performance (AUC 0.74) was seen within 19-20 weeks' gestation, for BMI >21 kg/m2 and age 20-35 years. CONCLUSION We have validated a novel serum biomarker for PTB risk stratification in a very different setting to the original study. Further research is required to determine appropriate ratio thresholds based on the prevalence of risk factors and the availability of resources and preventative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Hirst
- Department of Global Women's Health, The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Dung Puhong Le
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tu Du Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | - Angela C Fox
- Sera Prognostics, Inc, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Thi Thai Kim Vu
- Clinical Trials Unit, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thuan Trong Dang
- Clinical Trials Unit, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | - Nhu Thi Hong Bui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tu Du Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | | | - Guy Thwaites
- Clinical Trials Unit, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen H Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Evelyne Kestelyn
- Clinical Trials Unit, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thanh Quang Le
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tu Du Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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Burchard J, Saade GR, Boggess KA, Markenson GR, Iams JD, Coonrod DV, Pereira LM, Hoffman MK, Polpitiya AD, Treacy R, Fox AC, Randolph TL, Fleischer TC, Dufford MT, Garite TJ, Critchfield GC, Boniface JJ, Kearney PE. Better Estimation of Spontaneous Preterm Birth Prediction Performance through Improved Gestational Age Dating. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102885. [PMID: 35629011 PMCID: PMC9146613 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical management of pregnancy and spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) relies on estimates of gestational age (GA). Our objective was to evaluate the effect of GA dating uncertainty on the observed performance of a validated proteomic biomarker risk predictor, and then to test the generalizability of that effect in a broader range of GA at blood draw. In a secondary analysis of a prospective clinical trial (PAPR; NCT01371019), we compared two GA dating categories: both ultrasound and dating by last menstrual period (LMP) (all subjects) and excluding dating by LMP (excluding LMP). The risk predictor's performance was observed at the validated risk predictor threshold both in weeks 191/7-206/7 and extended to weeks 180/7-206/7. Strict blinding and independent statistical analyses were employed. The validated biomarker risk predictor showed greater observed sensitivity of 88% at 75% specificity (increases of 17% and 1%) in more reliably dated (excluding-LMP) subjects, relative to all subjects. Excluding dating by LMP significantly improved the sensitivity in weeks 191/7-206/7. In the broader blood draw window, the previously validated risk predictor threshold significantly stratified higher and lower risk of sPTB, and the risk predictor again showed significantly greater observed sensitivity in excluding-LMP subjects. These findings have implications for testing the performance of models aimed at predicting PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julja Burchard
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (A.D.P.); (R.T.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (T.C.F.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-801-990-0597
| | - George R. Saade
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Kim A. Boggess
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Glenn R. Markenson
- Maternal Fetal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Jay D. Iams
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Dean V. Coonrod
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Valleywise Health, Phoenix, AZ 85008, USA;
| | - Leonardo M. Pereira
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Matthew K. Hoffman
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE 19718, USA;
| | - Ashoka D. Polpitiya
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (A.D.P.); (R.T.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (T.C.F.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
| | - Ryan Treacy
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (A.D.P.); (R.T.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (T.C.F.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
| | - Angela C. Fox
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (A.D.P.); (R.T.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (T.C.F.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
| | - Todd L. Randolph
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (A.D.P.); (R.T.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (T.C.F.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
| | - Tracey C. Fleischer
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (A.D.P.); (R.T.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (T.C.F.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
| | - Max T. Dufford
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (A.D.P.); (R.T.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (T.C.F.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
| | - Thomas J. Garite
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (A.D.P.); (R.T.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (T.C.F.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
| | - Gregory C. Critchfield
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (A.D.P.); (R.T.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (T.C.F.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
| | - J. Jay Boniface
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (A.D.P.); (R.T.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (T.C.F.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
| | - Paul E. Kearney
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (A.D.P.); (R.T.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (T.C.F.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
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Burchard J, Markenson GR, Saade GR, Laurent LC, Heyborne KD, Coonrod DV, Schoen CN, Baxter JK, Haas DM, Longo SA, Sullivan SA, Wheeler SM, Pereira LM, Boggess KA, Hawk AF, Crockett AH, Treacy R, Fox AC, Polpitiya AD, Fleischer TC, Garite TJ, Jay Boniface J, Zupancic JAF, Critchfield GC, Kearney PE. Clinical and economic evaluation of a proteomic biomarker preterm birth risk predictor: cost-effectiveness modeling of prenatal interventions applied to predicted higher-risk pregnancies within a large and diverse cohort. J Med Econ 2022; 25:1255-1266. [PMID: 36377363 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2022.2147771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preterm birth occurs in more than 10% of U.S. births and is the leading cause of U.S. neonatal deaths, with estimated annual costs exceeding $25 billion USD. Using real-world data, we modeled the potential clinical and economic utility of a prematurity-reduction program comprising screening in a racially and ethnically diverse population with a validated proteomic biomarker risk predictor, followed by case management with or without pharmacological treatment. METHODS The ACCORDANT microsimulation model used individual patient data from a prespecified, randomly selected sub-cohort (N = 847) of a multicenter, observational study of U.S. subjects receiving standard obstetric care with masked risk predictor assessment (TREETOP; NCT02787213). All subjects were included in three arms across 500 simulated trials: standard of care (SoC, control); risk predictor/case management comprising increased outreach, education and specialist care (RP-CM, active); and multimodal management (risk predictor/case management with pharmacological treatment) (RP-MM, active). In the active arms, only subjects stratified as higher risk by the predictor were modeled as receiving the intervention, whereas lower-risk subjects received standard care. Higher-risk subjects' gestational ages at birth were shifted based on published efficacies, and dependent outcomes, calibrated using national datasets, were changed accordingly. Subjects otherwise retained their original TREETOP outcomes. Arms were compared using survival analysis for neonatal and maternal hospital length of stay, bootstrap intervals for neonatal cost, and Fisher's exact test for neonatal morbidity/mortality (significance, p < .05). RESULTS The model predicted improvements for all outcomes. RP-CM decreased neonatal and maternal hospital stay by 19% (p = .029) and 8.5% (p = .001), respectively; neonatal costs' point estimate by 16% (p = .098); and moderate-to-severe neonatal morbidity/mortality by 29% (p = .025). RP-MM strengthened observed reductions and significance. Point estimates of benefit did not differ by race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Modeled evaluation of a biomarker-based test-and-treat strategy in a diverse population predicts clinically and economically meaningful improvements in neonatal and maternal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenn R Markenson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George R Saade
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Louise C Laurent
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kent D Heyborne
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dean V Coonrod
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Valleywise Health, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Corina N Schoen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Massachusetts-Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Jason K Baxter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David M Haas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sherri A Longo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Scott A Sullivan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sarahn M Wheeler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Leonardo M Pereira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kim A Boggess
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Angela F Hawk
- Regional Obstetrical Consultants, Chattanooga, TN, USA
| | - Amy H Crockett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville and Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Ryan Treacy
- Sera Prognostics, Inc, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John A F Zupancic
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Burchard J, Polpitiya AD, Fox AC, Randolph TL, Fleischer TC, Dufford MT, Garite TJ, Critchfield GC, Boniface JJ, Saade GR, Kearney PE. Clinical Validation of a Proteomic Biomarker Threshold for Increased Risk of Spontaneous Preterm Birth and Associated Clinical Outcomes: A Replication Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5088. [PMID: 34768605 PMCID: PMC8584743 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm births are the leading cause of neonatal death in the United States. Previously, a spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) predictor based on the ratio of two proteins, IBP4/SHBG, was validated as a predictor of sPTB in the Proteomic Assessment of Preterm Risk (PAPR) study. In particular, a proteomic biomarker threshold of -1.37, corresponding to a ~two-fold increase or ~15% risk of sPTB, significantly stratified earlier deliveries. Guidelines for molecular tests advise replication in a second independent study. Here we tested whether the significant association between proteomic biomarker scores above the threshold and sPTB, and associated adverse outcomes, was replicated in a second independent study, the Multicenter Assessment of a Spontaneous Preterm Birth Risk Predictor (TREETOP). The threshold significantly stratified subjects in PAPR and TREETOP for sPTB (p = 0.041, p = 0.041, respectively). Application of the threshold in a Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated significant stratification in each study, respectively, for gestational age at birth (p < 001, p = 0.0016) and rate of hospital discharge for both neonate (p < 0.001, p = 0.005) and mother (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). Above the threshold, severe neonatal morbidity/mortality and mortality alone were 2.2 (p = 0.0083,) and 7.4-fold higher (p = 0.018), respectively, in both studies combined. Thus, higher predictor scores were associated with multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julja Burchard
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (J.B.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
| | - Ashoka D. Polpitiya
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (J.B.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
| | - Angela C. Fox
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (J.B.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
| | - Todd L. Randolph
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (J.B.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
| | - Tracey C. Fleischer
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (J.B.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
| | - Max T. Dufford
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (J.B.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
| | - Thomas J. Garite
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (J.B.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
| | - Gregory C. Critchfield
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (J.B.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
| | - J. Jay Boniface
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (J.B.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
| | - George R. Saade
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Paul E. Kearney
- Sera Prognostics, Incorporated, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA; (J.B.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.F.); (T.L.R.); (M.T.D.); (T.J.G.); (G.C.C.); (J.J.B.); (P.E.K.)
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Burchard J, Boggess KA, Sullivan SA, Markenson GR, Iams JD, Coonrod DV, Pereira LM, Esplin MS, Lam GK, Hoffman MK, Critchfield GC, Fox AC, Dufford MT, Gravett MG, Kearney PE, Treacy RM, Boniface JJ, Hickok DE, Saade GR. 128: Uncertainty in gestational age dating impacts diagnosis of complications. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Saade GR, Boggess KA, Sullivan SA, Markenson GR, Iams JD, Coonrod DV, Pereira LM, Esplin MS, Cousins LM, Lam GK, Hoffman MK, Fox AC, Lueth AJ, Hsu C, Dykes A, Dufford MT, Polpitiya AD, Kearney PE, Randolph TL, Boniface JJ, Hickok DE, Fleischer TC. 356: PPROM and PTL phenotypes are characterized by differences in underlying biochemical pathways. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.11.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Boggess K, Saade GR, Sullivan SA, Markenson GR, Iams JD, Coonrod DV, Pereira LM, Esplin MS, Cousins LM, Lam GK, Hoffman MK, Fox AC, Lueth AJ, Hsu C, Dufford MT, Fleischer TC, Polpitiya AD, Kearney PE, Hickok DE, Boniface JJ, Randolph TL. 337: Use of a second trimester serum-based proteomic risk classifier for prediction of spontaneous and medically-indicated preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.11.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kearney PE, Murray PJ, Hoy JM, Hohenhaus M, Kotze A. The 'Toolbox' of strategies for managing Haemonchus contortus in goats: What's in and what's out. Vet Parasitol 2016; 220:93-107. [PMID: 26995728 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic and innovative approach to managing the blood-consuming nematode Haemonchus contortus in goats is critical to crack dependence on veterinary anthelmintics. H. contortus management strategies have been the subject of intense research for decades, and must be selected to create a tailored, individualized program for goat farms. Through the selection and combination of strategies from the Toolbox, an effective management program for H. contortus can be designed according to the unique conditions of each particular farm. This Toolbox investigates strategies including vaccines, bioactive forages, pasture/grazing management, behavioural management, natural immunity, FAMACHA, Refugia and strategic drenching, mineral/vitamin supplementation, copper Oxide Wire Particles (COWPs), breeding and selection/selecting resistant and resilient individuals, biological control and anthelmintic drugs. Barbervax(®), the ground-breaking Haemonchus vaccine developed and currently commercially available on a pilot scale for sheep, is prime for trialling in goats and would be an invaluable inclusion to this Toolbox. The specialised behaviours of goats, specifically their preferences to browse a variety of plants and accompanying physiological adaptations to the consumption of secondary compounds contained in browse, have long been unappreciated and thus overlooked as a valuable, sustainable strategy for Haemonchus management. These strategies are discussed in this review as to their value for inclusion into the 'Toolbox' currently, and the future implications of ongoing research for goat producers. Combining and manipulating strategies such as browsing behaviour, pasture management, bioactive forages and identifying and treating individual animals for haemonchosis, in addition to continuous evaluation of strategy effectiveness, is conducted using a model farm scenario. Selecting strategies from the Toolbox, with regard to their current availability, feasibility, economical cost and potential ease of implementation depending on the systems of production and their complementary nature, is the future of managing H. contortus in farmed goats internationally and maintaining the remaining efficacy of veterinary anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Kearney
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia.
| | - P J Murray
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - J M Hoy
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - M Hohenhaus
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - A Kotze
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD, Australia; CSIRO, Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Abstract
Ordinal assertions in an evolutionary context are of the form "species s is more similar to species x than the species y" and can be deduced from a distance matrix M of interspecies dissimilarities (M[s, x] < M[s, y]). Given species x and y, the ordinal binary character cxy of M is defined by cxy(s) = 1 if and only if M[s,x] < M[s, y], for all species s. In this paper we present several results concerning the inference of evolutionary trees or phylogenies from ordinal assertions. In particular, we present. A six-point condition that characterizes those distance matrices whose ordinal binary characters are pairwise compatible. This characterization is analogous to the four-point condition for additive matrices. An optimal O(n2) algorithm, where n is the number of species, for recovering a phylogeny that realizes the ordinal binary characters of a distance matrix that satisfies the six-point condition. An NP-completeness result on determining if there is a phylogeny that realizes k or more of the ordinary binary characters of a given distance matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Kearney
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Keh GS, Kearney PE, Raper C. Comparison of the beta-adrenoceptor effects of soterenol and its 3-hydroxy, 4-sulphonamido isomer (MJ6987-1) in isolated tissues from the guninea-pig. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1979; 6:409-13. [PMID: 39696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1979.tb00028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1. Soterenol and its 3-hydroxy, 4-methanesulphonamido isomer (MJ6987-1) were compared with isoprenaline for beta-adrenoceptor mediated effects in guinea-pig atrial, tracheal, uterine and ileal preparations. In addition, MJ6987-1 was tested for its effects in the atria of cats, rabbits and rats. 2. Soterenol had a lower intrinsic activity and was approximately two to six times less active than isoprenaline in all preparations. 3. MJ6987-1 was a full agonist, being some 30--200 times less active than isoprenaline at beta 1-receptor sites and greater than 3000 times less active in preparations where beta 2-receptor activation was involved. 4. Change in the position of the ring substituents in soterenol leads to the production of beta 1-receptor selective agonist.
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