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Campigotto G, Da Silva AS, Volpato A, Balzan A, Radavelli WM, Soldá NM, Grosskopf HM, Stefani LM, Bianchi AE, Monteiro SG, Tonin AA, Weiss PHE, Miletti LC, Lopes STA. Experimental infection by Trypanosoma evansi in sheep: Occurrence of transplacental transmission and mice infection by parasite present in the colostrum and milk of infected ewes. Vet Parasitol 2015. [PMID: 26223153 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate vertical transmission of Trypanosoma evansi in sheep experimentally infected, in addition to the mammary transmission by colostrum or milk of these infected sheep to mice. Three pregnant sheep were used: one uninfected, four months pregnant (Sheep A); and two (Sheep B and C) infected intravenously by T. evansi trypomastigotes (4.6×10(6) per animal) on the third (Sheep C) and fourth (Sheep B) month of pregnancy. Both infected sheep developed low and oscillating parasitemia measured by blood smears. Hemogram was performed at seven day intervals, showing anemia, leukocytosis, and lymphocytosis on sheep B and C. Three sheep had twins, where sheep A delivered healthy lambs and both infected sheep had delivered at least one stillborn. Additionally, lambs from sheep B and C died 24 and 72 h post-partum, respectively. Before colostrum intake, four lambs from infected sheep were positives for T. evansi according to blood smear evaluation, serology (CATT/T. evansi), and PCR. Sheep colostrum and milk samples collected from the first four days post-partum were positives for T. evansi on PCR, and these samples were able to infect seven mice (out of 10) orally (n=4/5) and intraperitoneally (n=3/5). Therefore, we conclude that the vertical transmission of T. evansi occurs in pregnant sheep, in addition to a strong possibility of the transmission by colostrum and milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Campigotto
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S Da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC, Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
| | - Andreia Volpato
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Balzan
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Willian M Radavelli
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Natan M Soldá
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Hyolanda M Grosskopf
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Lenita M Stefani
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Anderson E Bianchi
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Silvia G Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Tonin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz C Miletti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, UDESC, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Sonia T A Lopes
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Weiss PHE, Álvares ACM, Gomes AA, Miletti LC, Skoronski E, da Silva GF, de Freitas SM, Magalhães MLB. Beta glucosidase from Bacillus polymyxa is activated by glucose-6-phosphate. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 580:50-6. [PMID: 26116788 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis is crucial for cost effective bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. Enzymes involved in cellulose hydrolysis are often inhibited by their end-products, cellobiose and glucose. Efforts have been made to produce more efficient enzyme variants that are highly tolerant to product accumulation; however, further improvements are still necessary. Based on an alternative approach we initially investigated whether recently formed glucose could be phosphorylated into glucose-6-phosphate to circumvent glucose accumulation and avoid inhibition of beta-glucosidase from Bacillus polymyxa (BGLA). The kinetic properties and structural analysis of BGLA in the presence of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) were investigated. Kinetic studies demonstrated that enzyme was not inhibited by G6P. In contrast, the presence of G6P activated the enzyme, prevented beta glucosidase feedback inhibition by glucose accumulation and improved protein stability. G6P binding was investigated by fluorescence quenching experiments and the respective association constant indicated high affinity binding of G6P to BGLA. Data reported here are of great impact for future design strategies for second-generation bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo H E Weiss
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Food and Animal Production, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Alice C M Álvares
- Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Anderson A Gomes
- Water Treatment Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz C Miletti
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Food and Animal Production, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Everton Skoronski
- Water Treatment Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F da Silva
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Food and Animal Production, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Sonia M de Freitas
- Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Maria L B Magalhães
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Food and Animal Production, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil.
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