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Abstract
The global biotechnology revolution offers a profusion of promising innovations for the US Department of Defense (DoD). As with other emerging technologies, the commercial market, rather than defense, is driving the evolution of biotechnology products, and the ability to harness biotechnology for defense benefits has been hampered by strategic confusion in DoD. Here we describe a set of high-level challenges and a set of potential solutions that could bring innovative biotechnology closer to reality for the warfighter and DoD writ large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane DiEuliis
- Diane DiEuliis, PhD, is Senior Research Fellow, and Patrick Terrell is Deputy Director, both at the National Defense University, US Department of Defense Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, DC. Peter Emanuel, PhD, is Senior Research Scientist for Bioengineering Combat Capabilities Development, Command Chemical Biological Center, US Department of Defense, US Army, Edgewood, MD
| | - Patrick Terrell
- Diane DiEuliis, PhD, is Senior Research Fellow, and Patrick Terrell is Deputy Director, both at the National Defense University, US Department of Defense Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, DC. Peter Emanuel, PhD, is Senior Research Scientist for Bioengineering Combat Capabilities Development, Command Chemical Biological Center, US Department of Defense, US Army, Edgewood, MD
| | - Peter Emanuel
- Diane DiEuliis, PhD, is Senior Research Fellow, and Patrick Terrell is Deputy Director, both at the National Defense University, US Department of Defense Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, DC. Peter Emanuel, PhD, is Senior Research Scientist for Bioengineering Combat Capabilities Development, Command Chemical Biological Center, US Department of Defense, US Army, Edgewood, MD
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Kufcsák A, Erdogan A, Walker R, Ehrlich K, Tanner M, Megia-Fernandez A, Scholefield E, Emanuel P, Dhaliwal K, Bradley M, Henderson RK, Krstajić N. Time-resolved spectroscopy at 19,000 lines per second using a CMOS SPAD line array enables advanced biophotonics applications. Opt Express 2017; 25:11103-11123. [PMID: 28788793 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.011103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A SPAD-based line sensor fabricated in 130 nm CMOS technology capable of acquiring time-resolved fluorescence spectra (TRFS) in 8.3 milliseconds is presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fastest time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) TRFS acquisition reported to date. The line sensor is an upgrade to our prior work and incorporates: i) parallelized interface from sensor to surrounding circuitry enabling high line rate to the PC (19,000 lines/s) and ii) novel time-gating architecture where detected photons in the OFF region are rejected digitally after the output stage of the SPAD. The time-gating architecture was chosen to avoid electrical transients on the SPAD high voltage supplies when gating is achieved by excess bias modulation. The time-gate has an adjustable location and time window width allowing the user to focus on time-events of interest. On-chip integrated center-of-mass (CMM) calculations provide efficient acquisition of photon arrivals and direct lifetime estimation of fluorescence decays. Furthermore, any of the SPC, TCSPC and on-chip CMM modes can be used in conjunction with the time-gating. The higher readout rate and versatile architecture greatly empower the user and will allow widespread applications across many techniques and disciplines. Here we focused on 3 examples of TRFS and time-gated Raman spectroscopy: i) kinetics of chlorophyll A fluorescence from an intact leaf; ii) kinetics of a thrombin biosensor FRET probe from quenched to fluorescence states; iii) ex vivo mouse lung tissue autofluorescence TRFS; iv) time-gated Raman spectroscopy of toluene at 3056 cm-1 peak. To the best of our knowledge, we detect spectrally for the first time the fast rise in fluorescence lifetime of chlorophyll A in a measurement over single fluorescent transient.
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Roos J, Chue C, DiEuliis D, Emanuel P. The Department of Defense Chemical and Biological Defense Program: An Enabler of the Third Offset Strategy. Health Secur 2017; 15:207-214. [DOI: 10.1089/hs.2017.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ravilla R, Atwal D, Appalanaidu S, Motwani P, Emanuel P, Jethava Y, Veeraputhiran M. Fludarabine, Melphalan, and Alemtuzumab Conditioning Regimen in High Risk Leukemia: The Arkansas Experience. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2016.12.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Carvalho P, Viana G, Flora M, Emanuel P, Diniz P. Percutaneous hallux valgus treatment: Unilaterally or bilaterally. Foot Ankle Surg 2016; 22:248-253. [PMID: 27810023 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently there is no consensus regarding the use of bilateral simultaneous percutaneous surgery for Hallux valgus treatment. Although the technique described in M. Prado's book, recommends operating only one foot at a time there are no published studies confirming it. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether there is a difference between the results of patients that have been percutaneously operated on one foot and those operated on both feet at the same surgical time for mild to moderate Hallux valgus correction. MATERIAL/METHODS We did a retrospective single centre evaluation of 93 feet (61 patients) with Hallux valgus operated percutaneously. 29 patients were operated unilaterally (group I) and 32 bilaterally simultaneously (group II) between 2005 and 2009. The Metatarsophalangeal angle (MPA), Intermetatarsal angle (IMA) and Distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA) were evaluated pre- and postoperatively. The AOFAS score, the degree of patients' satisfaction and the complications were evaluated postoperatively. RESULTS The mean follow-up was 24.0 months in group I, and 28.0 in group II. The average postoperative AOFAS score was 86.8, 82.9 in group I and 88.6 in group II (p>0.05). 90.6% were satisfied or very satisfied in group I, and 89.7% in group II (p>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in the average correction of MPA, DMAA, and IMA. The complications rate was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The similar results obtained in both groups suggest that the simultaneous bilateral percutaneous surgery gives equivalent results to the unilateral, which has an important socioeconomic impact since there is only one recovery time for both feet. Further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Carvalho
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Santana Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal 1- Chief of Foot & Ankle Surgery Department, Santana Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal; Chief of Foot & Ankle Surgery Department, Santana Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - G Viana
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Santana Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal 1- Chief of Foot & Ankle Surgery Department, Santana Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Flora
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Santana Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal 1- Chief of Foot & Ankle Surgery Department, Santana Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Emanuel
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Santana Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal 1- Chief of Foot & Ankle Surgery Department, Santana Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
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Kaur V, Swami A, Shebli A, Shalin S, Veeraputhiran M, Emanuel P, Jethava Y. A rare case of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm with deletion 7q.31, in the setting of heavy pre-treatment with alkylating chemotherapy. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2016; 23:552-556. [DOI: 10.1177/1078155216665245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm is rare myeloid malignancy clinically characterized by non-pruritic, violaceous and papulo-nodular skin lesions, together with bone marrow and lymph node involvement. Histologically, there is infiltration of dermis by neoplastic mono-nuclear CD4, CD56, CD123 co-expressing cells with epidermal sparing. Most commonly blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm presents as a de-novo condition, and treatment-related blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm is a rare phenomenon. Due to rarity of the disease, there is no established standard of care treatment. Both acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoid leukemia type induction regimens have been used for treatment of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm, with initial response rate of 50%–80%. We present a rare case of therapy-associated blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm in a patient with remote history alkylating agent systemic therapy. A lag period of five to seven years and presence of deletion 7q.31 seen in bone marrow biopsy specimen in our patient are consistent with a likely therapy-associated etiology of his blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinder Kaur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, AR, USA
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver Island Cancer Center, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Atrash Shebli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sara Shalin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Muthu Veeraputhiran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Peter Emanuel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Yogesh Jethava
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Xiang Z, Kaur V, Aburiziq IK, Mehta P, Emanuel P, Schichman SA. Natural history of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: gene sequencing identifies multiple clonal molecular abnormalities associated with rapid progression to acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Case Rep 2014; 2:265-70. [PMID: 25548628 PMCID: PMC4270708 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message Gene panel sequencing in a CMML patient without any detectable genetic abnormality by conventional genetic studies identified four concurrent somatic mutations in three genes. Gene panel mutation analysis is a rapidly emerging clinical tool to demonstrate the clonality in hematologic malignancies, and to identify the potential targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifu Xiang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, Arkansas ; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Varinder Kaur
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Ibrahim K Aburiziq
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Paulette Mehta
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, Arkansas ; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Peter Emanuel
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Steven A Schichman
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, Arkansas ; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock, Arkansas
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Buckley P, Rivers B, Katoski S, Kim MH, Kragl FJ, Broomall S, Krepps M, Skowronski EW, Rosenzweig CN, Paikoff S, Emanuel P, Gibbons HS. Genetic barcodes for improved environmental tracking of an anthrax simulant. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:8272-80. [PMID: 23001658 PMCID: PMC3497392 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01827-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of realistic risk models that predict the dissemination, dispersion and persistence of potential biothreat agents have utilized nonpathogenic surrogate organisms such as Bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii or commercial products such as Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. Comparison of results from outdoor tests under different conditions requires the use of genetically identical strains; however, the requirement for isogenic strains limits the ability to compare other desirable properties, such as the behavior in the environment of the same strain prepared using different methods. Finally, current methods do not allow long-term studies of persistence or reaerosolization in test sites where simulants are heavily used or in areas where B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki is applied as a biopesticide. To create a set of genetically heterogeneous yet phenotypically indistinguishable strains so that variables intrinsic to simulations (e.g., sample preparation) can be varied and the strains can be tested under otherwise identical conditions, we have developed a strategy of introducing small genetic signatures ("barcodes") into neutral regions of the genome. The barcodes are stable over 300 generations and do not impact in vitro growth or sporulation. Each barcode contains common and specific tags that allow differentiation of marked strains from wild-type strains and from each other. Each tag is paired with specific real-time PCR assays that facilitate discrimination of barcoded strains from wild-type strains and from each other. These uniquely barcoded strains will be valuable tools for research into the environmental fate of released organisms by providing specific artificial detection signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Buckley
- Biosciences Division, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Bryan Rivers
- Biosciences Division, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
- Science Applications International Corporation, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah Katoski
- Biosciences Division, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
- Science Applications International Corporation, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael H. Kim
- Biosciences Division, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - F. Joseph Kragl
- Biosciences Division, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Stacey Broomall
- Biosciences Division, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Krepps
- Biosciences Division, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
- Excet, Inc., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Evan W. Skowronski
- Biosciences Division, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - C. Nicole Rosenzweig
- Biosciences Division, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Sari Paikoff
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Ft. Belvoir, Virginia, USA
| | - Peter Emanuel
- Biosciences Division, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Henry S. Gibbons
- Biosciences Division, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
The world population will continue to face biological threats, whether they are naturally occurring or intentional events. The speed with which diseases can emerge and spread presents serious challenges, because the impact on public health, the economy, and development can be huge. The U.S. government recognizes that global public health can also have an impact on national security. This global perspective manifests itself in U.S. policy documents that clearly articulate the importance of biosurveillance in providing early warning, detection, and situational awareness of infectious disease threats in order to mount a rapid response and save lives. In this commentary, we suggest that early recognition of infectious disease threats, whether naturally occurring or man-made, requires a globally distributed array of interoperable hardware and software fielded in sufficient numbers to create a network of linked collection nodes. We argue that achievement of this end state will require a degree of cooperation that does not exist at this time-either across the U.S. federal government or among our global partners. Successful fielding of a family of interoperable technologies will require interagency research, development, and purchase ("acquisition") of biosurveillance systems through cooperative ventures that likely will involve our strategic allies and public-private partnerships. To this end, we propose leveraging an existing federal interagency group to integrate the acquisition of technologies to enable global biosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Emanuel
- U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5183, USA.
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Raza A, Galili N, Callander N, Ochoa L, Piro L, Emanuel P, Williams S, Burris H, Faderl S, Estrov Z, Curtin P, Larson RA, Keck JG, Jones M, Meng L, Brown GL. Phase 1-2a multicenter dose-escalation study of ezatiostat hydrochloride liposomes for injection (Telintra, TLK199), a novel glutathione analog prodrug in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. J Hematol Oncol 2009; 2:20. [PMID: 19439093 PMCID: PMC2694211 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-2-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ezatiostat hydrochloride liposomes for injection, a glutathione S-transferase P1-1 inhibitor, was evaluated in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The objectives were to determine the safety, pharmacokinetics, and hematologic improvement (HI) rate. Phase 1-2a testing of ezatiostat for the treatment of MDS was conducted in a multidose-escalation, multicenter study. Phase 1 patients received ezatiostat at 5 dose levels (50, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/m2) intravenously (IV) on days 1 to 5 of a 14-day cycle until MDS progression or unacceptable toxicity. In phase 2, ezatiostat was administered on 2 dose schedules: 600 mg/m2 IV on days 1 to 5 or days 1 to 3 of a 21-day treatment cycle. RESULTS 54 patients with histologically confirmed MDS were enrolled. The most common adverse events were grade 1 or 2, respectively, chills (11%, 9%), back pain (15%, 2%), flushing (19%, 0%), nausea (15%, 0%), bone pain (6%, 6%), fatigue (0%, 13%), extremity pain (7%, 4%), dyspnea (9%, 4%), and diarrhea (7%, 4%) related to acute infusional hypersensitivity reactions. The concentration of the primary active metabolites increased proportionate to ezatiostat dosage. Trilineage responses were observed in 4 of 16 patients (25%) with trilineage cytopenia. Hematologic Improvement-Erythroid (HI-E) was observed in 9 of 38 patients (24%), HI-Neutrophil in 11 of 26 patients (42%) and HI-Platelet in 12 of 24 patients (50%). These responses were accompanied by improvement in clinical symptoms and reductions in transfusion requirements. Improvement in bone marrow maturation and cellularity was also observed. CONCLUSION Phase 2 studies of ezatiostat hydrochloride liposomes for injection in MDS are supported by the tolerability and HI responses observed. An oral formulation of ezatiostat hydrochloride tablets is also in phase 2 clinical development. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00035867.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Raza
- University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Lai-Cheong JE, Tanaka A, Hawche G, Emanuel P, Maari C, Taskesen M, Akdeniz S, Liu L, McGrath JA. Kindler syndrome: a focal adhesion genodermatosis. Br J Dermatol 2008; 160:233-42. [PMID: 19120339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Kindler syndrome (OMIM 173650) is an autosomal recessive genodermatosis characterized by trauma-induced blistering, poikiloderma, skin atrophy, mucosal inflammation and varying degrees of photosensitivity. Although Kindler syndrome is classified as a subtype of epidermolysis bullosa, it has distinct clinicopathological and molecular abnormalities. The molecular pathology of Kindler syndrome involves loss-of-function mutations in a newly recognized actin cytoskeleton-associated protein, now known as fermitin family homologue 1, encoded by the gene FERMT1. This protein mediates anchorage between the actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix via focal adhesions, and thus the structural pathology differs from other forms of epidermolysis bullosa in which there is a disruption of the keratin intermediate filament-hemidesmosome network and the extracellular matrix. In the skin, fermitin family homologue 1 is mainly expressed in basal keratinocytes and binds to the cytoplasmic tails of beta1 and beta3 integrins as well as to fermitin family homologue 2 and filamin-binding LIM protein 1. It also plays a crucial role in keratinocyte migration, proliferation and adhesion. In this report, we review the clinical, cellular and molecular pathology of Kindler syndrome and discuss the role of fermitin family homologue 1 in keratinocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Lai-Cheong
- Genetic Skin Disease Group, St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Feng SH, Tsai S, Rodriguez J, Newsome T, Emanuel P, Lo SC. Development of Mouse Hybridomas for Production of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific toBurkholderia malleiandBurkholderia pseudomallei. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2006; 25:193-201. [PMID: 16934015 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2006.25.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei are designated category B biothreat agents on the "select agents" list established by the NIH and CDC. Development of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that could effectively differentiate these two closely related species of bacteria and other non-pathogenic Burkholderia bacteria is urgently needed. Splenocytes from mice immunized with various antigen preparations from either B. mallei (American Type Culture Collection [ATCC] 23344) or B. pseudomallei (ATCC 23343) were used for production of hybridomas. Using a three-step cross-screening protocol, a total of 10 hybridomas were selected that produced MAbs which specifically recognized B. mallei 23344 but did not bind B. pseudomallei, Pseudomonas aeruginasa, or any of the other nine Burkholderia species tested. All 10 MAbs targeted to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules of B. mallei and reacted strongly with 12 out of 15 different strains of B. mallei tested. A total of 14 hybridomas that produced MAbs reacting with B. pseudomallei 23343, but not with B. mallei, P. aeruginasa, or any other nine non-pathogenic Burkholderia species were also selected. All 14 MAbs appeared to react with a proteinase K-sensitive 200-kDa band by immunoblotting analysis. Surprisingly, these 14 MAbs that were raised against the ATCC 23343 strain failed to react to any of the other 13 different strains of B. pseudomallei examined. In conclusion, our B. mallei-specific MAbs can effectively recognize 80% of the different B. mallei strains tested, and all the B. pseudomallei-specific MAbs appeared to react with a unique antigen present only in the ATCC 23343 strain, but not in any other strains of B. pseudomallei tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaw-Huey Feng
- Department of Environmental and Infectious Disease Sciences, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Washington, DC, USA
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Castleberry R, Loh M, Jayaprakash N, Peterson A, Casey V, Chang M, Widemann B, Emanuel P. An update of the phase II window study of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor (FTI), R115777, followed by a phase III trial of 13-cis retinoic, cytosine arabinoside, fludarabine and stem cell transplantation (SCT) in children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). A children's oncology group study. Leuk Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(06)80019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wu CH, Madabusi L, Nishioka H, Emanuel P, Sypes M, Arkhipova I, Gilmour DS. Analysis of core promoter sequences located downstream from the TATA element in the hsp70 promoter from Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:1593-602. [PMID: 11238896 PMCID: PMC86705 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.5.1593-1602.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TFIID recognizes multiple sequence elements in the hsp70 promoter of Drosophila. Here, we investigate the function of sequences downstream from the TATA element. A mutation in the initiator was identified that caused an eightfold reduction in binding of TFIID and a fourfold reduction in transcription in vitro. Another mutation in the +24 to +29 region was somewhat less inhibitory, but a mutation in the +14 to +19 region had essentially no effect. The normal promoter and the mutants in the initiator and the +24 to +29 region were transformed into flies by P element-mediated transformation. The initiator mutation reduced expression an average of twofold in adult flies, whereas the mutation in the +24 to +29 region had essentially no effect. In contrast, a promoter combining the two mutations was expressed an average of sixfold less than the wild type. The results suggest that the initiator and the +24 to +29 region could serve overlapping functions in vivo. Protein-DNA cross-linking was used to identify which subunits of TFIID contact the +24 to +29 region and the initiator. No specific subunits were found to cross-link to the +24 to +29 region. In contrast, the initiator cross-linked exclusively to dTAF230. Remarkably, dTAF230 cross-links approximately 10 times more efficiently to the nontranscribed strand than to the transcribed strand at the initiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Wu
- Center for Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Emanuel P, O'Brien T, Burans J, DasGupta BR, Valdes JJ, Eldefrawi M. Directing antigen specificity towards botulinum neurotoxin with combinatorial phage display libraries. J Immunol Methods 1996; 193:189-97. [PMID: 8699032 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(96)00053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The production of antibodies towards antigens with low immunogenicity is enhanced by the intrinsic efficiency of screening combinatorial libraries of immunoglobulins. The need to isolate clones with rare binding specificities has dictated a highly efficient method of screening and isolating antibody clones. The production of recombinant immunoglobulin libraries in bacteria allows for a more controlled selection of antibody specificity and can be used in circumstances where hybridoma fusions are unable to isolate rare clones with the desired epitope specificity. Botulinum neurotoxin (NT) with associated non neurotoxin proteins (non-NT) as a complex was used to immunize mice to obtain mRNA for the production of a recombinant antibody library with a repertoire of specificities. Initial screens of the combinatorial library revealed clones which recognized the non-neurotoxin proteins of the toxin complex similar to monoclonal antibodies produced by conventional hybridoma fusions. The combinatorial library was re-screened in order to isolate antibodies that specifically recognized the neurotoxin component of the toxin complex. The ability to alter the biopanning selection process affords the researcher a measure of control in the selection process not available with traditional hybridoma fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Emanuel
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201, USA
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