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Frithioff A, Frendø M, Weiss K, Foghsgaard S, Mikkelsen PT, Frederiksen TW, Pedersen DB, Sørensen MS, Andersen SAW. 3-D-Printed Models for Temporal Bone Training: A Validity Study. Otol Neurotol 2023; 44:e497-e503. [PMID: 37442608 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000003936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 3-D printing offers convenient and low-cost mastoidectomy training; nonetheless, training benefits using 3-D-printed temporal bones remain largely unexplored. In this study, we have collected validity evidence for a low-cost, 3-D-printed temporal bone for mastoidectomy training and established a credible pass/fail score for performance on the model. STUDY DESIGN A prospective educational study gathering validity evidence using Messick's validity framework. SETTING Seven Danish otorhinolaryngology training institutions. PARTICIPANTS Eighteen otorhinolaryngology residents (novices) and 11 experienced otosurgeons (experts). INTERVENTION Residents and experienced otosurgeons each performed two to three anatomical mastoidectomies on a low-cost, 3-D-printed temporal bone model produced in-house. After drilling, mastoidectomy performances were rated by three blinded experts using a 25-item modified Welling scale (WS). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Validity evidence using Messick's framework including reliability assessment applying both classical test theory and Generalizability theory. RESULTS Novices achieved a mean score of 13.9 points; experienced otosurgeons achieved 23.2 points. Using the contrasting groups method, we established a 21/25-point pass/fail level. The Generalizability coefficient was 0.91, and 75% of the score variance was attributable to participant performance, indicating a high level of assessment reliability. Subsequent D studies revealed that two raters rating one performance or one rater rating two performances were sufficiently reliable for high-stakes assessment. CONCLUSION Validity evidence supports using a low-cost, 3-D-printed model for mastoidectomy training. The model can be printed in-house using consumer-grade 3-D printers and serves as an additional training tool in the temporal bone curriculum. For competency-based training, we established a cut-off score of 21 of 25 WS points using the contrasting groups method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kenneth Weiss
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby
| | - Søren Foghsgaard
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Trier Mikkelsen
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - David Bue Pedersen
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby
| | - Mads Sølvsten Sørensen
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Frithioff A, Weiss K, Frendø M, Senn P, Mikkelsen PT, Sieber D, Sørensen MS, Pedersen DB, Andersen SAW. 3D-printing a cost-effective model for mastoidectomy training. 3D Print Med 2023; 9:12. [PMID: 37062800 PMCID: PMC10108487 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-023-00174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3D-printed temporal bone models can potentially provide a cost-effective alternative to cadaver surgery that can be manufactured locally at the training department. The objective of this study was to create a cost-effective 3D-printed model suitable for mastoidectomy training using entry level and commercially available print technologies, enabling individuals, without prior experience on 3D-printing, to manufacture their own models for basic temporal bone training. METHODS Expert technical professionals and an experienced otosurgeon identified the best material for replicating the temporal bone and created a cost-effective printing routine for the model using entry-level print technologies. Eleven participants at a temporal bone dissection course evaluated the model using a questionnaire. RESULTS The 3D-printed temporal bone model was printed using a material extrusion 3D-printer with a heat resistant filament, reducing melting during drilling. After printing, a few simple post-processing steps were designed to replicate the dura, sigmoid sinus and facial nerve. Modifying the 3D-printer by installing a direct-drive and ruby nozzle resulted in more successful prints and less need for maintenance. Upon evaluation by otorhinolaryngology trainees, unanimous feedback was that the model provided a good introduction to the mastoidectomy procedure, and supplementing practice to cadaveric temporal bones. CONCLUSION In-house production of a cost-effective 3D-printed model for temporal bone training is feasible and enables training institutions to manufacture their own models. Further, this work demonstrates the feasibility of creating new temporal bone models with anatomical variation to provide ample training opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frithioff
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kenneth Weiss
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Frendø
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Center for HR & Education, Region H, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Herlev & Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pascal Senn
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Service of ORL & Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter Trier Mikkelsen
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sieber
- Department of Medical & Health Technologies, MCI | The Entrepreneurial School, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mads Sølvsten Sørensen
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Bue Pedersen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Steven Arild Wuyts Andersen
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Frithioff A, Frendø M, Mikkelsen PT, Sørensen MS, Andersen SAW. Cochlear implantation: Exploring the effects of 3D stereovision in a digital microscope for virtual reality simulation training - A randomized controlled trial. Cochlear Implants Int 2021; 23:80-86. [PMID: 34852727 DOI: 10.1080/14670100.2021.1997026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In cochlear implantation (CI), excellent surgical technique is critical for hearing outcomes. Recent advances in temporal bone Virtual Reality (VR) training allow for specific training of CI and through introduction of new digital microscopes with ultra-high-fidelity (UHF) graphics. This study aims to investigate whether UHF increases performance in VR simulation training of CI electrode insertion compared with conventional, screen-based VR (cVR). METHODS Twenty-four medical students completed a randomized, controlled trial of an educational intervention. They performed a total of eight CI electrode insertions each in blocks of four using either UHF-VR or cVR, in randomized order. CI electrode insertion performances were rated by two blinded expert raters using a structured assessment tool supported by validity evidence. RESULTS Performance scores in cVR were higher than in the UHF-VR simulation although this was not significant (19.8 points, 95% CI [19.3-20.3] vs. 18.8 points, 95% CI [18.2-19.4]; P = 0.09). The decisive factor for performance was participants' ability to achieve stereovision (mean difference = 1.1 points, 95% CI [0.15-2.08], P = 0.02). DISCUSSION No additional benefit was found from UHF-VR over cVR training of CI electrode insertion for novices. Consequently, standard cVR simulation should be used for novices' basic skills acquisition in CI surgery. Future studies should instead explore the effects of other improvements in CI surgery training and if the lacking benefit of UHF-VR also applies for more experienced learners. CONCLUSION The increased graphical perception and the superior lifelikeness of UHF-VR does not improve early skills acquisition of CI insertion for novices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frithioff
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Center for HR & Education, RegionH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Frendø
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Center for HR & Education, RegionH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mads Sølvsten Sørensen
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven Arild Wuyts Andersen
- Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Center for HR & Education, RegionH, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtual reality (VR) simulation is an established option for temporal bone surgical training. Most VR simulators are based on computed tomography imaging, whereas the Visible Ear Simulator (VES) is based on high-fidelity cryosections of a single temporal bone specimen. Recently published OpenEar datasets combine cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and micro-slicing to achieve similar model quality. This study explores integration of OpenEar datasets into VES to enable case variation in simulation with implications for patient-specific modeling based on CBCT. METHODS The OpenEar dataset consists of segmented, coregistered, multimodal imaging sets of human temporal bones. We derived drillable bone segments from the dataset as well as triangulated surface models of critical structures such as facial nerve or dura. Realistic visualization was achieved using coloring from micro-slicing, custom tinting, and texture maps. Resulting models were validated by clinical experts. RESULTS Six of the eight OpenEar datasets could be integrated in VES complete with instructional guides for various temporal bone surgical procedures. Resulting models were of high quality because of postprocessing steps taken to increase realism including colorization and imaging artifact removal. Bone artifacts were common in CBCT, resulting in dehiscences that most often could not be found in the ground truth micro-slicing data. CONCLUSION New anatomy models are included in VES version 3.5 freeware and provide case variation for training which could help trainees to learn more quickly and transferably under variable practice conditions. The use of CBCT for VR simulation models without postprocessing results in bone artifacts, which should be considered when using clinical imaging for patient-specific simulation, surgical rehearsal, and planning.
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Frithioff A, Frendø M, Mikkelsen PT, Sørensen MS, Andersen SAW. Ultra-high-fidelity virtual reality mastoidectomy simulation training: a randomized, controlled trial. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 277:1335-1341. [PMID: 32067096 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-05858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ultra-high-fidelity (UHF) graphics in virtual reality (VR) simulation might improve surgical skill acquisition in temporal bone training. This study aims to compare UHF VR simulation training with conventional, screen-based VR simulation training (cVR) with respect to performance and cognitive load (CL). METHODS In a randomized trial with a cross-over design, 24 students completed a total of four mastoidectomies in a VR temporal bone surgical simulator: two performances under UHF conditions using a digital microscope and two performances under conventional conditions using screen-based VR simulation. Performances were assessed by two blinded raters using an established assessment tool. In addition, CL was estimated as the relative change in secondary-task reaction time during simulation when compared with individual baseline measurements. Data were analyzed using linear mixed model analysis for repeated measurements. RESULTS The mean final-product performance score was significantly lower in UHF VR simulation compared to cVR simulation [mean difference 1.0 points out of 17 points, 95% CI (0.2-1.7), p = 0.02]. The most important factor for performance during UHF simulation was the ability to achieve stereovision (mean difference = 3.4 points, p < 0.001). Under the UHF VR condition, CL was significantly higher than during cVR (28% vs. 18%, respectively, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION UHF graphics in VR simulation training reduced performance and induced a higher CL in novices than conventional, screen-based VR simulation training. Consequently, UHF VR simulation training should be preceded by cVR training and might be better suited for the training of intermediates or experienced surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frithioff
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rigshospitalet, HovedOrtoCentret, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Center for HR, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Martin Frendø
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rigshospitalet, HovedOrtoCentret, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Center for HR, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mads Sølvsten Sørensen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rigshospitalet, HovedOrtoCentret, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven Arild Wuyts Andersen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rigshospitalet, HovedOrtoCentret, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Center for HR, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Andersen SAW, Mikkelsen PT, Sørensen MS. Expert sampling of VR simulator metrics for automated assessment of mastoidectomy performance. Laryngoscope 2019; 129:2170-2177. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.27798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Arild Wuyts Andersen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery Rigshospitalet
- The Simulation Centre at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES)Centre for HR, the Capital Region of Denmark Copenhagen
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Andersen SAW, Mikkelsen PT, Konge L, Cayé-Thomasen P, Sørensen MS. The effect of implementing cognitive load theory-based design principles in virtual reality simulation training of surgical skills: a randomized controlled trial. Adv Simul (Lond) 2016; 1:20. [PMID: 29449989 PMCID: PMC5806310 DOI: 10.1186/s41077-016-0022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive overload can inhibit learning, and cognitive load theory-based instructional design principles can be used to optimize learning situations. This study aims to investigate the effect of implementing cognitive load theory-based design principles in virtual reality simulation training of mastoidectomy. Methods Eighteen novice medical students received 1 h of self-directed virtual reality simulation training of the mastoidectomy procedure randomized for standard instructions (control) or cognitive load theory-based instructions with a worked example followed by a problem completion exercise (intervention). Participants then completed two post-training virtual procedures for assessment and comparison. Cognitive load during the post-training procedures was estimated by reaction time testing on an integrated secondary task. Final-product analysis by two blinded expert raters was used to assess the virtual mastoidectomy performances. Results Participants in the intervention group had a significantly increased cognitive load during the post-training procedures compared with the control group (52 vs. 41 %, p = 0.02). This was also reflected in the final-product performance: the intervention group had a significantly lower final-product score than the control group (13.0 vs. 15.4, p < 0.005). Conclusions Initial instruction using worked examples followed by a problem completion exercise did not reduce the cognitive load or improve the performance of the following procedures in novices. Increased cognitive load when part tasks needed to be integrated in the post-training procedures could be a possible explanation for this. Other instructional designs and methods are needed to lower the cognitive load and improve the performance in virtual reality surgical simulation training of novices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Arild Wuyts Andersen
- 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Konge
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, The Capital Region of Denmark Denmark
| | - Per Cayé-Thomasen
- 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Sølvsten Sørensen
- 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Andersen SAW, Konge L, Mikkelsen PT, Cayé-Thomasen P, Sørensen MS. Mapping the plateau of novices in virtual reality simulation training of mastoidectomy. Laryngoscope 2016; 127:907-914. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.26000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Konge
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation; Centre for HR; the Capital Region of Denmark Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Per Cayé-Thomasen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head ad Neck Surgery; Rigshospitalet; Denmark
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Andersen SAW, Mikkelsen PT, Konge L, Cayé-Thomasen P, Sørensen MS. Cognitive Load in Mastoidectomy Skills Training: Virtual Reality Simulation and Traditional Dissection Compared. J Surg Educ 2016; 73:45-50. [PMID: 26481267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cognitive load (CL) theoretical framework suggests that working memory is limited, which has implications for learning and skills acquisition. Complex learning situations such as surgical skills training can potentially induce a cognitive overload, inhibiting learning. This study aims to compare CL in traditional cadaveric dissection training and virtual reality (VR) simulation training of mastoidectomy. DESIGN A prospective, crossover study. Participants performed cadaveric dissection before VR simulation of the procedure or vice versa. CL was estimated by secondary-task reaction time testing at baseline and during the procedure in both training modalities. SETTING The national Danish temporal bone course. PARTICIPANTS A total of 40 novice otorhinolaryngology residents. RESULTS Reaction time was increased by 20% in VR simulation training and 55% in cadaveric dissection training of mastoidectomy compared with baseline measurements. Traditional dissection training increased CL significantly more than VR simulation training (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS VR simulation training imposed a lower CL than traditional cadaveric dissection training of mastoidectomy. Learning complex surgical skills can be a challenge for the novice and mastoidectomy skills training could potentially be optimized by employing VR simulation training first because of the lower CL. Traditional dissection training could then be used to supplement skills training after basic competencies have been acquired in the VR simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lars Konge
- Center for Clinical Education, Center for HR, The Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Cayé-Thomasen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Sølvsten Sørensen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Andersen SAW, Mikkelsen PT, Konge L, Cayé-Thomasen P, Sørensen MS. Cognitive load in distributed and massed practice in virtual reality mastoidectomy simulation. Laryngoscope 2015; 126:E74-9. [PMID: 26153783 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Cognitive load theory states that working memory is limited. This has implications for learning and suggests that reducing cognitive load (CL) could promote learning and skills acquisition. This study aims to explore the effect of repeated practice and simulator-integrated tutoring on CL in virtual reality (VR) mastoidectomy simulation. STUDY DESIGN Prospective trial. METHODS Forty novice medical students performed 12 repeated virtual mastoidectomy procedures in the Visible Ear Simulator: 21 completed distributed practice with practice blocks spaced in time and 19 participants completed massed practice (all practices performed in 1 day). Participants were randomized for tutoring with the simulator-integrated tutor function. Cognitive load was estimated by measuring reaction time in a secondary task. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models for repeated measurements. RESULTS The mean reaction time increased by 37% during the procedure compared with baseline, demonstrating that the procedure placed substantial cognitive demands. Repeated practice significantly lowered CL in the distributed practice group but not in massed practice group. In addition, CL was found to be further increased by 10.3% in the later and more complex stages of the procedure. The simulator-integrated tutor function did not have an impact on CL. CONCLUSION Distributed practice decreased CL in repeated VR mastoidectomy training more consistently than was seen in massed practice. This suggests a possible effect of skills and memory consolidation occurring over time. To optimize technical skills learning, training should be organized as time-distributed practice rather than as a massed block of practice, which is common in skills-training courses. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lars Konge
- Center for Clinical Education, Center for HR, The Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen
| | - Per Cayé-Thomasen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rigshospitalet
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Andersen SAW, Mikkelsen PT, Noe KO, Sørensen MS. [Good experiences with interactive temporal bone surgical simulator]. Ugeskr Laeger 2014; 176:V01130066. [PMID: 25096010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Visible Ear Simulator (VES) is a freeware temporal bone surgical simulator utilizing a high-fidelity haptic and graphical voxel model compiled from segmented digital images of fresh frozen sections. A haptic device provides the 3-dimensional handling and drilling with force-feedback in real time. In a multilingual user interface the integrated tutor function provides stepwise instructions during drilling through an intuitive, volumetric approach. A censor function draws on metrics derived from the simulator to provide instant and summary feedback for the user. The VES can be downloaded from http://ves.cg.alexandra.dk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A W Andersen
- Øre- næse- halskirurgisk Klinik, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 København Ø.
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