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Wookey P, Gupta P, Bittencourt L, Cheung S, Hare D, Furness S. Methods to measure calcitonin receptor activity, up-regulated in cell stress, apoptosis and autophagy. F1000Res 2021; 10:1019. [PMID: 34745567 PMCID: PMC8543166 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.72845.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the calcitonin receptor (CT Receptor) is widespread throughout the life cycle of mammals and in many diseases, and in these contexts the functions of the common isoforms is largely unknown. The relatively recent development of anti-CT Receptor antibodies that bind separate epitopes on the CT
a Receptor and CT
b Receptor isoforms has advanced our knowledge and understanding of these events. CT Receptor at the protein level is upregulated in programmed cell death including apoptosis (as described in a previous publication) and autophagy, which is discussed in our upcoming, unpublished review. Incomplete data sets are cited in this review on the upregulation of CACLR (encoding CT Receptor) mRNA, in particular the insert-positive isoform (CT
b Receptor), in response to cell stress. Cell stress is induced by growth in depleted foetal bovine serum (dFBS) or without FBS, both of which induce degrees of starvation and autophagy, or dFBS plus staurosporine, which induces apoptosis. Details of the methods deployed to generate these data are described here including measurement of the upregulation of CT
b Receptor mRNA with qPCR and nanopore long range sequencing. An anti-CT Receptor antibody also known as CalRexin
TM, which binds an epitope in the N-terminal domain, was conjugated to either fluorophore 568, which is accumulated into apoptotic cells as previously reported, or pHrodo Red, a pH dependent fluorescent dye, which is accumulated into autophagic and apoptotic cells. These conjugates are under development to image programmed cell death. The methods for conjugation and high content imaging on the Operetta platform are described. The high fluorescence intensity at low pH of CalRexin:pHrodo Red in both autophagic and apoptotic cells suggests localisation in autophago-lysosomes and lysosomes respectively. Overall, these observations and the methods that underpin them have contributed to our understanding of the widespread expression of CT Receptor isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wookey
- Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Pragya Gupta
- Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Lucas Bittencourt
- Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Shane Cheung
- BOMP, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - David Hare
- Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Sebastian Furness
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
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Bullock CM, Wookey P, Bennett A, Mobasheri A, Dickerson I, Kelly S. Peripheral calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor activation and mechanical sensitization of the joint in rat models of osteoarthritis pain. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2188-200. [PMID: 24719311 PMCID: PMC4314689 DOI: 10.1002/art.38656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the role of the sensory neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in peripheral sensitization in experimental models of osteoarthritis (OA) pain. Methods Experimental knee OA was induced in rats by intraarticular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) or by transection of the medial meniscus (MMT). Single-unit recordings of joint-innervating nociceptors were obtained in MIA- and saline-treated rats following administration of CGRP or the CGRP receptor antagonist CGRP 8–37. Effects of CGRP 8–37 were also examined in rats that underwent MMT and sham operations. Protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of CGRP receptor components in the L3–L4 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were investigated following MIA treatment. Results In both the MIA and MMT groups, the mechanical sensitivity of joint nociceptors was enhanced compared to that in the control groups. Exogenous CGRP increased mechanical sensitivity in a greater proportion of joint nociceptors in the MIA-treated rats than in the saline-treated rats. Local blockade of endogenous CGRP by CGRP 8–37 reversed both the MIA- and MMT-induced enhancement of joint nociceptor responses. Joint afferent cell bodies coexpressed the receptor for CGRP, called the calcitonin-like receptor (CLR), and the intracellular accessory CGRP receptor component protein. MIA treatment increased the levels of mRNA for CLR in the L3–L4 DRG and the levels of CLR protein in medium and large joint afferent neurons. Conclusion Our findings provide new and compelling evidence implicating a role of CGRP in peripheral sensitization in experimental OA. Our novel finding of CGRP-mediated control of joint nociceptor mechanosensitivity suggests that the CGRP receptor system may be an important target for the modulation of pain during OA. CGRP receptor antagonists recently developed for migraine pain should be investigated for their efficacy against pain in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Bullock
- University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, and University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, UK
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Thomas S, Encha-Razavi F, Devisme L, Etchevers H, Bessieres-Grattagliano B, Goudefroye G, Elkhartoufi N, Pateau E, Ichkou A, Bonnière M, Marcorelle P, Parent P, Manouvrier S, Holder M, Laquerrière A, Loeuillet L, Roume J, Martinovic J, Mougou-Zerelli S, Gonzales M, Meyer V, Wessner M, Feysot CB, Nitschke P, Leticee N, Munnich A, Lyonnet S, Wookey P, Gyapay G, Foliguet B, Vekemans M, Attié-Bitach T. High-throughput sequencing of a 4.1 Mb linkage interval reveals FLVCR2 deletions and mutations in lethal cerebral vasculopathy. Hum Mutat 2011; 31:1134-41. [PMID: 20690116 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rare lethal disease gene identification remains a challenging issue, but it is amenable to new techniques in high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Cerebral proliferative glomeruloid vasculopathy (PGV), or Fowler syndrome, is a severe autosomal recessive disorder of brain angiogenesis, resulting in abnormally thickened and aberrant perforating vessels leading to hydranencephaly. In three multiplex consanguineous families, genome-wide SNP analysis identified a locus of 14 Mb on chromosome 14. In addition, 280 consecutive SNPs were identical in two Turkish families unknown to be related, suggesting a founder mutation reducing the interval to 4.1 Mb. To identify the causative gene, we then specifically enriched for this region with sequence capture and performed HTS in a proband of seven families. Due to technical constraints related to the disease, the average coverage was only 7×. Nonetheless, iterative bioinformatic analyses of the sequence data identified mutations and a large deletion in the FLVCR2 gene, encoding a 12 transmembrane domain-containing putative transporter. A striking absence of alpha-smooth muscle actin immunostaining in abnormal vessels in fetal PGV brains, suggests a deficit in pericytes, cells essential for capillary stabilization and remodeling during brain angiogenesis. This is the first lethal disease-causing gene to be identified by comprehensive HTS of an entire linkage interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Thomas
- INSERM U-781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Wookey P, Szeto P, Zulli A, Hare D. The Recruitment of Blood-Borne Qdot-Labeled Cells into Atherosclerotic Plaque. Heart Lung Circ 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2010.06.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Calcitonin receptors (CTR) have previously been identified in specific regions of the rat central nervous system using in situ hybridization or autoradiography with iodinated ligands. In this study, the results of immunohistochemical mapping of CTR in the adult rat brain are reported, using a potent and recently developed antibody that recognizes an intracellular epitope of the rat CTR, and high-resolution immunofluorescence techniques. Abundant expression was found in the brain, with highest densities in the nucleus accumbens, lateral arcuate nucleus, lateral substantia nigra, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, locus coeruleus, area postrema, nucleus of the solitary tract, and some of the nuclei of the reticular formation. These results are in close correspondence with previous mapping studies. However, we detected CTR immunoreactivity in several additional brain areas, as the ventromedial, lateral and posterior hypothalamus, where CT binding has not yet been described. Our detailed mapping of the CTR in the rat brain has identified CTR-positive cells that will be important for subsequent characterization of behavioral functions associated with the actions of CT-related peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Becskei
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Tolcos M, Tikellis C, Rees S, Cooper M, Wookey P. Ontogeny of calcitonin receptor mRNA and protein in the developing central nervous system of the rat. J Comp Neurol 2003; 456:29-38. [PMID: 12508311 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the expression of receptors for calcitonin (CTR), the CTR C1a and C1b isoforms, was investigated during development of the fetal rat central nervous system (CNS) by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Coincident expression with both techniques was evident. Immunohistochemical evidence for the expression of the C1a isoform alone was found. Expression was first observed at embryonic day 12/13 (E12/E13) within and adjacent to the ventricular zones known to include primary matrices of proliferation, in regions of the preoptic area, anterior and posterior hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pons, medulla, and spinal cord. At later times, with the decline in the density of immunoreactivity at these loci (E15), expression in primary matrices was found later at distinct loci within the ventricular zones of cerebellum (E17), and at E19, the tectum, lateral ventricle, and cortical subplate. By E19, the density of staining had increased and was widespread throughout the expanding CNS. In the rostral domains, moderate to high density was found in the external plexiform layer; the medial preoptic area and nucleus; the ventromedial, dorsomedial, and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei; and the lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas. In the midbrain, similar levels of expression were noted in the central nucleus of raphe; the deep mesencephalic, dorsal raphe, and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei; and the ventral periaqueductal gray. In the pons, positive loci included the locus coeruleus and the gigantocellular and pontine reticular nuclei. In the medulla, high expression was evident in the gigantocellular, intermediate, magnocellular, and medullary reticular, spinal trigeminal and cuneate nuclei; and the nucleus tractus solitarius. In the spinal cord, moderate to high density of staining was found in the ventral, dorsal, and lateral horns, and in the ventral, dorsal, and cuneate funiculi. On the other hand, transitory expression was found in the diagonal band, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, and the lateral mamillary and anterobasal nuclei of the hypothalamus. These studies indicate a role for CTR in the activation of some premigratory neuroblasts in the CNS as well as a possible role later in an undefined function associated with mature neurons of particular nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Tolcos
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg West, Victoria 3081, Australia
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Herd SM, Camakaris J, Christofferson R, Wookey P, Danks DM. Uptake and efflux of copper-64 in Menkes'-disease and normal continuous lymphoid cell lines. Biochem J 1987; 247:341-7. [PMID: 3426541 PMCID: PMC1148414 DOI: 10.1042/bj2470341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of copper over 2 h by normal lymphoid cells and those from Menkes'-disease patients (Menkes' cells) was found to be biphasic, with an initial phase of rapid uptake, an approach to steady state at around 40-60 min, followed by a further accumulation phase. The accumulation of copper was not diminished by the addition of a variety of metabolic inhibitors, suggesting that copper uptake is not an active process. The presence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone in the culture medium stimulated the uptake and accumulation of copper in both normal and Menkes' cells to the same absolute level. This effect appeared to be specific for copper, since the accumulation of Zn and Cd was unaffected. Menkes' cells did not differ from normal in their initial rate of copper uptake. Analysis of the uptake curve suggested that the membrane transport of copper involves both passive and facilitated diffusion. Initial rate of efflux from the cells was approximated by two methods. Menkes' cells did not appear to be affected in this function. It seems likely that the basic defect in Menkes' disease involves a step in intracellular copper transport rather than the membrane transport of copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Herd
- Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria
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Wookey P, Rosenberg H. Involvement of inner and outer membrane components in the transport of iron and in colicin B action in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1978; 133:661-6. [PMID: 146699 PMCID: PMC222072 DOI: 10.1128/jb.133.2.661-666.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spheroplasts of Escherichia coli mutants were used to investigate the roles of the inner and outer membranes in the transport of iron. tonA mutants, known to be defective in an outer membrane component of the ferrichrome transport system, regained the ability to transport ferrichrome when converted to spheroplasts. On the other hand, the tonB mutant was unable to transport ferric enterochelin in either whole cells or spheroplasts. This implies that an element of the inner membrane is affected. fep mutants were also unable to transport ferric enterochelin, and fell into two classes, fepA and fepB. Spheroplasts of the former class transported ferric enterochelin, and those of the latter did not. This implies that the fepA mutants are defective in ferric enterochelin transport across the outer membrane, and that fepB mutants probably lack the facility to transport ferric enterochelin across the inner membrane. Colicin B action on fepA mutants was found to differ from that on fepB mutants.
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