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Gerofke A, Lange R, Vogel N, Schmidt P, Weber T, David M, Frederiksen H, Baken K, Govarts E, Gilles L, Martin LR, Martinsone Ž, Santonen T, Schoeters G, Scheringer M, Domínguez-Romero E, López ME, Calvo AC, Koch HM, Apel P, Kolossa-Gehring M. Phthalates and substitute plasticizers: Main achievements from the European human biomonitoring initiative HBM4EU. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 259:114378. [PMID: 38631089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Phthalates and the substitute plasticizer DINCH belong to the first group of priority substances investigated by the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) to answer policy-relevant questions and safeguard an efficient science-to-policy transfer of results. Human internal exposure levels were assessed using two data sets from all European regions and Israel. The first collated existing human biomonitoring (HBM) data (2005-2019). The second consisted of new data generated in the harmonized "HBM4EU Aligned Studies" (2014-2021) on children and teenagers for the ten most relevant phthalates and DINCH, accompanied by a quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) program for 17 urinary exposure biomarkers. Exposures differed between countries, European regions, age groups and educational levels. Toxicologically derived Human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) were exceeded in up to 5% of the participants of the HBM4EU Aligned Studies. A mixture risk assessment (MRA) including five reprotoxic phthalates (DEHP, DnBP, DiBP, BBzP, DiNP) revealed that for about 17% of the children and teenagers, health risks cannot be excluded. Concern about male reproductive health emphasized the need to include other anti-androgenic substances for MRA. Contaminated food and the use of personal care products were identified as relevant exposure determinants paving the way for new regulatory measures. Time trend analyses verified the efficacy of regulations: especially for the highly regulated phthalates exposure dropped significantly, while levels of the substitutes DINCH and DEHTP increased. The HBM4EU e-waste study, however, suggests that workers involved in e-waste management may be exposed to higher levels of restricted phthalates. Exposure-effect association studies indicated the relevance of a range of endpoints. A set of HBM indicators was derived to facilitate and accelerate science-to-policy transfer. Result indicators allow different groups and regions to be easily compared. Impact indicators allow health risks to be directly interpreted. The presented results enable successful science-to-policy transfer and support timely and targeted policy measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Gerofke
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rosa Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Vogel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Phillipp Schmidt
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Weber
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Madlen David
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Baken
- Brabant Advies, Brabantlaan 3, 5216 TV 's, Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Liese Gilles
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Žanna Martinsone
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health, Rīga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema 16, LV-1007, Riga, Latvia
| | - Tiina Santonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), P.O. Box 40, FI-00032, Tyoterveyslaitos, Finland
| | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Toxicological Center, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Domínguez-Romero
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Esteban López
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Argelia Castaño Calvo
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Hoopmann M, Murawski A, Schümann M, Göen T, Apel P, Vogel N, Kolossa-Gehring M, Röhl C. A revised concept for deriving reference values for internal exposures to chemical substances and its application to population-representative biomonitoring data in German children and adolescents 2014-2017 (GerES V). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 253:114236. [PMID: 37579634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
HBM reference values, in contrast to toxicologically derived values, are statistically derived values that provide information on the exposure of the population. The exceedance frequency (if applicable for individual population groups) is often a first assessment standard for the local exposure situation for municipalities. More than 25 years have passed since the German Human Biomonitoring Commission (HBMC) formulated the first recommendations for the derivation of population-based reference values (HBM reference values, RV95) for substance concentrations based on HBM studies. A fundamental revision is timely, for several reasons. There have been considerable advances in relevant statistical methods, which meant that previously time-consuming and inaccessible procedures and calculations are now widely available. Furthermore, not all steps for the derivation of HBM reference values were clearly elaborated in the first recommendations. With this revision we intended to achieve a rigorous standardization of the entire process of deriving HBM reference values, also to realise a higher degree of transparency. In accordance with established international practice, it is recommended to use the 95th percentile of the reference distribution as the HBM reference value. To this end, the empirical 95th percentile of a suitable sample should be rounded, ensuring that the rounded value is within the two-sided 95% confidence interval of the percentile. All estimates should be based on distribution-free methods, and the confidence interval should be estimated using a bootstrap approach, if possible, according to the BCa ("bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap"). A minimum sample size of 80 observations is considered necessary. The entire procedure ensures that the derived HBM reference value is robust against at least two extreme values and can also be used for underlying mixed distributions. If it is known in advance that certain subgroups (different age groups, smokers, etc.) show differing internal exposures, it is recommended that group-specific HBM reference values should be derived. Especially when the sample sizes for individual subgroups are too small, individual datasets with potential outliers can be excluded in advance to homogenize the reference value population. In the second part, new HBM reference values based on data of the German Environmental Survey for Children and Adolescents (GerES V, 2014-2017) were derived in accordance with the revised recommendations. The GerES V is the most recent population-representative monitoring of human exposure to pollutants in Germany on children and adolescents aged 3-17 years (N = 2294). RV95 for GerES V are reported for four subgroups (males/females and 3-11/12-17 years) for 108 different substances including phthalates and alternative plasticisers, metals, organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), parabens, aprotic solvents, chlorophenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and UV filter, in total 135 biomarkers. Algorithms implemented in R were used for the statistics and the determination of the HBM reference values. To facilitate a quality control of the study data, the corresponding R source code is given, together with graphical representations of results. The HBM reference values listed in this article replace earlier RV95 values derived by the HBMC for children and adolescents from data of precedent GerES studies (e.g. published in Apel et al., 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Schümann
- Formerly Hamburg Ministry of Health and Consumer Protection, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Vogel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Röhl
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Environmental Medicine and Toxicology, State Agency for social Services (LAsD) Schleswig-Holstein, Neumünster, Germany.
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3
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Apel P, Lamkarkach F, Lange R, Sissoko F, David M, Rousselle C, Schoeters G, Kolossa-Gehring M. Corrigendum to "Human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) for priority substances under the HBM4EU initiative - New values derivation for deltamethrin and cyfluthrin and overall results" [Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 248 (2023) 114097]. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 253:114144. [PMID: 36858899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - F Lamkarkach
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
| | - R Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Sissoko
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
| | - M David
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Rousselle
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
| | - G Schoeters
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400, Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Kolossa-Gehring
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Ubong D, Stewart L, Sepai O, Knudsen LE, Berman T, Reynders H, Van Campenhout K, Katsonouri A, Van Nieuwenhuyse A, Ingelido AM, Castaño A, Pedraza-Díaz S, Eiríksdóttir ÁV, Thomsen C, Hartmann C, Gjorgjev D, De Felip E, Tolonen H, Santonen T, Klanova J, Norström K, Kononenko L, Silva MJ, Uhl M, Kolossa-Gehring M, Apel P, Jõemaa M, Jajcaj M, Estokova M, Luijten M, Lebret E, von Goetz N, Holcer NJ, Probst-Hensch N, Cavaleiro R, Barouki R, Tarroja E, Balčienė RM, Strumylaite L, Latvala S, Namorado S, Szigeti T, Ingi Halldorsson T, Olafsdottir K, Wasowicz W. Application of human biomonitoring data to support policy development, raise awareness and environmental public health protection among countries within the HBM4EU project. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 251:114170. [PMID: 37207539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Most countries have acknowledged the importance of assessing and quantifying their population's internal exposure from chemicals in air, water, soil, food and other consumer products due to the potential health and economic impact. Human biomonitoring (HBM) is a valuable tool which can be used to quantify such exposures and effects. Results from HBM studies can also contribute to improving public health by providing evidence of individuals' internal chemical exposure as well as data to understand the burden of disease and associated costs thereby stimulating the development and implementation of evidence-based policy. To have a holistic view on HBM data utilisation, a multi-case research approach was used to explore the use of HBM data to support national chemical regulations, protect public health and raise awareness among countries participating in the HBM4EU project. The Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU) Initiative (https://www.hbm4eu.eu/) is a collaborative effort involving 30 countries, the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the European Commission (contracting authority) to harmonise procedures across Europe and advance research into the understanding of the health impacts of environmental chemical exposure. One of the aims of the project was to use HBM data to support evidence based chemical policy and make this information timely and directly available for policy makers and all partners. The main data source for this article was the narratives collected from 27 countries within the HBM4EU project. The countries (self-selection) were grouped into 3 categories in terms of HBM data usage either for public awareness, policy support or for the establishment HBM programme. Narratives were analysed/summarised using guidelines and templates that focused on ministries involved in or advocating for HBM; steps required to engage policy makers; barriers, drivers and opportunities in developing a HBM programme. The narratives reported the use of HBM data either for raising awareness or addressing environmental/public health issues and policy development. The ministries of Health and Environment were reported to be the most prominent entities advocating for HBM, the involvement of several authorities/institutions in the national hubs was also cited to create an avenue to interact, discuss and gain the attention of policy makers. Participating in European projects and the general population interest in HBM studies were seen as drivers and opportunities in developing HBM programmes. A key barrier that was cited by countries for establishing and sustaining national HBM programmes was funding which is mainly due to the high costs associated with the collection and chemical analysis of human samples. Although challenges and barriers still exist, most countries within Europe were already conversant with the benefits and opportunities of HBM. This article offers important insights into factors associated with the utilisation of HBM data for policy support and public awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dragan Gjorgjev
- Institute of Public Health, Republic of North Macedonia, Macedonia
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Santonen T, Mahiout S, Alvito P, Apel P, Bessems J, Bil W, Borges T, Bose-O'Reilly S, Buekers J, Cañas Portilla AI, Calvo AC, de Alba González M, Domínguez-Morueco N, López ME, Falnoga I, Gerofke A, Caballero MDCG, Horvat M, Huuskonen P, Kadikis N, Kolossa-Gehring M, Lange R, Louro H, Martins C, Meslin M, Niemann L, Díaz SP, Plichta V, Porras SP, Rousselle C, Scholten B, Silva MJ, Šlejkovec Z, Tratnik JS, Joksić AŠ, Tarazona JV, Uhl M, Van Nieuwenhuyse A, Viegas S, Vinggaard AM, Woutersen M, Schoeters G. How to use human biomonitoring in chemical risk assessment: Methodological aspects, recommendations, and lessons learned from HBM4EU. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 249:114139. [PMID: 36870229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the aims of the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative, HBM4EU, was to provide examples of and good practices for the effective use of human biomonitoring (HBM) data in human health risk assessment (RA). The need for such information is pressing, as previous research has indicated that regulatory risk assessors generally lack knowledge and experience of the use of HBM data in RA. By recognising this gap in expertise, as well as the added value of incorporating HBM data into RA, this paper aims to support the integration of HBM into regulatory RA. Based on the work of the HBM4EU, we provide examples of different approaches to including HBM in RA and in estimations of the environmental burden of disease (EBoD), the benefits and pitfalls involved, information on the important methodological aspects to consider, and recommendations on how to overcome obstacles. The examples are derived from RAs or EBoD estimations made under the HBM4EU for the following HBM4EU priority substances: acrylamide, o-toluidine of the aniline family, aprotic solvents, arsenic, bisphenols, cadmium, diisocyanates, flame retardants, hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], lead, mercury, mixture of per-/poly-fluorinated compounds, mixture of pesticides, mixture of phthalates, mycotoxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the UV-filter benzophenone-3. Although the RA and EBoD work presented here is not intended to have direct regulatory implications, the results can be useful for raising awareness of possibly needed policy actions, as newly generated HBM data from HBM4EU on the current exposure of the EU population has been used in many RAs and EBoD estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula Alvito
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jos Bessems
- VITO-Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium
| | - Wieneke Bil
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Teresa Borges
- General-Directorate of Health, Ministry of Health, 1049-005, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Stephan Bose-O'Reilly
- Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT - Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informations und Technology, Hall i.T., Austria
| | - Jurgen Buekers
- VITO-Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Argelia Castaño Calvo
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Marta Esteban López
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antje Gerofke
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rosa Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henriqueta Louro
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal; ToxOmics-Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Martins
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, NOVA University Lisbon, 1600-560, Lisbon, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA University Lisbon, 1600-560, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Matthieu Meslin
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Anses, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lars Niemann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susana Pedraza Díaz
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronika Plichta
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Department Risk Assessment, Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christophe Rousselle
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Anses, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bernice Scholten
- Research Group Risk Analysis for Products in Development, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific research (TNO), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maria João Silva
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal; ToxOmics-Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Jose V Tarazona
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Uhl
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Susana Viegas
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, NOVA University Lisbon, 1600-560, Lisbon, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA University Lisbon, 1600-560, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Marjolijn Woutersen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO-Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Dept of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
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Apel P, Lamkarkach F, Lange R, Sissoko F, David M, Rousselle C, Schoeters G, Kolossa-Gehring M. Human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) for priority substances under the HBM4EU initiative - New values derivation for deltamethrin and cyfluthrin and overall results. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 248:114097. [PMID: 36577283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The European Initiative HBM4EU aimed to further establish human biomonitoring across Europe as an important tool for determining population exposure to chemicals and as part of health-related risk assessments, thus making it applicable for policy advice. Not only should analytical methods and survey design be harmonized and quality assured, but also the evaluation of human biomonitoring data. For the health-related interpretation of the data within HBM4EU, a strategy for deriving health-based human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) for both the general population and workers was agreed on. On this basis, HBM-GVs for exposure biomarkers of 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH), phthalates (diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), and bis-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP)), bisphenols A and S, pyrethroids (deltamethrin and cyfluthrin), solvents (1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), 1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one (NEP), N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC)), the heavy metal cadmium and the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) were developed and assigned a level of confidence. The approach to HBM-GV derivations, results, and limitations in data interpretation with special focus on the pyrethroids are presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - F Lamkarkach
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
| | - R Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Sissoko
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
| | - M David
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Rousselle
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
| | - G Schoeters
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400, Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Kolossa-Gehring
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Nakayama SF, St-Amand A, Pollock T, Apel P, Bamai YA, Barr DB, Bessems J, Calafat AM, Castaño A, Covaci A, Duca RC, Faure S, Galea KS, Hays S, Hopf NB, Ito Y, Jeddi MZ, Kolossa-Gehring M, Kumar E, LaKind JS, López ME, Louro H, Macey K, Makris KC, Melnyk L, Murawski A, Naiman J, Nassif J, Noisel N, Poddalgoda D, Quirós-Alcalá L, Rafiee A, Rambaud L, Silva MJ, Ueyama J, Verner MA, Waras MN, Werry K. Interpreting biomonitoring data: Introducing the international human biomonitoring (i-HBM) working group's health-based guidance value (HB2GV) dashboard. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 247:114046. [PMID: 36356350 PMCID: PMC10103580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring (HBM) data measured in specific contexts or populations provide information for comparing population exposures. There are numerous health-based biomonitoring guidance values, but to locate these values, interested parties need to seek them out individually from publications, governmental reports, websites and other sources. Until now, there has been no central, international repository for this information. Thus, a tool is needed to help researchers, public health professionals, risk assessors, and regulatory decision makers to quickly locate relevant values on numerous environmental chemicals. A free, on-line repository for international health-based guidance values to facilitate the interpretation of HBM data is now available. The repository is referred to as the "Human Biomonitoring Health-Based Guidance Value (HB2GV) Dashboard". The Dashboard represents the efforts of the International Human Biomonitoring Working Group (i-HBM), affiliated with the International Society of Exposure Science. The i-HBM's mission is to promote the use of population-level HBM data to inform public health decision-making by developing harmonized resources to facilitate the interpretation of HBM data in a health-based context. This paper describes the methods used to compile the human biomonitoring health-based guidance values, how the values can be accessed and used, and caveats with using the Dashboard for interpreting HBM data. To our knowledge, the HB2GV Dashboard is the first open-access, curated database of HBM guidance values developed for use in interpreting HBM data. This new resource can assist global HBM data users such as risk assessors, risk managers and biomonitoring programs with a readily available compilation of guidance values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji F Nakayama
- Exposure Dynamics Research Section, Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Annie St-Amand
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Ave W, A/L 4908D, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Tyler Pollock
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Ave W, A/L 4908D, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency, Berlin/ Dessau-Roßlau, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | | | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
| | - Argelia Castaño
- National Center for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Radu Corneliu Duca
- Unit Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire national de santé, 1, Rue Louis Rech, L-3555, Dudelange, Luxembourg.
| | - Sarah Faure
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Ave W, A/L 4908D, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Karen S Galea
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK.
| | - Sean Hays
- Summit Toxicology LLP, 615 Nikles Dr., Unit 102, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA.
| | - Nancy B Hopf
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066, Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Maryam Zare Jeddi
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Marike Kolossa-Gehring
- German Environment Agency, Berlin/ Dessau-Roßlau, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
| | - Eva Kumar
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Neulaniementie 4, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Judy S LaKind
- LaKind Associates, LLC, 106 Oakdale Avenue, Catonsville, MD, 21228, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Marta Esteban López
- National Center for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Henriqueta Louro
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz 1649-016 Lisbon, and Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School-FCM, UNL, Rua Câmara Pestana, 6 Ed. CEDOC II, 1150-082, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Kristin Macey
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Ave W, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, Irinis 95, 3041, Limassol, Cyprus.
| | - Lisa Melnyk
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development/Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA.
| | - Aline Murawski
- German Environment Agency, Berlin/ Dessau-Roßlau, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
| | - Josh Naiman
- LaKind Associates, LLC, 504 S 44th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Julianne Nassif
- Association of Public Health Laboratories 8515 Georgia Avenue, Suite 700, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.
| | - Nolwenn Noisel
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Devika Poddalgoda
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Ave W, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Ata Rafiee
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 173B Heritage Medical Research Centre, 11207 - 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.
| | - Loïc Rambaud
- Occupational and Environmental Health Division, Santé publique France, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415, Saint-Maurice, France.
| | - Maria João Silva
- Human Genetics Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Jun Ueyama
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Field of Omics Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan.
| | - Marc-Andre Verner
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Maisarah Nasution Waras
- Toxicology Department, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Kepala Batas, P. Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Kate Werry
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Ave W, A/L 4908D, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
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8
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Rosolen V, Giordani E, Mariuz M, Parpinel M, Ronfani L, Vecchi Brumatti L, Bin M, Calamandrei G, Mustieles V, Gilles L, Govarts E, Baken K, Rodriguez Martin L, Schoeters G, Sepai O, Sovcikova E, Fabelova L, Šidlovská M, Kolena B, Kold Jensen T, Frederiksen H, Kolossa-Gehring M, Lange R, Apel P, Castano A, Esteban López M, Jacobs G, Voorspoels S, Jurdáková H, Górová R, Barbone F. Concurrent Assessment of Phthalates/HEXAMOLL ® DINCH Exposure and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Performance in Three European Cohorts of the HBM4EU Aligned Studies. Toxics 2022; 10:538. [PMID: 36136503 PMCID: PMC9502751 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10090538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Information about the effects of phthalates and non-phthalate substitute cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (HEXAMOLL® DINCH) on children's neurodevelopment is limited. The aim of the present research is to evaluate the association between phthalate/HEXAMOLL® DINCH exposure and child neurodevelopment in three European cohorts involved in HBM4EU Aligned Studies. Participating subjects were school-aged children belonging to the Northern Adriatic cohort II (NAC-II), Italy, Odense Child Cohort (OCC), Denmark, and PCB cohort, Slovakia. In each cohort, children's neurodevelopment was assessed through the Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient score (FSIQ) of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale of Children test using three different editions. The children's urine samples, collected for one point in time concurrently with the neurodevelopmental evaluation, were analyzed for several phthalates/HEXAMOLL® DINCH biomarkers. The relation between phthalates/HEXAMOLL® DINCH and FSIQ was explored by applying separate multiple linear regressions in each cohort. The means and standard deviations of FSIQ were 109 ± 11 (NAC-II), 98 ± 12 (OCC), and 81 ± 15 (PCB cohort). In NAC-II, direct associations between FSIQ and DEHP's biomarkers were found: 5OH-MEHP+5oxo-MEHP (β = 2.56; 95% CI 0.58-4.55; N = 270), 5OH-MEHP+5cx-MEPP (β = 2.48; 95% CI 0.47-4.49; N = 270) and 5OH-MEHP (β = 2.58; 95% CI 0.65-4.51; N = 270). On the contrary, in the OCC the relation between DEHP's biomarkers and FSIQ tended to be inverse but imprecise (p-value ≥ 0.10). No associations were found in the PCB cohort. FSIQ was not associated with HEXAMOLL® DINCH in any cohort. In conclusion, these results do not provide evidence of an association between concurrent phthalate/DINCHHEXAMOLLR DINCH exposure and IQ in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rosolen
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisa Giordani
- Department of Medicine—DAME, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marika Mariuz
- Department of Medicine—DAME, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Maria Parpinel
- Department of Medicine—DAME, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Luca Ronfani
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Liza Vecchi Brumatti
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maura Bin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gemma Calamandrei
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Liese Gilles
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Kirsten Baken
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Eva Sovcikova
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Fabelova
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Šidlovská
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nabrezie mladeze 91, 94974 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Kolena
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nabrezie mladeze 91, 94974 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rosa Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Argelia Castano
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Esteban López
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Griet Jacobs
- Unit Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- Unit Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Helena Jurdáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská Dolina, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Renáta Górová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská Dolina, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Fabio Barbone
- Department of Medicine—DAME, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Institute of Hygiene and Clinical Epidemiology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
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9
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Tarazona JV, Cattaneo I, Niemann L, Pedraza-Diaz S, González-Caballero MC, de Alba-Gonzalez M, Cañas A, Dominguez-Morueco N, Esteban-López M, Castaño A, Borges T, Katsonouri A, Makris KC, Ottenbros I, Mol H, De Decker A, Morrens B, Berman T, Barnett-Itzhaki Z, Probst-Hensch N, Fuhrimann S, Tratnik JS, Horvat M, Rambaud L, Riou M, Schoeters G, Govarts E, Kolossa-Gehring M, Weber T, Apel P, Namorado S, Santonen T. A Tiered Approach for Assessing Individual and Combined Risk of Pyrethroids Using Human Biomonitoring Data. Toxics 2022; 10:toxics10080451. [PMID: 36006130 PMCID: PMC9416723 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are a major insecticide class, suitable for biomonitoring in humans. Due to similarities in structure and metabolic pathways, urinary metabolites are common to various active substances. A tiered approach is proposed for risk assessment. Tier I was a conservative screening for overall pyrethroid exposure, based on phenoxybenzoic acid metabolites. Subsequently, probabilistic approaches and more specific metabolites were used for refining the risk estimates. Exposure was based on 95th percentiles from HBM4EU aligned studies (2014–2021) covering children in Belgium, Cyprus, France, Israel, Slovenia, and The Netherlands and adults in France, Germany, Israel, and Switzerland. In all children populations, the 95th percentiles for 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) exceeded the screening value. The probabilistic refinement quantified the risk level of the most exposed population (Belgium) at 2% or between 1–0.1% depending on the assumptions. In the substance specific assessments, the 95th percentiles of urinary concentrations in the aligned studies were well below the respective human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs). Both information sets were combined for refining the combined risk. Overall, the HBM data suggest a low health concern, at population level, related to pyrethroid exposure for the populations covered by the studies, even though a potential risk for highly exposed children cannot be completely excluded. The proposed tiered approach, including a screening step and several refinement options, seems to be a promising tool of scientific and regulatory value in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V. Tarazona
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 43126 Parma, Italy
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.V.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Irene Cattaneo
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Lars Niemann
- Department of Safety of Pesticides, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susana Pedraza-Diaz
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Cañas
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta Esteban-López
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Argelia Castaño
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Borges
- General-Directorate of Health, Ministry of Health, 1049-005 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Konstantinos C. Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus
| | - Ilse Ottenbros
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), 6700 Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bert Morrens
- Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | - Zohar Barnett-Itzhaki
- Ruppin Research Group in Environmental and Social Sustainability, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer 4025000, Israel
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, 1000 Jubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milena Horvat
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, 1000 Jubljana, Slovenia
| | - Loic Rambaud
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé Publique France, 12 rue du Val d’Osne, Saint-Maurice, CEDEX, 94415 Paris, France
| | - Margaux Riou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé Publique France, 12 rue du Val d’Osne, Saint-Maurice, CEDEX, 94415 Paris, France
| | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2020 Mol, Belgium
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2020 Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Till Weber
- German Environment Agency (UBA), 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonia Namorado
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiina Santonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Työterveyslaitos, P.O. Box 40, 00032 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (J.V.T.); (T.S.)
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10
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Meslin M, Beausoleil C, Zeman FA, Antignac JP, Kolossa-Gehring M, Rousselle C, Apel P. Human Biomonitoring Guidance Values (HBM-GVs) for Bisphenol S and Assessment of the Risk Due to the Exposure to Bisphenols A and S, in Europe. Toxics 2022; 10:toxics10050228. [PMID: 35622642 PMCID: PMC9146466 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Within the European Joint Programme HBM4EU, Human Biomonitoring Guidance Values (HBM-GVs) were derived for several prioritised substances. In this paper, the derivation of HBM-GVs for the general population (HBM-GVGenPop) and workers (HBM-GVworker) referring to bisphenol S (BPS) is presented. For the general population, this resulted in an estimation of the total urinary concentration of BPS of 1.0 µg/L assuming a 24 h continuous exposure to BPS. For workers, the modelling was refined in order to reflect continuous exposure during the working day, leading to a total urinary concentration of BPS of 3.0 µg/L. The usefulness for risk assessment of the HBM-GVs derived for BPS and bisphenol A (BPA) is illustrated. Risk Characterisation Ratios (RCRs) were calculated leading to a clear difference between risk assessments performed for both bisphenols, with a very low RCR regarding exposure to BPA., contrary to that obtained for BPS. This may be due to the endocrine mediated endpoints selected to derive the HBM-GVs for BPS, whereas the values calculated for BPA are based on the temporary Tolerable Daily Intake (t-TDI) from EFSA set in 2015. A comparison with the revised TDI recently opened for comments by EFSA is also discussed. Regarding the occupational field, results indicate that the risk from occupational exposure to both bisphenols cannot be disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Meslin
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Anses, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (M.M.); (C.B.)
| | - Claire Beausoleil
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Anses, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (M.M.); (C.B.)
| | - Florence Anna Zeman
- French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France;
| | - Jean-Philippe Antignac
- Oniris, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE), LABERCA, 44300 Nantes, France;
| | - Marike Kolossa-Gehring
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.-G.); (P.A.)
| | - Christophe Rousselle
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Anses, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (M.M.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.-G.); (P.A.)
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11
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Lemke N, Murawski A, Lange R, Weber T, Apel P, Dębiak M, Koch HM, Kolossa-Gehring M. Corrigendum to "Substitutes mimic the exposure behaviour of REACH regulated phthalates - A review of the German HBM system on the example of plasticizers" [Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 236 (2021) 113780]. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 247:113920. [PMID: 35000861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lemke
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rosa Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Weber
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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12
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Apel P, Bondarenko M, Yamauchi Y, Yaroshchuk A. Osmotic Pressure and Diffusion of Ions in Charged Nanopores. Langmuir 2021; 37:14089-14095. [PMID: 34821504 PMCID: PMC8656166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The transport of ions and water in nanopores is of interest for a number of natural and technological processes. Due to their practically identical long straight cylindrical pores, nanoporous track-etched membranes are suitable materials for investigation of its mechanisms. This communication reports on simultaneous measurements of osmotic pressure and salt diffusion with a 24 nm pore track-etched membrane. Due to the use of dilute electrolyte solutions (1-4 mM KCl and LiCl), this pore size was commensurate with the Debye screening length. Advanced interpretation of experimental results using a full version of the space-charge model has revealed that osmotic pressure and salt diffusion can be quantitatively correlated with electrostatic interactions of ions with charged nanopore walls. The surface-charge density is shown to increase with electrolyte concentration in agreement with the mechanism of deprotonation of weakly acidic surface groups. Moreover, a lack of significant surface-charge dependence on the kind of cation (K+ or Li+) demonstrates that binding of salt counterions does not play a major role in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Apel
- Joint
Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie strasse 6, 141980 Dubna, Russian Federation
| | - M. Bondarenko
- F.
D. Ovcharenko Institute of Bio-Colloid Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Vernadskiy blvd. 42, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yu. Yamauchi
- Joint
Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie strasse 6, 141980 Dubna, Russian Federation
| | - A. Yaroshchuk
- ICREA, pg. L. Companys
23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Ougier E, Zeman F, Antignac JP, Rousselle C, Lange R, Kolossa-Gehring M, Apel P. Human biomonitoring initiative (HBM4EU): Human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) derived for bisphenol A. Environ Int 2021; 154:106563. [PMID: 33894553 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The "European Human Biomonitoring Initiative" (HBM4EU) derives human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) for the general population (HBM-GVGenPop) and/or for occupationally exposed adults (HBM-GVWorker) for several priority substances and substance groups as identified by policy makers, scientists and stakeholders at EU and national level, including bisphenol A (BPA). Human exposure to BPA is widespread and of particular concern because of its known endocrine-disrupting properties. Unlike the conjugated forms of BPA circulating in the body, free BPA is known to interact with the nuclear estrogen receptors. Because free BPA is considered to be more toxicologically active than the conjugated forms (e.g. BPA-glucuronide (BPA-G) and BPA-sulfate (BPA-S)), its measurement in blood provides the superior surrogate of the biologically effective dose. However, considering the difficulty of implementing blood sampling in large HBM cohorts, as well as the current analytical capacities complying with the quality assurance (QA)/quality control (QC) schemes, total BPA in urine (i.e. the sum of free and conjugated forms of BPA measured after an hydrolysis of phase II metabolites) was retained as the relevant exposure biomarker for BPA. HBM-GVGenPop for total BPA in urine of 230 µg/L and 135 µg/L for adults and children, respectively, were developed on the basis of toxicological data. To derive these values, the concentrations of urinary total BPA consistent with a steady-state exposure to the temporary Tolerable Daily Intake (t-TDI) of 4 µg/kg bw/day set in 2015 by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) were estimated. The BPA human physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model developed by Karrer et al. (2018) was used, assuming an oral exposure to BPA at the t-TDI level averaged over 24 h. Dermal uptake of BPA is suspected to contribute substantially to the total BPA body burden, which in comparison with the oral route, is generating a higher ratio of free BPA to total BPA in blood. Therefore, an alternative approach for calculating the HBM-GVGenPop according to the estimated relative contributions of both the oral and dermal routes to the global BPA exposure is also discussed. Regarding BPA exposure at the workplace, the steady-state concentration of urinary total BPA was estimated after a dermal uptake of BPA that would generate the same concentration of free BPA in plasma (considered as the bioactive form) as would a 24 h-averaged intake to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)'s oral DNEL of 8 µg BPA/kg bw/day set for workers. The predicted concentration of urinary total BPA at steady-state is equivalent to, or exceeds the 95th percentile of total BPA in urine measured in different European HBM studies conducted in the general population. Thus, no HBM-GVWorker was proposed, as the high background level of BPA coming from environmental exposure - mostly through food intake - is making the discrimination with the occupational exposure to BPA difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ougier
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
| | - Florence Zeman
- French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | | | - Christophe Rousselle
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Rosa Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Lemke N, Murawski A, Lange R, Weber T, Apel P, Dębiak M, Koch HM, Kolossa-Gehring M. Substitutes mimic the exposure behaviour of REACH regulated phthalates - A review of the German HBM system on the example of plasticizers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 236:113780. [PMID: 34126298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The population is constantly exposed to potentially harmful substances present in the environment, including inter alia food and drinking water, consumer products, and indoor air. Human biomonitoring (HBM) is a valuable tool to determine the integral, internal exposure of the general population, including vulnerable subgroups, to provide the basis for risk assessment and policy advice. The German HBM system comprises of five pillars: (1) the development of suitable analytical methods for new substances of concern, (2) cross-sectional population-representative German Environmental Surveys (GerES), (3) time trend analyses using archived samples from the Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB), (4) the derivation of health-based guidance values as a risk assessment tool, and (5) transfer of data into the European cooperation network HBM4EU. The goal of this paper is to present the complementary elements of the German HBM system and to show its strengths and limitations on the example of plasticizers. Plasticizers have been identified by EU services and HBM4EU partners as priority substances for chemical policy at EU level. Using the complementary elements of the German HBM system, the internal exposure to classical phthalates and novel alternative plasticizers can be reliably monitored. It is shown that market changes, due to regulation of certain phthalates and the rise of substitutes, are rapidly reflected in the internal exposure of the population. It was shown that exposure to DEHP, DiBP, DnBP, and BBzP decreased considerably, whereas exposure to the novel substitutes such as DPHP, DEHTP, and Hexamoll®DINCH has increased significantly. While health-based guidance values for several phthalates (esp. DnBP, DiBP, DEHP) were exceeded quite often at the turn of the millennium, exceedances today have become rarer. Still, also the latest GerES reveals the ubiquitous and concurrent exposures to many plasticizers. Of concern is that the youngest children showed the highest exposures to most of the investigated plasticizers and in some cases their levels of DiBP and DnBP still exceeded health-based guidance values. Over the last years, mixture exposures are increasingly recognized as relevant, especially if the toxicological modes of action are similar. This is supported by a cumulative risk assessment for four endocrine active phthalates which confirms the still concerning cumulative exposure in many young children. Given the adverse health effects of some phthalates and the limited toxicological knowledge of substitutes, exposure reduction and surveillance are needed on German and EU-level. Substitutes need to be monitored, to intervene if exposures are threatening to exceed acceptable levels, or if new toxicological data question their appropriateness. It is strongly recommended to reconsider the use of plastics and plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lemke
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rosa Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Weber
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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Schmied-Tobies MIH, Murawski A, Schmidt L, Rucic E, Schwedler G, Apel P, Göen T, Kolossa-Gehring M. Pentachlorophenol and nine other chlorophenols in urine of children and adolescents in Germany - Human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey 2014-2017 (GerES V). Environ Res 2021; 196:110958. [PMID: 33676952 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols comprise of a large group of chemicals used inter alia for the production of biocides, pharmaceuticals, other industrial products and are used e.g. as antiseptics or wood preservatives due to their biocidal properties. Several of them are classified as toxic to aquatic life and harmful to humans by ingestion, inhalation, or dermal contact, causing skin and eye irritation. Moreover, chlorophenols are possibly carcinogenic to humans. The most prominent chlorophenol - pentachlorophenol - is carcinogenic to humans, was banned in Germany in 1989 and further regulated by the European Commission in 2006 and included in the Stockholm Convention in 2017. Some chlorophenols are persistent in the environment and are also biodegradation products of precursor substances. To evaluate the health-relevance of recent exposure and monitor the effectiveness of regulatory measures, chlorophenols were analysed in the population-representative German Environmental Survey on Children and Adolescents 2014-2017 (GerES V). First-morning void urine samples of 485 3-17-year-old children and adolescents were analysed for ten chlorophenols. Pentachlorophenol was still quantified in 87% of the children and adolescents with a geometric mean (GM) concentration of 0.19 μg/L (0.16 μg/gcrea) and a maximum concentration of 6.7 μg/L (5.4 μg/gcrea). The maximum concentration was well below the health-based guidance value HBM-I of 25 μg/L (20 μg/gcrea). 4-Monochlorophenol was quantified in all samples with a GM concentration of 1.38 μg/L (1.14 μg/gcrea). 2-Monochlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 2,5-dichlorophenol were quantified in 97%, 98%, and 95% of the samples, with GMs of 0.26 μg/L (0.21 μg/gcrea), 0.24 μg/L (0.20 μg/gcrea), and 0.26 μg/L (0.21 μg/gcrea). 2,6-dichlorophenol, 2,3,4-trichlorophenol, and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol were quantified in 17-25% of the samples with GMs below the limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.1 μg/L 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was quantified in 72% of the samples (GM: 0.13 μg/L, 0.11 μg/gcrea), 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol in 44% of the samples (GM < LOQ). Comparison to previous cycles of GerES revealed substantially lower exposure to most of the chlorophenols in GerES V. Exposure levels found in Germany were comparatively low in contrast to North American results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lukas Schmidt
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Enrico Rucic
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Lange R, Apel P, Rousselle C, Charles S, Sissoko F, Kolossa-Gehring M, Ougier E. The European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU): Human biomonitoring guidance values for selected phthalates and a substitute plasticizer. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 234:113722. [PMID: 33711757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous use of plasticizers has led to a widespread internal exposure of the European population. Until today, metabolites are detected in almost every urine sample analysed. This raised the urgent need for a toxicological interpretation of the internal exposure levels. The European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) contributes substantially to the knowledge on the actual exposure of European citizens to chemicals prioritised within HBM4EU, on their potential impact on health and on the interpretation of these data to improve policy making. On that account, human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) are derived for the general population and the occupationally exposed population agreed at HBM4EU consortium level. These values can be used to assess phthalate exposure levels measured in HBM studies in a health risk assessment context. HBM-GVs were derived for five phthalates (DEHP, DnBP, DiBP, BBzP and DPHP) and for the non-phthalate substitute Hexamoll® DINCH. For the adult general population, the HBM-GVs for the specific metabolite(s) of the respective parent compounds in urine are the following: 0.5 mg/L for the sum of 5-oxo-MEHP and 5-OH-MEHP; 0.19 mg/L for MnBP, 0.23 mg/L for MiBP; 3 mg/L for MBzP; 0.5 mg/L for the sum of oxo-MPHP and OH-MPHP and 4.5 mg/L for the sum of OH-MINCH and cx-MINCH. The present paper further specifies HBM-GVs for children and for workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christophe Rousselle
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Sandrine Charles
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Fatoumata Sissoko
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | | | - Eva Ougier
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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Lamkarkach F, Ougier E, Garnier R, Viau C, Kolossa-Gehring M, Lange R, Apel P. Human biomonitoring initiative (HBM4EU): Human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) derived for cadmium and its compounds. Environ Int 2021; 147:106337. [PMID: 33385924 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The methodology agreed within the framework of the HBM4EU project is used in this work to derive HBM-GVs for the general population (HBM-GVGenPop) and for workers (HBM-GVWorker) exposed to cadmium (Cd) and its compounds. METHODS For Cd, a significant number of epidemiological studies with dose-response relationships are available, in particular for kidney effects. These effects are described in terms of a relation between urinary Cd (U-Cd) or blood Cd (B-Cd) levels and low molecular weight proteinuria (LMWP) markers like beta-2-microglobulin (β2M) and retinol-binding protein (RBP). In order to derive HBM-GVs for the general population and workers, an assessment of data from evaluations conducted by national or international organisations was undertaken. In this work, it appeared relevant to select renal effects as the critical effect for the both groups, however, differences between general population (including sensitive people) and workers (considered as an homogenous population of adults who should not be exposed to Cd if they suffer from renal diseases) required the selection of different key studies (i.e. conducted in general population for HBM-GVGenPop and at workplace for HBM-GVWorker). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS For U-Cd, a HBM-GVGenPop of 1 µg/g creatinine (creat) is recommended for adults older than 50 years, based on a robust meta-analysis performed by EFSA (EFSA, 2009a). To take into account the accumulation of Cd in the human body throughout life, threshold or 'alert' values according to age were estimated for U-Cd. At workplace, a HBM-GVWorker of 2 μg/g creat is derived from the study of Chaumont et al., (2011) for U-Cd, and in addition to this recommendation a HBM-GVworker for B-Cd of 5 µg/L is also proposed. The HBM-GVWorker for U-Cd is similar to the biological limit value (BLV) set by the new amendment of the European Carcinogens and Mutagens Directive in June 2019 (2 µg/g creat for U-Cd).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Lamkarkach
- ANSES, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
| | - Eva Ougier
- ANSES, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Robert Garnier
- Paris Poison Centre, Toxicology Department (FeTox), APHP, Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Claude Viau
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Rosa Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Apel P, Rousselle C, Lange R, Sissoko F, Kolossa-Gehring M, Ougier E. Human biomonitoring initiative (HBM4EU) - Strategy to derive human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) for health risk assessment. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 230:113622. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Apel P, Kortenkamp A, Koch HM, Vogel N, Rüther M, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Conrad A, Brüning T, Kolossa-Gehring M. Time course of phthalate cumulative risks to male developmental health over a 27-year period: Biomonitoring samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank. Environ Int 2020; 137:105467. [PMID: 32036120 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In several human biomonitoring surveys, changes in the usage patterns of phthalates have come to light, but their influence on the risks associated with combined exposures is insufficiently understood. Based on the largest study to date, the 27-year survey of urinary phthalate metabolite levels in 24-hour urine samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank, we present a deep analysis of changing phthalate exposures on mixture risks. This analysis adopts the Hazard Index (HI) approach based on the five phthalates DBP, DIBP, BBP, DEHP and DINP. Calculations of the hazard index for each study participant included updated phthalate reference doses for anti-androgenicity (RfDAAs) that take account of new evidence of phthalates' developmental toxicity. The Maximum Cumulative Ratio (MCR) approach was used to establish whether a subject's combined exposure was dominated by one phthalate or was influenced by several phthalates simultaneously. Generally, over the years there was a shift towards lower HIs and higher MCRs, reflecting an increased complexity of the combined exposures. The decade from 1988 to about 1999 was characterised by rather high HIs of between 3 and 7 (95th percentile) which were driven by exposure to DBP and DEHP, often exceeding their single acceptable exposures. Traditional single phthalate risk assessments would have underestimated these risks by up to 50%. From 2006 onwards, no study participant experienced exposures above acceptable levels for a single phthalate, but combined exposures were still in excess of HI = 1. From 2011 onwards most individuals stayed below HI = 1. In interpreting these results, we caution against the use of HI = 1 as an acceptable limit and develop proposals for improved and more realistic mixture risk assessments that take account of co-exposures to other anti-androgenic substances also capable of disrupting the male reproductive system. From this perspective, we regard HIs between 0.1 and 0.2 as more appropriate for evaluating combined phthalate exposures. Assessed against lowered HIs of 0.1 - 0.2, the combined phthalate exposures of most study participants exceeded acceptable levels in all study years, including 2015. Continued monitoring efforts for phthalate combinations are required to provide the basis for appropriate risk management measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Brunel University London, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nina Vogel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Rüther
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andre Conrad
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
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Lessmann F, Kolossa-Gehring M, Apel P, Rüther M, Pälmke C, Harth V, Brüning T, Koch HM. German Environmental Specimen Bank: 24-hour urine samples from 1999 to 2017 reveal rapid increase in exposure to the para-phthalate plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP). Environ Int 2019; 132:105102. [PMID: 31491609 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide plasticizer markets are facing constant substitution processes. Many classic ortho-phthalate plasticizers like di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are phased out, due to their proven toxicity to reproduction. Assumedly less critical, less regulated plasticizers such as di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) are increasingly applied in consumer near products like toys, food contact materials, and medical devices. With the increasing use of DEHTP, increasing exposures of the general population have to be expected likewise. Human biomonitoring is a well-established tool to determine population exposures. In the present study we investigate the time trend of exposure to DEHTP using 24-hour urine samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) collected from 1999 to 2017. In these samples (60 per odd-numbered year, 600 samples in total) collected from young German adults (20-29 years, equal gender distribution) we determined four specific urinary metabolites as biomarkers of DEHTP exposure. From 1999 to 2009, the main specific urinary metabolite 5cx-MEPTP was quantifiable in <10% of the samples. Thereafter, detection rates and levels constantly increased, in line with rapidly increasing DEHTP consumption volumes. In 2017, all samples had 5cx-MEPTP levels above the limit of quantification (LOQ) with a median concentration of 3.35 μg/L (95th percentile: 12.8 μg/L). The other metabolites were detected less frequently and at lower levels but correlated well with 5cx-MEPTP robustly confirming the increasing DEHTP exposure. All 5cx-MEPTP concentrations were well below the German health based guidance value (HBM-I) of 2800 μg/L for adults. Likewise, the median calculated daily intake, based on 5cx-MEPTP measured in 2017, was 0.74 μg/kg bw∗d (95th percentile: 3.86 μg/kg bw∗d), still well below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 1000 μg/kg bw∗d. Based on current toxicological knowledge we can hence conclude that for the population investigated, DEHTP exposure gives no reason for immediate concern. However, the steep ongoing increase of DEHTP exposure warrants further close monitoring in the future, preferably also in sub-populations with known higher exposures to plasticizers, especially children.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lessmann
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany; Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM) Hamburg, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Marckmannstraße 129b, D-20539 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Kolossa-Gehring
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Rüther
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - V Harth
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM) Hamburg, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Marckmannstraße 129b, D-20539 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - H M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany.
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Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Koch HM, Apel P, Rüther M, Pälmke C, Brüning T, Kolossa-Gehring M. Time trend of exposure to the phthalate plasticizer substitute DINCH in Germany from 1999 to 2017: Biomonitoring data on young adults from the Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:1084-1092. [PMID: 31378638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
DINCH (cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-diisononyl ester) is a phthalate plasticizer substitute introduced into the market in 2002. It is increasingly used especially in the production of toys, food contact materials and medical devices. In this measurement campaign on 24-h urine samples of young adults (20-29 years) from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) collected in 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017 (in total 300 samples, 60 samples/year) we analyzed three specific, oxidized DINCH metabolites (OH-MINCH: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(hydroxy-isononyl) ester; cx-MINCH: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(carboxy-isooctyl) ester, oxo-MINCH: cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(oxo-isononyl) ester). We merged these data with earlier data of the ESB from the years 1999-2012 and are now able to report levels and time trends of internal DINCH exposure from 1999 to 2017. After first detections of the major oxidized DINCH metabolite OH-MINCH in 2006 (6.7%) detection rates rapidly increased to 43.3% in 2009, 80% in 2010 and 98.3% in 2011 and 2012. From the year 2013 on we could detect OH-MINCH in every urine sample analyzed. The median concentrations of OH-MINCH rapidly increased from 0.15 μg/L in 2010 to twice the concentration in 2011 (0.31 μg/L) with further increases in 2013 (0.37 μg/L), 2015 (0.59 μg/L) and 2017 (0.70 μg/L). Similar increases, albeit at lower detection rates and concentration levels, could be observed for cx-MINCH and oxo-MINCH. All metabolites strongly correlate with each other. For the ESB study population, DINCH exposures are still far below health based guidance values such as the German Human Biomonitoring Value (HBM-I; 4,500 μg/L for the sum of OH-MINCH and cx-MINCH) or the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of EFSA (1 mg/kg bw/d). The median daily DINCH intake (DI) calculated for 2017 was 0.23 μg/kg bw/d, thus 4,310-times lower than the TDI. The maximum DI calculated for one individual in 2012 (42.60 μg/kg bw/d) was a factor of more than 20 below the TDI. The ongoing increase in DINCH exposure needs to be closely monitored in the future, including populations with potentially higher exposures such as children. This close monitoring will enable timely exposure and risk reduction measures if exposures reached critical levels, or if new toxicological data lead to lower health based guidance values. DINCH belongs to the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) priority substances for which policy relevant questions still have to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Rüther
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789, Bochum, Germany
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Vogel N, Conrad A, Apel P, Rucic E, Kolossa-Gehring M. Human biomonitoring reference values: Differences and similarities between approaches for identifying unusually high exposure of pollutants in humans. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 222:30-33. [PMID: 30146177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In exposure and risk assessment, the indication of unusually high exposure levels in humans to chemicals has been considered as an important objective for decades. To realize this objective, reference values (RV) need to be derived. However, while there is a tendency towards using the 95th percentile as a basis for deriving these reference values there is still no consensus. Moreover, side approaches have evolved including deriving RVs based on other percentiles, reporting multiple RVs or only reporting percentiles. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of the current literature, to point out differences and similarities between existing approaches, and to highlight important criteria for the derivation of RVs. We observe the majority of studies to base RVs on the 95th percentile and its 95% confidence interval which can been justified by statistical paradigms, present arguments for a single defined reference value, and discuss characteristics which call for more consistency. To conclude, our overview provides a first step towards a more homogenous and standardized derivation procedure to identify unusually high exposures in exposure science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vogel
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Germany.
| | - André Conrad
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Germany
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Germany
| | - Enrico Rucic
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Germany
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Moos RK, Apel P, Schröter-Kermani C, Kolossa-Gehring M, Brüning T, Koch HM. Daily intake and hazard index of parabens based upon 24 h urine samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank from 1995 to 2012. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2017; 27:591-600. [PMID: 27901017 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, exposure to parabens has become more of a concern because of evidence of ubiquitous exposure in the general population, combined with evidence of their potency as endocrine disruptors. New human metabolism data from oral exposure experiments enable us to back calculate daily paraben intakes from urinary paraben levels. We report daily intakes (DIs) for six parabens based on 660 24 h urine samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank collected between 1995 and 2012. Median DI values ranged between 1.1 μg/kg bw/day for iso-butyl paraben and 47.5 μg/kg bw/day for methyl paraben. The calculated DIs were compared with acceptable levels of exposure to evaluate the hazard quotients (HQs) that indicate that acceptable exposure is exceeded for values of >1. Approximately 5% of our study population exceeded this threshold for individual paraben exposure. The hazard index (HI) that takes into account the cumulative risk of adverse estrogenic effects was 1.3 at the 95th percentile and 4.4 at maximum intakes, mainly driven by n-propyl paraben exposure. HI values of >1 indicate some level of concern. However, we have to point out that we applied most conservative assumptions in the HQ/HI calculations. Also, major exposure reduction measures were enacted in the European Union after 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Moos
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
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Schwedler G, Conrad A, Rucic E, Rüther M, Apel P, Kolossa-Gehring M. Beiträge des Human-Biomonitorings zu einer evidenzbasierten Umwelt- und Gesundheitspolitik. Das Gesundheitswesen 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1605784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Schwedler
- Umweltbundesamt, Toxikologie, gesundheitsbezogene Umweltbeobachtung, Berlin
| | - A Conrad
- Umweltbundesamt, Toxikologie, gesundheitsbezogene Umweltbeobachtung, Berlin
| | - E Rucic
- Umweltbundesamt, Toxikologie, gesundheitsbezogene Umweltbeobachtung, Berlin
| | - M Rüther
- Umweltbundesamt, Toxikologie, gesundheitsbezogene Umweltbeobachtung, Berlin
| | - P Apel
- Umweltbundesamt, Toxikologie, gesundheitsbezogene Umweltbeobachtung, Berlin
| | - M Kolossa-Gehring
- Umweltbundesamt, Toxikologie, gesundheitsbezogene Umweltbeobachtung, Berlin
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Koch HM, Rüther M, Schütze A, Conrad A, Pälmke C, Apel P, Brüning T, Kolossa-Gehring M. Phthalate metabolites in 24-h urine samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) from 1988 to 2015 and a comparison with US NHANES data from 1999 to 2012. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 220:130-141. [PMID: 27863804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) continuously collects 24-h urine samples since the early 1980s in Germany. In this study we analyzed 300 urine samples from the years 2007 to 2015 for 21 phthalate metabolites (representing exposure to 11 parent phthalates) and combined the data with two previous retrospective measurement campaigns (1988 to 2003 and 2002 to 2008). The combined dataset comprised 1162 24-h urine samples spanning the years 1988 to 2015. With this detailed set of human biomonitoring data we describe the time course of phthalate exposure in Germany over a time frame of 27 years. For the metabolites of the endocrine disrupting phthalates di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP) we observed a roughly ten-fold decline in median metabolite levels from their peak levels in the late 1980s/early 1990s compared to most recent levels from 2015. Probably, bans (first enacted in 1999) and classifications/labelings (enacted in 2001 and 2004) in the European Union lead to this drop. A decline in di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) metabolite levels set in only quite recently, possibly due to its later classification as a reproductive toxicant in the EU in 2009. In a considerable number of samples collected before 2002 health based guidance values (BE, HBM I) have been exceeded for DnBP (27.2%) and DEHP (2.3%) but also in recent samples some individual exceedances can still be observed (DEHP 1.0%). A decrease in concentration for all low molecular weight phthalates, labelled or not, was seen in the most recent years of sampling. For the high molecular weight phthalates, DEHP seems to have been substituted in part by di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP), but DiNP metabolite levels have also been declining in the last years. Probably, non-phthalate alternatives increasingly take over for the phthalates in Germany. A comparison with NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) data from the United States covering the years 1999 to 2012 revealed both similarities and differences in phthalate exposure between Germany and the US. Exposure to critical phthalates has decreased in both countries with metabolite levels more and more aligning with each other, but high molecular weight phthalates substituting DEHP (such as DiNP) seem to become more important in the US than in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Maria Rüther
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Schütze
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1 Bochum, Germany
| | - André Conrad
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1 Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1 Bochum, Germany
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Schütze A, Gries W, Kolossa-Gehring M, Apel P, Schröter-Kermani C, Fiddicke U, Leng G, Brüning T, Koch H. Bis-(2-propylheptyl)phthalate (DPHP) metabolites emerging in 24h urine samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (1999–2012). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:559-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Schütze A, Lorber M, Gawrych K, Kolossa-Gehring M, Apel P, Brüning T, Koch HM. Development of a multi-compartment pharmacokinetic model to characterize the exposure to Hexamoll® DINCH®. Chemosphere 2015; 128:216-224. [PMID: 25710321 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We developed and calibrated a multi compartment pharmacokinetic (PK) model to predict urinary concentrations after oral exposure of four specific DINCH metabolites: MINCH, OH-MINCH, cx-MINCH, and oxo-MINCH. This descriptive model has 4 compartments: a "stomach" (SC) compartment, a "holding" (HC) compartment, a "blood" (BC) compartment and a "bladder" (BLC) compartment. DINCH is assumed to first deposit into the SC, with transfer split between the HC and the BC. Unmetabolized DINCH from the HC then transfers to the BC. The DINCH metabolism is assumed to occur in the BC before excretion via the BLC. At each urination event, all the metabolite mass in the BLC is excreted. The model was calibrated using published urine metabolite data from 3 different male volunteers, each orally dosed with 50mg DINCH. Full urine voids were taken for 48 h after dosage. The predicted values showed a good agreement with the observed urinary DINCH metabolite concentrations, with a Spearman correlation coefficient exceeding 0.7 for all oxidized metabolites. We showed the importance of a holding reservoir. Without it, a good agreement could not be found. We applied the model to a set of 24-h general population samples measured for DINCH metabolites. The model was unable to duplicate the ratio of metabolites seen in the 24-h samples. Two possibilities were offered to explain the difference: the exposure pattern in the general population did not match the oral exposure in the dosing experiments, or the long-term toxicokinetics of DINCH was not captured in the 48-h controlled dosing experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Schütze
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthew Lorber
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20460, United States
| | - Katarzyna Gawrych
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Petra Apel
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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Schütze A, Kolossa-Gehring M, Apel P, Brüning T, Koch HM. Entering markets and bodies: Increasing levels of the novel plasticizer Hexamoll® DINCH® in 24h urine samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217:421-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kolossa-Gehring M, Fiddicke U, Apel P. Neue Human-Biomonitoring Methoden für möglicherweise gesundheitsrelevante Stoffe. Gesundheitswesen 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1337522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Apel P, Brandt R, Gangrskii Y, Tretyakova S. Professor Dr. Vladimir Pavlovich Perelygin. RADIAT MEAS 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Apel P, Spohr R, Trautmann C, Vutsadakis V. Track structure in polyethylene terephthalate irradiated by heavy ions: Let dependence of track diameter. RADIAT MEAS 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4487(99)00075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zrenner R, Krause KP, Apel P, Sonnewald U. Reduction of the cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in transgenic potato plants limits photosynthetic sucrose biosynthesis with no impact on plant growth and tuber yield. Plant J 1996; 9:671-81. [PMID: 8653116 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1996.9050671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose produced in source leaves is the predominant carbon source for developing sink tissues in most higher plants. Consequently the rate of sucrose synthesis is likely to be important for sink development and final crop yield. Two sucrose biosynthetic enzymes are believed to possess regulatory properties with respect to the rate of sucrose synthesis: (i) cytosolic FBPase and (ii) sucrose phosphate synthase. To study the impact of reduced photosynthetic sucrose biosynthesis on plant growth and crop yield a cDNA clone encoding cytosolic FBPase was isolated from a potato leaf cDNA library and used for antisense experiments in transgenic potato plants. The cDNA clone cy-F1, containing an open reading frame of 1020 bp highly homologous (85%) to other known sequences of plant cytosolic FBPases, was cloned in reversed orientation between the 35S CaMV promoter and the octopine synthase polyadenylation signal. Out of 75 independent transformants five transgenic lines having 9 to 55% of the wild-type FBPase activity were chosen for further analysis. A 45% reduction of the cytosolic FBPase activity did not cause any measurable change in metabolite concentrations, growth behaviour or photosynthetic parameters of the transgenic plants. Inhibition of cytosolic FBPase activity below 20% of the wild-type activity led to an accumulation of 3-PGA, triose-phosphates and fructose-1,6-biphosphate in source leaves. This resulted in a reduced light-saturated rate of assimilation measured via gas exchange and a decreased photosynthetic rate under conditions of the leaf disc electrode with saturating light and CO2. Measuring photosynthetic carbon fluxes by labelling leaf discs with 14CO2 revealed a 53-65% reduction of sucrose synthesis whereas starch synthesis decreased only by 18-24%. The flux into the anionic and cationic fraction was not altered. Despite these changes steady-state sucrose concentrations were not effected in source leaves from transgenic plants. Starch accumulated by more than a factor of 3 compared with wild-type leaves and was degraded during the night. This provides strong evidence for the hypothesis that hexoses and/or hexosephosphates are exported out of the chloroplasts, thereby circumventing the limitation of sucrose biosynthesis caused by the inhibition of cytosolic FBPase in the dark. Accordingly, plant growth and potato tuber yield remained unaltered. From these data it can be concluded that a reduced photosynthetic sucrose biosynthetic capacity can be efficiently compensated without any reduction in crop yield under greenhouse or growth chamber conditions by changing carbon export strategy. Whether the same holds true for field conditions remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zrenner
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, Germany
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Janoudi A-K, Konjevic R, Apel P, Poff KL. Time threshold for second positive phototropism is decreased by a preirradiation with red light. Plant Physiol 1992; 99:1422-5. [PMID: 11537887 PMCID: PMC1080642 DOI: 10.1104/pp.99.4.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A second positive phototropic response is exhibited by a plant after the time of irradiation has exceeded a time threshold. The time threshold of dark-grown seedlings is about 15 minutes for Arabidopsis thaliana. This threshold is decreased to about 4 minutes by a 669-nanometer preirradiation. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seedlings show a similar response. The time threshold of dark-grown seedlings is about 60 minutes for tobacco, and is decreased to about 15 minutes after a preirradiation with either 450- or 669- nanometer light. The existence of a time threshold for second positive phototropism and the dependence of this threshold on the irradiation history of the seedling contribute to the complexity of the fluence response relationship for phototropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janoudi A-K
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing 48824
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Apel P, Peisker M. Influence of Water Stress on Photosynthetic Gas Exchange in the C3-C4 Intermediate Species Flaveria floridana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(88)80058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Apel P, Maass I. Photosynthesis in Species of Flaveria CO2 Compensation Concentration, O2 Influence on Photosynthetic Gas Exchange and δ13C Values in Species of Flaveria (Asteraceae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(81)80052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Eipper H, Apel P. [Premature labour-use of external tocography in an attempt at classification (author's transl)]. Zentralbl Gynakol 1980; 102:76-79. [PMID: 7467957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The limiting value (WI) was derived from the product of labour parameters frequency (F) and time which had been determined by tocography. The following equation was used: (see formula in text). That limiting value is an absolute number, with any tocographic findings in excess of it being interpreted as premature labour. Tocographically negative findings were retrospectively compared to pregnancy outcomes. Deliveries of underweight children occurred only in four cases, two of them having been caused by premature rupture, though only one third of 147 women, transferred to the authors' hospital for safely diagnosed (n=108) or suspected (=39) premature labour, had been hospitalised and tocolysed. This seems to confirm the authors' approach which is likely to result in higher standards in obstetric practice.
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