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Dickinson GN, Miller DD, Bajracharya A, Bruchard W, Durbin TA, McGarry JKP, Moser EP, Nuñez LA, Pukkila EJ, Scott PS, Sutton PJ, Johnston NAC. Health Risk Implications of Volatile Organic Compounds in Wildfire Smoke During the 2019 FIREX-AQ Campaign and Beyond. Geohealth 2022; 6:e2021GH000546. [PMID: 36017488 PMCID: PMC9393878 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality was a NOAA/NASA collaborative campaign conducted during the summer of 2019. The objectives included identifying and quantifying wildfire composition, smoke evolution, and climate and health impacts of wildfires and agricultural fires in the United States. Ground based mobile sampling via sorbent tubes occurred at the Nethker and Williams Flats fires (2019) and Chief Timothy and Whitetail Loop fires (2020) in Idaho and Washington. Air samples were analyzed through thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for a variety of volatile organic compounds to elucidate both composition and health impacts. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, butenes, phenol, isoprene and pinenes were observed in the wildfire smoke, with benzene ranging from 0.04 to 25 ppbv. Health risk was assessed for each fire by determining sub-chronic (wildfire event) and projected chronic inhalation risk exposure from benzene, a carcinogen, as well as other non-carcinogenic compounds including toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and hexane. The cancer risk of benzene from sub-chronic exposure was 1 extra cancer per million people and ranged from 1 to 19 extra cancers per million people for the projected chronic scenarios, compared to a background level of 1 extra cancer per million people. The hazard index of non-carcinogenic compounds was less than one for all scenarios and wildfires sampled, which was considered low risk for non-cancer health events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle N. Dickinson
- Physical, Life, Movement, and Sport Sciences DivisionLewis‐Clark State CollegeLewistonIDUSA
| | - Dylan D. Miller
- Physical, Life, Movement, and Sport Sciences DivisionLewis‐Clark State CollegeLewistonIDUSA
| | - Aakriti Bajracharya
- Physical, Life, Movement, and Sport Sciences DivisionLewis‐Clark State CollegeLewistonIDUSA
| | - William Bruchard
- Physical, Life, Movement, and Sport Sciences DivisionLewis‐Clark State CollegeLewistonIDUSA
| | - Timbre A. Durbin
- Physical, Life, Movement, and Sport Sciences DivisionLewis‐Clark State CollegeLewistonIDUSA
| | - John K. P. McGarry
- Physical, Life, Movement, and Sport Sciences DivisionLewis‐Clark State CollegeLewistonIDUSA
| | - Elijah P. Moser
- Physical, Life, Movement, and Sport Sciences DivisionLewis‐Clark State CollegeLewistonIDUSA
| | - Laurel A. Nuñez
- Physical, Life, Movement, and Sport Sciences DivisionLewis‐Clark State CollegeLewistonIDUSA
| | - Elias J. Pukkila
- Physical, Life, Movement, and Sport Sciences DivisionLewis‐Clark State CollegeLewistonIDUSA
| | - Phillip S. Scott
- Physical, Life, Movement, and Sport Sciences DivisionLewis‐Clark State CollegeLewistonIDUSA
| | - Parke J. Sutton
- Physical, Life, Movement, and Sport Sciences DivisionLewis‐Clark State CollegeLewistonIDUSA
| | - Nancy A. C. Johnston
- Physical, Life, Movement, and Sport Sciences DivisionLewis‐Clark State CollegeLewistonIDUSA
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Miller DD, Bajracharya A, Dickinson GN, Durbin TA, McGarry JKP, Moser EP, Nuñez LA, Pukkila EJ, Scott PS, Sutton PJ, Johnston NAC. Diffusive uptake rates for passive air sampling: Application to volatile organic compound exposure during FIREX-AQ campaign. Chemosphere 2022; 287:131808. [PMID: 34461330 PMCID: PMC8612956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Passive (diffusive) sampling using sorbents is an economical and versatile method of measuring pollutants in air, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Diffusive uptake rates (UTRs) are needed for each analyte to obtain average concentrations during a specific passive sampling time duration. Here, a simultaneous active/diffusive ambient air sampling technique on Tenax®TA was employed to measure 24-hours, 7, 14 and 28-days UTRs of up to 27 VOCs, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX), C6-C12 hydrocarbons, benzenes derivatives, tetrachloroethylene, pinenes and limonene. Samples were analyzed via thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) for desired analytes. Seven-day UTR values ranged from 0.17 to 0.59 mL/min and many compounds exhibited a linear relationship with UTR and time duration up to 14 or 28 days. This may be the most comprehensive UTR tabulation of VOCs on Tenax®TA for time periods of 24 hours -28 days available. These rates were applied to VOC data measured during the 2019 NASA/NOAA Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) campaign, with goals to determine the chemical composition of western US wildfire smoke and to assess human exposure to air toxics. Summer 2019 exposure levels of BTEX at five Northwestern cities were low and the cancer risk due to benzene was assessed during FIREX-AQ to be background or 1 × 10-6. The UTRs derived here can be useful in applications of diffusive sampling, including estimation of sub-chronic to chronic human exposure risk of air toxics and wildfire smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan D Miller
- Physical, Life, Movement and Sport Sciences Division, Lewis-Clark State College, 500 8th Avenue, Lewiston, ID, USA
| | - Aakriti Bajracharya
- Physical, Life, Movement and Sport Sciences Division, Lewis-Clark State College, 500 8th Avenue, Lewiston, ID, USA
| | - Gabrielle N Dickinson
- Physical, Life, Movement and Sport Sciences Division, Lewis-Clark State College, 500 8th Avenue, Lewiston, ID, USA
| | - Timbre A Durbin
- Physical, Life, Movement and Sport Sciences Division, Lewis-Clark State College, 500 8th Avenue, Lewiston, ID, USA
| | - John K P McGarry
- Physical, Life, Movement and Sport Sciences Division, Lewis-Clark State College, 500 8th Avenue, Lewiston, ID, USA
| | - Elijah P Moser
- Physical, Life, Movement and Sport Sciences Division, Lewis-Clark State College, 500 8th Avenue, Lewiston, ID, USA
| | - Laurel A Nuñez
- Physical, Life, Movement and Sport Sciences Division, Lewis-Clark State College, 500 8th Avenue, Lewiston, ID, USA
| | - Elias J Pukkila
- Physical, Life, Movement and Sport Sciences Division, Lewis-Clark State College, 500 8th Avenue, Lewiston, ID, USA
| | - Phillip S Scott
- Physical, Life, Movement and Sport Sciences Division, Lewis-Clark State College, 500 8th Avenue, Lewiston, ID, USA
| | - Parke J Sutton
- Physical, Life, Movement and Sport Sciences Division, Lewis-Clark State College, 500 8th Avenue, Lewiston, ID, USA
| | - Nancy A C Johnston
- Physical, Life, Movement and Sport Sciences Division, Lewis-Clark State College, 500 8th Avenue, Lewiston, ID, USA.
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Scott PS, Andrew JP, Bundy BA, Grimm BK, Hamann MA, Ketcherside DT, Li J, Manangquil MY, Nuñez LA, Pittman DL, Rivero-Zevallos A, Uhlorn R, Johnston NA. Observations of volatile organic and sulfur compounds in ambient air and health risk assessment near a paper mill in rural Idaho, U. S. A. Atmos Pollut Res 2020; 11:1870-1881. [PMID: 33162775 PMCID: PMC7644087 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Lewis-Clark Valley is a rural area that includes the cities of Lewiston, Idaho and Clarkston, Washington and the surrounding areas. The largest industry in the Lewis-Clark Valley is a pulp paper mill located in Lewiston which emits particulate matter and odorous sulfur air pollutants. This study analyzed the Lewis-Clark Valley air composition and seasonal, temporal and spatial variations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from 2017 to 2018 to determine potential health risks of the paper mill emissions to the surrounding community. Both active and passive air sampling via sorbent tubes were analyzed by thermal desorption - gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). Fifty VOCs including benzene, toluene, chloroform, dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide were measured in the ambient air of the Lewis-Clark Valley at ten different sites, totaling over 800 samples. In addition, passive sorbent tubes were deployed in 2018 to obtain monthly averages in Lewis-Clark Valley and three urban locations in Idaho and Washington for comparison. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2001) methodology was used to assess cancer risks in the community based on the upper confidence levels of five carcinogens and nine air toxics. The Lewis-Clark Valley had similar levels of benzene to urban areas but had a strong signature of chloroform and sulfides from the paper mill. The cumulative cancer risk was 2 x 10-6 - 11 × 10-6 mainly due to the compounds chloroform, benzene and carbon tetrachloride. The hazard index of other air toxics was less than one. Overall, these air pollutants were considered low risk to the local population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nancy A.C. Johnston
- Corresponding author. Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Lewis-Clark State College, 500 8th Avenue, Lewiston, ID, USA. (N.A.C. Johnston)
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Sapontis JS, Scott PS, Kumar VK, Philip PM, Melikian NM, Byrne JB, Rafal RD, Ajay AMS, Hill JMH. 049 A SINGLE CENTRE EXPERIENCE OF THE IMPELLA MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SUPPORT DEVICE. Heart 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304019.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Jacobsen EJ, Mitchell MA, Hendges SK, Belonga KL, Skaletzky LL, Stelzer LS, Lindberg TJ, Fritzen EL, Schostarez HJ, O'Sullivan TJ, Maggiora LL, Stuchly CW, Laborde AL, Kubicek MF, Poorman RA, Beck JM, Miller HR, Petzold GL, Scott PS, Truesdell SE, Wallace TL, Wilks JW, Fisher C, Goodman LV, Kaytes PS. Synthesis of a series of stromelysin-selective thiadiazole urea matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. J Med Chem 1999; 42:1525-36. [PMID: 10229623 DOI: 10.1021/jm9803222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and enzyme inhibition data for a series of thiadiazole urea matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors are described. A broad screening effort was utilized to identify several thiadiazoles which were weak inhibitors of stromelysin. Optimization of the thiadiazole leads to include an alpha-amino acid side chain with variable terminal amide substituents provided a series of ureas which were moderately effective stromelysin inhibitors, with Ki's between 0.3 and 1.0 microM. The most effective analogues utilized an L-phenylalanine as the amino acid component. In particular, unsubstituted 46 had a Ki of 710 nM, while the p-fluoro analogue 52 displayed increased potency (100 nM). Stromelysin inhibition was further improved using a pentafluorophenylalanine substituent which resulted in 70, a 14 nM inhibitor. While gelatinase inhibition was generally poor, the use of 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine as the amide component usually provided for enhanced activity, with 71 inhibiting gelatinase with a Ki of 770 nM. The combination of this heterocycle with a p-fluorophenylalanine substituent provided the only analogue, 69, with collagenase activity (13 microM). The SAR for analogues described within this series can be rationalized through consideration of the X-ray structure recently attained for70 complexed to stromelysin. Uniquely, this structure showed the inhibitor to be completely orientated on the left side of the enzyme cleft. These results suggest that thiadiazole urea heterocycles which incorporate a substituted phenylalanine can provide selective inhibitors of stromelysin. Careful selection of the amide substituent can also provide for analogues with modest gelatinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Jacobsen
- Department of Structural, Analytical and Medicinal Chemistry, Michigan 49007, USA
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Abstract
The Information of Processing Trauma Model provides a framework for understanding the dynamics and responses of childhood sexual abuse. Chemical dependency plays a role in both the cause and effect of childhood sexual abuse. Survivors of childhood sexual abuse with chemical dependency require treatment of both disorders. This treatment should emphasize the key role of the encapsulation phase in symptom formation and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Walker
- Division of Nursing, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX 75962-6156, USA
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Gilbertson-Beadling S, Powers EA, Stamp-Cole M, Scott PS, Wallace TL, Copeland J, Petzold G, Mitchell M, Ledbetter S, Poorman R. The tetracycline analogs minocycline and doxycycline inhibit angiogenesis in vitro by a non-metalloproteinase-dependent mechanism. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1995; 36:418-24. [PMID: 7543375 DOI: 10.1007/bf00686191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The tetracycline analogs minocycline and doxycycline are inhibitors of metalloproteinases (MMPs) and have been shown to inhibit angiogenesis in vivo. To further study the mechanism of action of these compounds we tested them in an in vitro model of angiogenesis: aortic sprouting in fibrin gels. Angiogenesis was quantitated in this system by a unique application of planar morphometry. Both compounds were found to potently inhibit angiogenesis in this model. To further characterize the activity of these compounds against MMPs, we determined the IC50S of both compounds against representatives of three classes of metalloproteinases: fibroblast collagenase, stromelysin, and gelatinase A. Doxycycline was found to inhibit collagenase, gelatinase A and stromelysin with IC50S of 452 microM, 56 microM and 32 microM, respectively. Minocycline was found to inhibit only stromelysin in the micromolar range with an IC50 of 290 microM. Since these results suggest that these compounds may not have been inhibiting in vitro angiogenesis by an MMP-dependent mechanism, we decided to test the effects of the potent MMP inhibitor BB-94. This compound failed to inhibit aortic sprouting in fibrin gels, thus strongly suggesting that both doxycycline and minocycline act by an MMP-independent mechanism. These results have implications for the mechanism of action of tetracycline analogs, particularly where they are being considered for the treatment of disorders of extracellular matrix degradation including periodontal disease, arthritis, and tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gilbertson-Beadling
- Cancer and Infectious Diseases Research, Upjohn Laboratories, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Scott
- Cancer and Infectious Diseases Research, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Wilks
- Cancer Research, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
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