1
|
Phanchana M, Harnvoravongchai P, Wongkuna S, Phetruen T, Phothichaisri W, Panturat S, Pipatthana M, Charoensutthivarakul S, Chankhamhaengdecha S, Janvilisri T. Frontiers in antibiotic alternatives for Clostridioides difficile infection. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:7210-7232. [PMID: 34876784 PMCID: PMC8611198 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i42.7210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is a gram-positive, anaerobic spore-forming bacterium and a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Humans are naturally resistant to C. difficile infection (CDI) owing to the protection provided by healthy gut microbiota. When the gut microbiota is disturbed, C. difficile can colonize, produce toxins, and manifest clinical symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic diarrhea and colitis to death. Despite the steady-if not rising-prevalence of CDI, it will certainly become more problematic in a world of antibiotic overuse and the post-antibiotic era. C. difficile is naturally resistant to most of the currently used antibiotics as it uses multiple resistance mechanisms. Therefore, current CDI treatment regimens are extremely limited to only a few antibiotics, which include vancomycin, fidaxomicin, and metronidazole. Therefore, one of the main challenges experienced by the scientific community is the development of alternative approaches to control and treat CDI. In this Frontier article, we collectively summarize recent advances in alternative treatment approaches for CDI. Over the past few years, several studies have reported on natural product-derived compounds, drug repurposing, high-throughput library screening, phage therapy, and fecal microbiota transplantation. We also include an update on vaccine development, pre- and pro-biotics for CDI, and toxin antidote approaches. These measures tackle CDI at every stage of disease pathology via multiple mechanisms. We also discuss the gaps and concerns in these developments. The next epidemic of CDI is not a matter of if but a matter of when. Therefore, being well-equipped with a collection of alternative therapeutics is necessary and should be prioritized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Phanchana
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Supapit Wongkuna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tanaporn Phetruen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wichuda Phothichaisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Supakan Panturat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Methinee Pipatthana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sitthivut Charoensutthivarakul
- School of Bioinnovation and Bio-based Product Intelligence, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ojha SC, Phanchana M, Harnvoravongchai P, Chankhamhaengdecha S, Singhakaew S, Ounjai P, Janvilisri T. Teicoplanin Suppresses Vegetative Clostridioides difficile and Spore Outgrowth. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080984. [PMID: 34439034 PMCID: PMC8388965 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the incidence of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has remained high in both community and health-care settings. With the increasing rate of treatment failures and its ability to form spores, an alternative treatment for CDI has become a global priority. We used the microdilution assay to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of vancomycin and teicoplanin against 30 distinct C. difficile strains isolated from various host origins. We also examined the effect of drugs on spore germination and outgrowth by following the development of OD600. Finally, we confirmed the spore germination and cell stages by microscopy. We showed that teicoplanin exhibited lower MICs compared to vancomycin in all tested isolates. MICs of teicoplanin ranged from 0.03-0.25 µg/mL, while vancomycin ranged from 0.5-4 µg/mL. Exposure of C. difficile spores to broth supplemented with various concentrations of antimicrobial agents did not affect the initiation of germination, but the outgrowth to vegetative cells was inhibited by all test compounds. This finding was concordant with aberrant vegetative cells after antibiotic treatment observed by light microscopy. This work highlights the efficiency of teicoplanin for treatment of C. difficile through prevention of vegetative cell outgrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvash Chandra Ojha
- Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Matthew Phanchana
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Phurt Harnvoravongchai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.H.); (S.C.); (S.S.); (P.O.)
| | - Surang Chankhamhaengdecha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.H.); (S.C.); (S.S.); (P.O.)
| | - Sombat Singhakaew
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.H.); (S.C.); (S.S.); (P.O.)
| | - Puey Ounjai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.H.); (S.C.); (S.S.); (P.O.)
| | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wongkuna S, Janvilisri T, Phanchana M, Harnvoravongchai P, Aroonnual A, Aimjongjun S, Malaisri N, Chankhamhaengdecha S. Temporal Variations in Patterns of Clostridioides difficile Strain Diversity and Antibiotic Resistance in Thailand. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060714. [PMID: 34199301 PMCID: PMC8231780 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile has been recognized as a life-threatening pathogen that causes enteric diseases, including antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. The severity of C. difficile infection (CDI) correlates with toxin production and antibiotic resistance of C. difficile. In Thailand, the data addressing ribotypes, toxigenic, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of this pathogen are scarce and some of these data sets are limited. In this study, two groups of C. difficile isolates in Thailand, including 50 isolates collected from 2006 to 2009 (THA group) and 26 isolates collected from 2010 to 2012 (THB group), were compared for toxin genes and ribotyping profiles. The production of toxins A and B were determined on the basis of toxin gene profiles. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration of eight antibiotics were examined for all 76 C. difficile isolates. The isolates of the THA group were categorized into 27 A−B+CDT− (54%) and 23 A-B-CDT- (46%), while the THB isolates were classified into five toxigenic profiles, including six A+B+CDT+ (23%), two A+B+CDT− (8%), five A−B+CDT+ (19%), seven A−B+CDT− (27%), and six A−B−CDT− (23%). By visually comparing them to the references, only five ribotypes were identified among THA isolates, while 15 ribotypes were identified within THB isolates. Ribotype 017 was the most common in both groups. Interestingly, 18 unknown ribotyping patterns were identified. Among eight tcdA-positive isolates, three isolates showed significantly greater levels of toxin A than the reference strain. The levels of toxin B in 3 of 47 tcdB-positive isolates were significantly higher than that of the reference strain. Based on the antimicrobial susceptibility test, metronidazole showed potent efficiency against most isolates in both groups. However, high MIC values of cefoxitin (MICs 256 μg/mL) and chloramphenicol (MICs ≥ 64 μg/mL) were observed with most of the isolates. The other five antibiotics exhibited diverse MIC values among two groups of isolates. This work provides evidence of temporal changes in both C. difficile strains and patterns of antimicrobial resistance in Thailand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supapit Wongkuna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.W.); (T.J.)
| | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.W.); (T.J.)
| | - Matthew Phanchana
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Phurt Harnvoravongchai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.H.); (N.M.)
| | - Amornrat Aroonnual
- Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Sathid Aimjongjun
- Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Natamon Malaisri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.H.); (N.M.)
| | - Surang Chankhamhaengdecha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.H.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pipatthana M, Harnvoravongchai P, Pongchaikul P, Likhitrattanapisal S, Phanchana M, Chankhamhaengdecha S, Janvilisri T. The repertoire of ABC proteins in Clostridioides difficile. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2905-2920. [PMID: 34094001 PMCID: PMC8144104 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
ABC transporters transport substrates across membranes driven by ATP hydrolysis. ABC proteins of C. difficile 630 can be classified into 12 sub-families. Most NPs are found within sub-families involving in drug export. Most core NPs in C. difficile are associated with drug efflux system. ABC proteins in sub-families 3, 6, 7, and 9 may participate in drug resistance.
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters belong to one of the largest membrane protein superfamilies, which function in translocating substrates across biological membranes using energy from ATP hydrolysis. Currently, the classification of ABC transporters in Clostridioides difficile is not complete. Therefore, the sequence-function relationship of all ABC proteins encoded within the C. difficile genome was analyzed. Identification of protein domains associated with the ABC system in the C. difficile 630 reference genome revealed 226 domains: 97 nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs), 98 transmembrane domains (TMDs), 30 substrate-binding domains (SBDs), and one domain with features of an adaptor protein. Gene organization and transcriptional unit analyses indicated the presence of 78 ABC systems comprising 28 importers and 50 exporters. Based on NBD sequence similarity, ABC transporters were classified into 12 sub-families according to their substrates. Interestingly, all ABC exporters, accounting for 64% of the total ABC systems, are involved in antibiotic resistance. Based on analysis of ABC proteins from 49 C. difficile strains, the majority of core NBDs are predicted to be involved in multidrug resistance systems, consistent with the ability of this organism to survive exposure to an array of antibiotics. Our findings herein provide another step toward a better understanding of the function and evolutionary relationships of ABC proteins in this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Methinee Pipatthana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Pisut Pongchaikul
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakarn, Thailand
| | - Somsak Likhitrattanapisal
- Thailand Bioresource Research Center (TBRC), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Matthew Phanchana
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Harnvoravongchai P, Singwisut R, Ounjai P, Aroonnual A, Kosiyachinda P, Janvilisri T, Chankhamhaengdecha S. Isolation and characterization of thermophilic cellulose and hemicellulose degrading bacterium, Thermoanaerobacterium sp. R63 from tropical dry deciduous forest soil. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236518. [PMID: 32702033 PMCID: PMC7377481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermophilic microorganisms and their enzymes have been utilized in various industrial applications. In this work, we isolated and characterized thermophilic anaerobic bacteria with the cellulose and hemicellulose degrading activities from a tropical dry deciduous forest in northern Thailand. Out of 502 isolated thermophilic anaerobic soil bacteria, 6 isolates, identified as Thermoanaerobacterium sp., displayed an ability to utilize a wide range of oligosaccharides and lignocellulosic substrates. The isolates exhibited significant cellulase and xylanase activities at high temperature (65°C). Among all isolates, Thermoanaerobacterium sp. strain R63 exhibited remarkable hydrolytic properties with the highest cellulase and xylanase activities at 1.15 U/mg and 6.17 U/mg, respectively. Extracellular extract of Thermoanaerobacterium sp. strain R63 was thermostable with an optimal temperature at 65°C and could exhibit enzymatic activities on pH range 5.0-9.0. Our findings suggest promising applications of these thermoanaerobic bacteria and their potent enzymes for industrial purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ratiyakorn Singwisut
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Puey Ounjai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amornrat Aroonnual
- Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pahol Kosiyachinda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Phanchana M, Phetruen T, Harnvoravongchai P, Raksat P, Ounjai P, Chankhamhaengdecha S, Janvilisri T. Repurposing a platelet aggregation inhibitor ticagrelor as an antimicrobial against Clostridioides difficile. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6497. [PMID: 32300130 PMCID: PMC7162883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance in Clostridioides difficile becomes a public health concern worldwide, especially as the hypervirulent strains show decreased susceptibility to the first-line antibiotics for C. difficile treatment. Therefore, the simultaneous discovery and development of new compounds to fight this pathogen are urgently needed. In order to determinate new drugs active against C. difficile, we identified ticagrelor, utilized for the prevention of thrombotic events, as exhibiting potent growth-inhibitory activity against C. difficile. Whole-cell growth inhibition assays were performed and compared to vancomycin and metronidazole, followed by determining time-kill kinetics against C. difficile. Activities against biofilm formation and spore germination were also evaluated. Leakage analyses and electron microscopy were applied to confirm the disruption of membrane structure. Finally, ticagrelor's ability to synergize with vancomycin and metronidazole was determined using checkerboard assays. Our data showed that ticagrelor exerted activity with a MIC range of 20-40 µg/mL against C. difficile. This compound also exhibited an inhibitory effect on biofilm formation and spore germination. Additionally, ticagrelor did not interact with vancomycin nor metronidazole. Our findings revealed for the first time that ticagrelor could be further developed as a new antimicrobial agent for fighting against C. difficile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Phanchana
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tanaporn Phetruen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Ponlawoot Raksat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Puey Ounjai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Harnvoravongchai P, Chankhamhaengdecha S, Ounjai P, Singhakaew S, Boonthaworn K, Janvilisri T. Antimicrobial Effect of Asiatic Acid Against Clostridium difficile Is Associated With Disruption of Membrane Permeability. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2125. [PMID: 30245677 PMCID: PMC6137100 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major concern in Clostridium difficile, the causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Reduced susceptibility to first- and second-line agents is widespread, therefore various attempts have been made to seek alternative preventive and therapeutic strategies against this pathogen. In this work, the antimicrobial properties of asiatic acid were evaluated against C. difficile. Asiatic acid displayed substantial inhibitory effects on 19 C. difficile isolates collected from different sources with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 10 to 20 μg/ml. Time kill analysis and minimal bactericidal concentration revealed potential bactericidal activity of this compound. Asiatic acid induced membrane damages and alterations in morphological ultrastructure in C. difficile, thereby causing the leakage of intracellular substances. Moreover, asiatic acid also displayed an inhibitory effect on cell motility, but did not interfere with biofilm formation and spore germination. Analysis of drug combination showed no synergistic effect between asiatic acid and vancomycin/metronidazole. Altogether, asiatic acid exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against vegetative cells and could serve as an alternative resource for tackling C. difficile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Puey Ounjai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sombat Singhakaew
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanpong Boonthaworn
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nunoura T, Nishizawa M, Hirai M, Shimamura S, Harnvoravongchai P, Koide O, Morono Y, Fukui T, Inagaki F, Miyazaki J, Takaki Y, Takai K. Microbial Diversity in Sediments from the Bottom of the Challenger Deep, the Mariana Trench. Microbes Environ 2018; 33:186-194. [PMID: 29806625 PMCID: PMC6031389 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me17194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Challenger Deep is the deepest ocean on Earth. The present study investigated microbial community structures and geochemical cycles associated with the trench bottom sediments of the Challenger Deep, the Mariana Trench. The SSU rRNA gene communities found in trench bottom sediments were dominated by the bacteria Chloroflexi (SAR202 and other lineages), Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, "Ca. Marinimicrobia" (SAR406), and Gemmatimonadetes and by the archaeal α subgroup of MGI Thaumarchaeota and "Ca. Woesearchaeota" (Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeotic Group 6). The SSU rRNA gene sequencing analysis indicated that the dominant populations of the thaumarchaeal α group in hadal water and sediments were similar to each other at the species or genus level. In addition, the co-occurrence of nitrification and denitrification was revealed by the combination of pore water geochemical analyses and quantitative PCR for nitrifiers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Nunoura
- Research and Development Center for Marine Biosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
| | - Manabu Nishizawa
- Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
| | - Miho Hirai
- Research and Development Center for Marine Biosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
| | - Shigeru Shimamura
- Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
| | | | - Osamu Koide
- Research and Development Center for Marine Biosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
| | - Yuki Morono
- Geomicrobiology Group, Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science Technology (JAMSTEC).,Geobiotechnology Group, Research and Development Center for Submarine Resources, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science Technology (JAMSTEC)
| | - Toshiaki Fukui
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Fumio Inagaki
- Geomicrobiology Group, Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science Technology (JAMSTEC).,Geobiotechnology Group, Research and Development Center for Submarine Resources, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science Technology (JAMSTEC).,Research and Development Center for Ocean Drilling Science, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science Technology (JAMSTEC)
| | - Junichi Miyazaki
- Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
| | - Yoshihiro Takaki
- Research and Development Center for Marine Biosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC).,Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
| | - Ken Takai
- Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ngernsombat C, Sreesai S, Harnvoravongchai P, Chankhamhaengdecha S, Janvilisri T. CD2068 potentially mediates multidrug efflux in Clostridium difficile. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9982. [PMID: 28855575 PMCID: PMC5577244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the treatment thereof becomes more difficult owing to a rise of multidrug resistant strains. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are known to play a crucial role in the resistance to multiple antibiotics. In this study, the potential contribution of an ABC transporter in C. difficile multidrug resistance was investigated. The expression level of the cd2068 gene in C. difficile encoding an ABC transporter was up-regulated following the exposure to certain antibiotics compared to the control cells. Heterologous expression of CD2068 in Escherichia coli revealed that it mediated the efflux of fluorescent substrates and conferred resistance to multiple drugs. The CD2068-associated ATPase activity in membrane vesicles was also stimulated by various antibiotics. Furthermore, the insertional inactivation of the cd2068 gene in C. difficile led to a significant increase in susceptibility to antibiotics, which could be genetically complemented, supporting that CD2068 was directly associated to the drug resistance. These results demonstrate the potential role for the ABC transporter CD2068 in the resistance mechanism against multiple drugs in C. difficile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chawalit Ngernsombat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Suthasinee Sreesai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Phurt Harnvoravongchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The economic crisis in Thailand in July 1997 had major social implications for unemployment, under employment, household income contraction, changing expenditure patterns, and child abandonment. The crisis increased poverty incidence by 1 million, of whom 54% were the ultra-poor. This paper explores and explains the short-term health impact of the crisis, using existing data and some special surveys and interviews for 2 years during 1998-99. The health impacts of the crisis are mixed, some being negative and some being positive. Household health expenditure reduced by 24% in real terms; among the poorer households, institutional care was replaced by self-medication. The pre-crisis rising trend in expenditure on alcohol and tobacco consumption was reversed. Immunization spending and coverage were sustained at a very high level after the crisis, but reports of increases in diphtheria and pertussis indicate declining programme quality. An increase in malaria, despite budget increases, had many causes but was mainly due to reduced programme effectiveness. STD incidence continued the pre-crisis downward trend. Rates of HIV risky sexual behaviour were higher among conscripts than other male workers, but in both groups there was lower condom use with casual partners. HIV serosurveillance showed a continuation of the pre-crisis downward trend among commercial sex workers (CSW, both brothel and non-brothel based), pregnant women and donated blood; this trend was slightly reversed among male STD patients and more among intravenous drug users. Condom coverage among brothel based CSW continued to increase to 97.5%, despite a 72% budget cut in free condom distribution. Poverty and lack of insurance coverage are two major determinants of absence of or inadequate antenatal care, and low birthweight. The Low Income Scheme could not adequately cover the poor but the voluntary Health Card Scheme played a health safety net role for maternal and child health. Low birthweight and underweight among school children were observed during the crisis. The impact of the crisis on health was minimal in some sectors but not in the others if the pre-crisis condition is efficient and healthy and vice versa. We demonstrated some key health status parameters during the 2-year period after the 1997 crisis but do not have firm conclusions on the impact of the economic crisis on health status, as our observation is too short and there is uncertainty on how long the crisis will last.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Tangcharoensathien
- Senior Research Scholar Programme, Health Systems Research Institute and Thailand Research Fund, Nonthaburi.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|