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Selvaraju S, Velayutham B, Rao R, Rade K, Thiruvengadam K, Asthana S, Balachandar R, Bangar SD, Bansal AK, Bhat J, Chopra V, Das D, Dutta S, Devi KR, Dwivedi GR, Kalliath A, Laxmaiah A, Madhukar M, Mahapatra A, Mohanty SS, Rangaraju C, Turuk J, Menon PA, Krishnan R, Singh M, Sekar K, Robinson A, Turuk A, Krishnan NN, Srinivasan N, Rexy C, Suresh M, Hanna LE, Choudhury AH, Parmar M, Ramachandran R, Kumar N, Joshi RP, Narasimhaiah S, Chandrasekaran P, Khan AM, Panda S, Bhargava B. Prevalence and factors associated with tuberculosis infection in India. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:2058-2065. [PMID: 37948837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease is higher in individuals with TB infection. In a TB endemic country like India, it is essential to understand the current burden of TB infection at the population level. The objective of the present analysis is to estimate the prevalence of TB infection in India and to explore the factors associated with TB infection. METHODS Individuals aged > 15 years in the recently completed National TB prevalence survey in India who were tested for TB infection by QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus) assay were considered for this sub-analysis. TB infection was defined as positive by QFT-Plus (value >0.35 IU/ml). The estimates for prevalence, prevalence ratio (PR) and adjusted risk ratio (aRR) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS Of the 16864 individuals analysed, the prevalence of TB infection was 22.6% (95% CI:19.4 -25.8). Factors more likely to be associated with TB infection include age > 30 years (aRR:1.49;95% CI:1.29-1.73), being male (aRR:1.26; 95%CI: 1.18-1.34), residing in urban location (aRR:1.58; 95%CI: 1.03-2.43) and past history of TB (aRR:1.49; 95%CI: 1.26-1.76). CONCLUSION About one fourth (22.6%) of the individuals were infected with TB in India. Individuals aged > 30 years, males, residing in urban location, and those with past history of TB were more likely to have TB infection. Targeted interventions for prevention of TB and close monitoring are essential to reduce the burden of TB in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Selvaraju
- ICMR - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Smita Asthana
- ICMR - National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | | | | | - Avi Kumar Bansal
- ICMR - National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Jyothi Bhat
- ICMR - National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | | | - Dasarathi Das
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shantha Dutta
- ICMR - National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | | | - Avula Laxmaiah
- ICMR - National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Major Madhukar
- ICMR - Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | | | - Suman Sundar Mohanty
- ICMR - National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Manjula Singh
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Krithikaa Sekar
- ICMR - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Aby Robinson
- ICMR - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Alka Turuk
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Catherine Rexy
- ICMR - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - M Suresh
- ICMR - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - A M Khan
- ICMR - National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Munisankar S, Rajamanickam A, Balasubramanian S, Muthusamy S, Menon PA, Ahamed SF, Whalen C, Gumne P, Kaur I, Nadimpalli V, Deverakonda A, Chen Z, Otto JD, Habitegiyorgis T, Kandaswamy H, Babu S. Prevalence of proximate risk factors of active tuberculosis in latent tuberculosis infection: A cross-sectional study from South India. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1011388. [PMID: 36276400 PMCID: PMC9583021 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1011388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of proximate risk factors for active tuberculosis (TB) in areas of high prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is not clearly understood. We aimed at assessing the prevalence of non-communicable multi-morbidity focusing on diabetes mellitus (DM), malnutrition, and hypertension (HTN) as common risk factors of LTBI progressing to active TB. In a cross-sectional study, 2,351 adults (45% male and 55% female) from villages in the Kancheepuram district of South India were enrolled between 2013 and 2020. DM was defined as HbA1c >6.4%, undernutrition was defined as low body mass index (LBMI) <18.5 kg/m2, obesity was classified as BMI ≥25 kg/m2, HTN was reported as systolic pressure >130 mmHg, and LTBI was defined as positive (≥ 0.35 international units/ml) by QuantiFERON Gold In-Tube assay. A total of 1,226 individuals (52%) were positive for LTBI out of 2351 tested individuals. The prevalence of DM and pre-diabetes mellitus (PDM) was 21 and 35%, respectively, HTN was 15% in latent tuberculosis (LTB)-infected individuals. The association of DM [odds ratio (OR)]; adjusted odds ratio (aOR) (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.13-1.65; aOR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.10-1.58), PDM (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.0-1.35), and HTN (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.11-1.62; aOR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.0-1.56) poses as risk factors of LTBI progression to active TB. The prevalence of LBMI 9% (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.78-1.48) and obesity 42% (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.70-1.03) did not show any statistically significant association with LTB-infected individuals. The present evidence of a high burden of multi-morbidity suggests that proximate risk factors of active TB in LTBI can be managed by nutrition and lifestyle modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Munisankar
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India,*Correspondence: Saravanan Munisankar
| | - Anuradha Rajamanickam
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Suganthi Balasubramanian
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Satishwaran Muthusamy
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | | | - Shaik Fayaz Ahamed
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Christopher Whalen
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Paschaline Gumne
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Inderdeep Kaur
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Varma Nadimpalli
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Akshay Deverakonda
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zhenhao Chen
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John David Otto
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tesfalidet Habitegiyorgis
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Harish Kandaswamy
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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3
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Munisankar S, Rajamanickam A, Balasubramanian S, Muthusamy S, Dolla CK, Menon PA, Chinnayan P, Whalen C, Gumne P, Kaur I, Nadimpalli V, Deverakonda A, Chen Z, David Otto J, Habitegiyorgis T, Kandaswamy H, Nutman TB, Babu S. Seroprevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a South Indian adult population. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010561. [PMID: 35857754 PMCID: PMC9299326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection is estimated to be 30–100 million worldwide, although this an underestimate. Most cases remain undiagnosed due to the asymptomatic nature of the infection. We wanted to estimate the seroprevalence of S. stercoralis infection in a South Indian adult population.
Methods
To this end, we performed community-based screening of 2351 individuals (aged 18–65) in Kanchipuram District of Tamil Nadu between 2013 and 2020. Serological testing for S. stercoralis was performed using the NIE ELISA.
Results
Our data shows a seroprevalence of 33% (768/2351) for S. stercoralis infection which had a higher prevalence among males 36% (386/1069) than among females 29.8% (382/1282). Adults aged ≥55 (aOR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.25–2.18) showed higher adjusted odds of association compared with other age groups. Eosinophil levels (39%) (aOR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.19–1.74) and hemoglobin levels (24%) (aOR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.11–1.53) were significantly associated with S. stercoralis infection. In contrast, low BMI (aOR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.82–1.61) or the presence of diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 0.83–1.69) was not associated with S. stercoralis seropositivity.
Conclusions
Our study provides evidence for a very high baseline prevalence of S. stercoralis infection in South Indian communities and this information could provide realistic and concrete planning of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Munisankar
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Anuradha Rajamanickam
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Suganthi Balasubramanian
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Satishwaran Muthusamy
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | - Christopher Whalen
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, United States of America
| | - Paschaline Gumne
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, United States of America
| | - Inderdeep Kaur
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, United States of America
| | - Varma Nadimpalli
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, United States of America
| | - Akshay Deverakonda
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, United States of America
| | - Zhenhao Chen
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, United States of America
| | - John David Otto
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, United States of America
| | - Tesfalidet Habitegiyorgis
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, United States of America
| | - Harish Kandaswamy
- Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Dolla CK, Dhanaraj B, Chandrasekaran P, Selvaraj S, Menon PA, Thiruvengadam K, Krishnan R, Mondal R, Malaisamy M, Marinaik SB, Murali L, Tripathy SP. Prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis and associated risk factors: A community survey in Thirvallur District, south India. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247245. [PMID: 34610012 PMCID: PMC8491886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) prevalence surveys add to the active case detection in the community level burden of TB both national and regional levels. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in the community. METHODS Household community-based tuberculosis disease survey was conducted targeting 69054 population from 43 villages of 5 blocks in Tiruvallure district adopting cluster sampling methodology of ≥15 years old adult rural population of South India during 2015-2018. All eligible individuals with suspected symptoms of PTB were screened with chest X-ray. Two sputum specimens (one spot and the other early morning sample) were collected for M.tb smear and culture examination. Conversely demographical, smoking and alcohol drinking habits information were also collected to explore the risk factor. Stepwise logistic regression was employed to associate risk factors for PTB. RESULTS A total of 62494 were screened among 69054 eligible population, of whom 6340 were eligible for sputum specimen collection. Sputum for M.tb smear and culture examination were collected in 93% of participants. The derived prevalence of PTB was 307/100000 population (smear-positive 130; culture positive 277). As expected that PTB has decreased substantially compared to preceding surveys and it showed that older age, male, low BMI, diabetes, earlier history of TB and alcohol users were significantly associated (p < .0001) with an increased risk of developing PTB. CONCLUSION Upshot of the active survey has established a reduction in the prevalence of PTB in the rural area which can be accredited to better programmatic implementation and success of the National TB Control Programme in this district. It also has highlighted the need for risk reduction interventions accelerate faster elimination of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Kumar Dolla
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Bhaskaran Dhanaraj
- Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | - Sriram Selvaraj
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Pradeep Aravindan Menon
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Kannan Thiruvengadam
- Department of Statistics, Epidemiology Unit, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Rajendran Krishnan
- Department of Statistics, Epidemiology Unit, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Rajesh Mondal
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Muniyandi Malaisamy
- Department of Health Economics, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Srinivasa B. Marinaik
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Lakshmi Murali
- District Tuberculosis Centre, MoHFW, Government of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvallur, Chennai, India
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Gopalan N, Santhanakrishnan RK, Palaniappan AN, Menon PA, Lakshman S, Chandrasekaran P, Sivaramakrishnan GN, Reddy D, Kannabiran BP, Agiboth HKK, Krishnamoorthy V, Rathinam S, Chockalingam C, Manoharan T, Ayyamperumal M, Jayanthi N, Satagopan K, Narayanan R, Krishnaraja R, Sathiyavelu S, Kesavamurthy B, Suresh C, Selvachitiram M, Arasan G, Susaimuthu S, Rathinam P, Angamuthu P, Jayabal L, Murali L, Ramachandran R, Tripathy SP, Swaminathan S. Daily vs Intermittent Antituberculosis Therapy for Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Patients With HIV: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 2018; 178:485-493. [PMID: 29507938 PMCID: PMC5885164 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The benefit of daily over thrice-weekly antituberculosis therapy among HIV-positive patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) who are receiving antiretroviral therapy remains unproven. OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and safety of daily, part-daily, and intermittent antituberculosis therapy regimens in the treatment of HIV-associated pulmonary TB. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This open-label, randomized clinical trial was conducted by the National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, south India. Adults infected with HIV with newly diagnosed, culture-positive, pulmonary TB were enrolled between September 14, 2009, and January 18, 2016. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to daily, part-daily, and intermittent antituberculosis therapy regimens, stratified by baseline CD4 lymphocyte count and sputum smear grade. Antiretroviral therapy was initiated as per national guidelines. Clinical and sputum microbiological examinations of patients were performed monthly until 18 months after randomization. Adverse events were recorded using standard criteria. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was favorable response, defined as treatment completion with all available sputum cultures negative for Mycobacterium tuberculosis during the last 2 months of treatment. Unfavorable responses included treatment failures, dropouts, deaths, and toxic effects among regimens. RESULTS Of 331 patients (251 [76%] male; mean [SD] age, 39 [9] years; mean [SD] HIV viral load, 4.9 [1.2] log10 copies/mL; and median [interquartile range] CD4 lymphocyte count, 138 [69-248] cells/μL), favorable responses were experienced by 91% (89 of 98), 80% (77 of 96), and 77% (75 of 98) in the daily, part-daily, and intermittent regimens, respectively. With the difference in outcome between daily and intermittent regimens crossing the O'Brien-Fleming group sequential boundaries and acquired rifampicin resistance emergence (n = 4) confined to the intermittent group, the data safety monitoring committee halted the study. A total of 18 patients died and 18 patients dropped out during the treatment period in the 3 regimens. Six, 4, and 6 patients in the daily, part-daily, and intermittent regimens, respectively, had TB recurrence. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among HIV-positive patients with pulmonary TB receiving antiretroviral therapy, a daily anti-TB regimen proved superior to a thrice-weekly regimen in terms of efficacy and emergence of rifampicin resistance. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00933790.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sekar Lakshman
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kumar Satagopan
- Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, TB Sanatorium, Tambaram, Chennai, India
| | | | - Raja Krishnaraja
- Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, TB Sanatorium, Tambaram, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Chandra Suresh
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Soumya Swaminathan
- Indian Council of Medical Research and Health Research, New Delhi, India
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Dhanaraj B, Papanna MK, Adinarayanan S, Vedachalam C, Sundaram V, Shanmugam S, Sekar G, Menon PA, Wares F, Swaminathan S. Prevalence and risk factors for adult pulmonary tuberculosis in a metropolitan city of South India. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124260. [PMID: 25905900 PMCID: PMC4408069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study measured the community prevalence and risk factors of adult pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Chennai city, and also studied geographical distribution and the presence of different M. tuberculosis strains in the survey area. Methods A community-based cross sectional survey was carried out from July 2010 to October 2012 in Chennai city. Prevalence of bacteriologically positive PTB was estimated by direct standardization method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to identify significant risk factors. Drug susceptibility testing and spoligotyping was performed on isolated M. tuberculosis strains. Mapping of PTB cases was done using geographic positioning systems. Results Of 59,957 eligible people, 55,617 were screened by X-ray and /or TB symptoms and the prevalence of smear, culture, and bacteriologically positive PTB was estimated to be 228 (95% CI 189–265), 259 (95% CI 217–299) and 349 (95% CI 330–428) per 100,000 population, respectively. Prevalence of smear, culture, and bacteriologically positive PTB was highest amongst men aged 55–64 years. Multivariate analysis showed that occurrence of both culture and bacteriologically positive PTB disease was significantly associated with: age >35 years, past history of TB treatment, BMI <18.5 Kgs/m2, solid cooking fuel, and being a male currently consuming alcohol. The most frequent spoligotype family was East African Indian. Spatial distribution showed that a high proportion of patients were clustered in the densely populated north eastern part of the city. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that TB is a major public health problem in this urban area of south India, and support the use of intensified case finding in high risk groups. Undernutrition, slum dwelling, indoor air pollution and alcohol intake are modifiable risk factors for TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gomathi Sekar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | - Fraser Wares
- Global TB Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
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7
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Narendran G, Menon PA, Venkatesan P, Vijay K, Padmapriyadarsini C, Ramesh Kumar S, Bhavani KP, Sekar L, Gomathi SN, Chandrasekhar C, Kumar S, Sridhar R, Swaminathan S. Acquired rifampicin resistance in thrice-weekly antituberculosis therapy: impact of HIV and antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:1798-804. [PMID: 25156114 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk factors for acquired rifampicin resistance (ARR) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/tuberculosis coinfection, in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, needs evaluation. We studied the impact of HIV and HAART on ARR among patients taking thrice-weekly antituberculosis therapy. METHODS This cross-protocol analysis included patients with newly diagnosed, rifampicin-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis, with and without HIV, enrolled in clinical trials (who took >80% of medication) at the National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis between 1999 and 2013. All patients received rifampicin and isoniazid for 6 months reinforced with pyrazinamide and ethambutol in the first 2 months, given thrice-weekly throughout the study along with HAART in one of the groups. Outcomes were categorized and multivariate logistic regression analysis performed to identify risk factors for ARR. RESULTS The per-protocol results included patients with tuberculosis: 246 HIV-uninfected patients (HIV(-)TB(+)), 212 HIV patients not on HAART (non-HAART), and 116 HIV-infected patients on HAART. Median CD4 counts of the latter 2 groups were 150 and 93 cells/µL, respectively, and the median viral loads were 147 000 and 266 000 copies/mL, respectively. Compared with HIV(-)TB(+), the relative risks (RRs) for an unfavorable response in the coinfected, non-HAART and HAART groups were 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-14.8; P<.0001) and 2.1 (95% CI, .9-5.2; P=.3), whereas for ARR, the RRs were 21.1 (95% CI, 2.6-184; P<.001) and 8.2 (95% CI, .6-104; P=.07), respectively. CONCLUSIONS HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis treated with a thrice-weekly antituberculosis regimen are at a higher risk of ARR, compared with HIV-uninfected patients, in the presence of baseline isoniazid resistance. HAART reduces but does not eliminate the risk of ARR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalan Narendran
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Chetpet
| | - Pradeep Aravindan Menon
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Chetpet
| | - Perumal Venkatesan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Chetpet
| | - Krishnamoorthy Vijay
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Chetpet
| | | | | | | | - Lakshmanan Sekar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Chetpet
| | | | | | - Satagopan Kumar
- Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, Tambaram Sanatorium
| | | | - Soumya Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Chetpet
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8
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Swaminathan S, Menon PA, Gopalan N, Perumal V, Santhanakrishnan RK, Ramachandran R, Chinnaiyan P, Iliayas S, Chandrasekaran P, Navaneethapandian PD, Elangovan T, Pho MT, Wares F, Paranji Ramaiyengar N. Efficacy of a six-month versus a 36-month regimen for prevention of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons in India: a randomized clinical trial. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47400. [PMID: 23251327 PMCID: PMC3522661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The optimal duration of preventive therapy for tuberculosis (TB) among HIV-infected persons in TB-endemic countries is unknown. Methods An open-label randomized clinical trial was performed and analyzed for equivalence. Seven hundred and twelve HIV-infected, ART-naïve patients without active TB were randomized to receive either ethambutol 800 mg and isoniazid 300 mg daily for six-months (6EH) or isoniazid 300 mg daily for 36-months (36H). Drugs were dispensed fortnightly and adherence checked by home visits. Patients had chest radiograph, sputum smear and culture performed every six months, in addition to investigations if they developed symptoms. The primary endpoint was incident TB while secondary endpoints were all-cause mortality and adverse events. Survival analysis was performed on the modified intent to treat population (m-ITT) and rates compared. Findings Tuberculosis developed in 22 (6.4%) of 344 subjects in the 6EH arm and 13 (3.8%) of 339 subjects in the 36H arm with incidence rates of 2.4/100py (95%CI- 1.4–3.5) and 1.6/100py (95% CI-0.8–3.0) with an adjusted rate ratio (aIRR) of 1.6 (0.8–3.2). Among TST-positive subjects, the aIRR of 6EH was 1.7 (0.6–4.3) compared to 36H, p = 0.8. All-cause mortality and toxicity were similar in the two arms. Among 15 patients with confirmed TB, 4 isolates were resistant to isoniazid and 2 were multidrug-resistant. Interpretation Both regimens were similarly effective in preventing TB, when compared to historical incidence rates. However, there was a trend to lower TB incidence with 36H. There was no increase in isoniazid resistance compared to the expected rate in HIV-infected patients. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00351702.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis Formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India.
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Menon PA, Kousparos G, Culora GA. Primary gynaecological tumours mistaken for metastases: report of two cases with review of literature. EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL 2012; 33:109-115. [PMID: 22439418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe two neoplasms of rare occurrence, one of ovarian and the other of uterine origin that were sent for consultation. Both lesions were diagnosed as metastatic carcinomas by pathologists with special interest in gynaecological pathology. The cases were referred for a second opinion because of subsequent failure to identify the primary source. We discuss the differential diagnoses, the need for generous sampling particularly in ovarian mucinous neoplasms and the value of including particular antibodies in the panel to aid the diagnostic process. Metastatic tumours mimicking primary tumours are always challenging. These two cases illustrate the need to be vigilant against the reverse scenario as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Menon
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
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Padmapriyadarsini C, Swaminathan S, Karthipriya MJ, Narendran G, Menon PA, Thomas BE. Morphologic and body composition changes are different in men and women on generic combination antiretroviral therapy--an observational study. J Assoc Physicians India 2010; 58:375-377. [PMID: 21125779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasingly effective therapies for HIV infection, combination antiretroviral therapy, are now widely available in developing countries. A range of metabolic complications presenting as abnormalities of body-fat mass distribution in association with dyslipidemia and glucose homeostasis dysregulation, have been recognized as important toxicities in patients treated with these drugs. With increasing use of antiretroviral therapy in India, we examined the association between gender and body shape and composition, one year after initiating combination antiretroviral therapy and attempted to identify simple clinical markers to detect and monitor these changes. METHODS Patients on combination antiretroviral therapy (2 NRTIs + 1 NNRTI), attending a HIV clinic between July 2005 and December 2006 had anthropometry clinical examination and bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) performed along with blood tests at baseline and after 1 year. RESULTS Of the 34 patients on combination antiretroviral therapy, 5 males and 12 females had noticeable changes in their body shape. Significant decrease in triceps skin fold thickness, an increase in waist circumference and waist: hip ratio was observed in females. BIA did not show any change in total body fat in either sex. CONCLUSIONS Since the presence and severity of fat redistribution could affect adherence as well as the success of antiretroviral therapy, close monitoring is required to detect and prevent this complication early.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Padmapriyadarsini
- Department of Clinical Research, Tuberculosis Research Centre (ICMR), Chennai, India
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Swaminathan S, Narendran G, Venkatesan P, Iliayas S, Santhanakrishnan R, Menon PA, Padmapriyadarsini C, Ramachandran R, Chinnaiyan P, Suhadev M, Sakthivel R, Narayanan PR. Efficacy of a 6-month versus 9-month intermittent treatment regimen in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 181:743-51. [PMID: 19965813 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200903-0439oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The outcome of fully intermittent thrice-weekly antituberculosis treatment of various durations in HIV-associated tuberculosis is unclear. OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy of an intermittent 6-month regimen (Reg6M: 2EHRZ(3)/4HR(3) [ethambutol, 1,200 mg; isoniazid, 600 mg; rifampicin, 450 or 600 mg depending on body weight <60 or > or =60 kg; and pyrazinamide, 1,500 mg for 2 mo; followed by 4 mo of isoniazid and rifampicin at the same doses]) versus a 9-month regimen (Reg9M: 2EHRZ(3)/7HR(3)) in HIV/tuberculosis (TB). METHODS HIV-infected patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary or extrapulmonary TB were randomly assigned to Reg6M (n = 167) or Reg9M (n = 160) and monitored by determination of clinical, immunological, and bacteriological parameters for 36 months. Primary outcomes included favorable responses at the end of treatment and recurrences during follow-up, whereas the secondary outcome was death. Intent-to-treat and on-treatment analyses were performed. All patients were antiretroviral treatment-naive during treatment. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of the patients, 70% had culture-positive pulmonary TB; the median viral load was 155,000 copies/ml and the CD4(+) cell count was 160 cells/mm(3). Favorable response to antituberculosis treatment was similar by intent to treat (Reg6M, 83% and Reg9M, 76%; P = not significant). Bacteriological recurrences occurred significantly more often in Reg6M than in Reg9M (15 vs. 7%; P < 0.05) although overall recurrences were not significantly different (Reg6M, 19% vs. Reg9M, 13%). By 36 months, 36% of patients undergoing Reg6M and 35% undergoing Reg9M had died, with no significant difference between regimens. All 19 patients who failed treatment developed acquired rifamycin resistance (ARR), the main risk factor being baseline isoniazid resistance. CONCLUSIONS Among antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-infected patients with TB, a 9-month regimen resulted in a similar outcome at the end of treatment but a significantly lower bacteriological recurrence rate compared with a 6-month thrice-weekly regimen. ARR was high with these intermittent regimens and neither mortality nor ARR was altered by lengthening TB treatment. Clinical Trials Registry Information: ID# NCT00376012 registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Swaminathan
- Tuberculosis Research Center, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chetput, Chennai, India.
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Pillay OC, Te Fong LFW, Crow JC, Benjamin E, Mould T, Atiomo W, Menon PA, Leonard AJ, Hardiman P. The association between polycystic ovaries and endometrial cancer. Hum Reprod 2005; 21:924-9. [PMID: 16361289 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are assumed to be at increased risk of endometrial cancer (EC), albeit of a more differentiated type with better prognosis than in normal women. This study was designed to test these assumptions, as evidence for them is lacking. METHODS The prevalence of polycystic ovaries (PCO), as a marker of PCOS, was investigated in ovarian sections from 128 women with EC and 83 with benign gynaecological conditions. The expression of the prognostic markers p53, Ki67, Bcl2 and cyclin D1 was also investigated by immunohistochemistry in endometrial tumours from 11 women with PCO and 16 with normal ovaries. RESULTS Overall, PCO were similarly prevalent in women with EC (8.6%) and benign controls (8.4%); however, in women aged <50 years, PCO were more prevalent in women with EC (62.5 versus 27.3%, P = 0.033). Cyclin D1-expressing endometrial tumours tended to be more prevalent in women with PCO compared to normal ovaries (36.4 versus 6.25%, respectively, P = 0.071). Bcl2-, p53- and Ki67-expressing tumours were similarly prevalent. CONCLUSIONS The association between PCOS and EC appears confined to premenopausal women. The tendency for cyclin D1-expressing endometrial tumours to be more prevalent in women with PCO challenges the assumption that EC prognosis is improved in women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- O C Pillay
- University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK
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Sharma SC, Menon PA. Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. J Postgrad Med 2001; 47:206-7. [PMID: 11832627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S C Sharma
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Sir Padampat Mother and Child Health Institute, SMS Medical College, Jaipur - 302 004, India.
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Paranjape RS, Tripathy SP, Menon PA, Mehendale SM, Khatavkar P, Joshi DR, Patil U, Gadkari DA, Rodrigues JJ. Increasing trend of HIV seroprevalence among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Pune, India. Indian J Med Res 1997; 106:207-11. [PMID: 9378525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 4618 tuberculosis patients attending the TB clinic at the Sassoon General Hospitals, Pune between 1991 and 1996 were screened for anti-HIV antibodies. Of these 694 were found reactive in enzyme immuno assay (EIA) and 624 were further confirmed by a second test, either rapid EIA or Western blot. HIV-1 reactivity was predominant among tuberculosis patients with HIV-2 reactivity appearing only in 1995. HIV-2 seroreactivity accounted for 0.54 and 1.02 per cent of all HIV reactive samples in 1995 and 1996. HIV-1 and HIV-2 dual reactivity accounted for 1.63 and 2.04 per cent of all infections in 1995 and 1996. The overall seroprevalence of HIV among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients rose from 3.2 per cent in 1991 to 20.1 per cent in 1996.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is an accepted therapy for Bowen's disease. Recurrences with this method have been attributed to deep follicular involvement and poor patient compliance because of the prolonged treatment time required. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether iontophoresis of 5-FU is an effective therapy for Bowen's disease. METHODS Twenty-six patients with biopsy-proven Bowen's disease received eight 5-FU iontophoretic treatments in 4 weeks. Local excision was done 3 months after the last treatment. The specimens were step-sectioned and evaluated for any histologic evidence of bowenoid changes. RESULTS Only 1 of 26 patients showed histologic evidence of Bowen's disease 3 months after treatment. CONCLUSION 5-FU iontophoresis appears to be a safe, effective, and well-tolerated therapy for Bowen's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Welch
- Dermatology Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, USA
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Mehendale SM, Shepherd ME, Divekar AD, Gangakhedkar RR, Kamble SS, Menon PA, Yadav R, Risbud AR, Paranjape RS, Gadkari DA, Quinn TC, Bollinger RC, Rodrigues JJ. Evidence for high prevalence & rapid transmission of HIV among individuals attending STD clinics in Pune, India. Indian J Med Res 1996; 104:327-35. [PMID: 8996932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalence and incidence of HIV-1 infection among persons attending two STD clinics in Pune between May 1993 and October 1995 are reported. On screening 5321 persons, the overall prevalence of HIV-1 infection was found to be 21.2 per cent, being higher in females (32.3%) than in males (19.3%). Analysis of behavioural and biological factors showed that old age, sex work, lifetime number of sexual partners, receptive anal sex, lack of circumcision, genital diseases and lack of formal education were related to a higher HIV-1 seroprevalence. The observed incidence rate of 10.2 per cent per year was very high, much higher in women than in men (14.2% and 9.5% per year respectively) and over three times higher among the sex workers. Females in sex work, males having recent contacts with female sex workers (FSWs) and living away from the family and persons with previous or present genital diseases had a higher risk of seroconversion. Condom usage was shown to have a protective effect in seroprevalence and seroincidence analysis. With limited available resources and lack of a suitable vaccine or a drug, long-term prevention policy of creating awareness in the community must be supplemented by strengthening STD control measures and promotion of condom use and safe sex. Factors related to availability and utilization of condoms must be carefully investigated.
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Koh HK, Norton LA, Geller AC, Sun T, Rigel DS, Miller DR, Sikes RG, Vigeland K, Bachenberg EU, Menon PA, Billon SF, Goldberg G, Scarborough DA, Ramsdell WM, Muscarella VA, Lew RA. Evaluation of the American Academy of Dermatology's National Skin Cancer Early Detection and Screening Program. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34:971-8. [PMID: 8647990 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(96)90274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing incidence and mortality rates from cutaneous melanoma are a major public health concern. As part of a national effort to enhance early detection of melanoma/skin cancer, the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) has sponsored an annual education and early detection program that couples provision of skin cancer information to the general public with almost 750,000 free skin cancer examinations (1985-1994). OBJECTIVE To begin to evaluate the impact of this effort, we determined the final pathology diagnosis of persons attending the 1992-1994 programs who had a suspected melanoma at the time of examination. METHODS We directly contacted all such persons by telephone or mail and received pathology reports from those who had a subsequent biopsy. RESULTS We contacted 96% of the 4458 persons with such lesions among the 282,555 screenings in the 1992-1994 programs. We obtained a final diagnosis for 72%, and the positive predictive value for melanoma was 17%. Three hundred seventy-one melanomas were found in 364 persons. More than 98% had localized disease. More than 90% of the confirmed melanomas with known histology were in situ or "thin" lesions (< or = 1.50 mm thick). The median thickness of all melanomas was 0.30 mm. The 8.3% of AAD cases with advanced melanoma (metastatic disease, regional disease, or lesions > or = 1.51 mm) is a lower proportion than that reported by the 1990 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result Registry. The rate of thickest lesions (> or = 4 mm) and late-stage melanomas among all participants was 2.83 per 100,000 population. Of persons with a confirmed melanoma, 39% indicated (before their examination) that without the free program, they would not have considered having a physician examine their skin. CONCLUSION The 1992-1994 free AAD programs disseminated broad skin cancer educational messages, enabled thousands to obtain a free expert skin cancer examination, and found mostly thin, localized stage 1 melanomas (usually associated with a high projected 5-year survival rate). Because biases impose possible limitations, future studies with long-term follow-up and formal control groups should determine the impact of early detection programs on melanoma mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Koh
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA
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Dogra VS, Shyken JM, Menon PA, Poblete J, Lewis D, Smeltzer JS. Neurosonographic abnormalities associated with maternal history of cocaine use in neonates of appropriate size for their gestational age. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994; 15:697-702. [PMID: 8010272 PMCID: PMC8334201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether increased incidence of neurosonographic abnormalities (predominantly of the basal ganglia and thalamus) in cocaine-exposed neonates who are small for their gestational age is attributable to the cocaine or to neonatal size. METHODS Neonates whose sizes were appropriate for their gestational age with no evidence of hypoxia or respiratory distress were identified prospectively by a maternal history of cocaine use. Scans were performed within 72 hours of birth using a 7.5-MHz transducer following a standard protocol. The images were analyzed without access to patient information. Forty study neonates were compared with 34 control subjects who were appropriate in size for their gestational age, scanned using the same protocol. Comparisons were made using Fisher Exact Test, t test, and logistic regression. RESULTS No control infant had neurosonographic abnormalities. In the study group, gestational age ranged from 27 to 41 weeks. Of the 40 study neonates, 14 (35%) had one neurosonographic abnormality; two had two abnormalities. The predominant lesion was focal echolucencies, mainly in the area of the basal ganglia (10 of 40, 25%). Other findings were caudate echogenicity (3 of 40, 7.5%), ventricular dilation (2 of 40, 5%) and one "moth-eaten" appearance of the thalamus. Lesions were more likely approaching term and were not related to prematurity or alcohol use. CONCLUSION Apparently normal neonates with a maternal history of cocaine use are likely to have degenerative changes or focal infarctions in their basal ganglia attributable to cocaine. Neurosonography should be used to evaluate these neonates. The long-term significance of these lesions needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Dogra
- Department of Radiology, St Louis Regional Medical Center, MO 63112
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Dogra VS, Menon PA, Poblete J, Smeltzer JS. Neurosonographic imaging of small-for-gestational-age neonates exposed and not exposed to cocaine and cytomegalovirus. J Clin Ultrasound 1994; 22:93-102. [PMID: 8132802 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.1870220205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We sought to prospectively identify the role of neurosonography in the evaluation of a consecutive group of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates, and also to identify the association of neurosonographic findings with cocaine exposure and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Neurosonographic imaging was performed in 180 SGA neonates within 72 hours of birth. Urine samples were screened for CMV and cocaine metabolites (CM) in all cases. Sixty-five neonates (37.5%) had an abnormal neurosonographic appearance. Nine neonates were positive for CMV and 31 neonates were positive for CM. Focal echolucencies (27), ventricular dilation (27), and subependymal hemorrhages (12) were the most common neurosonographic abnormalities. The first two were more common with CM (p < .05). An abnormal neurosonographic pattern was seen more often in SGA neonates with CM (54.8%, 17 of 31; p < .05) and CMV (67%, 6 of 9; p < .01) as compared with the rest (32.6%, 44 of 135; p < .01). Among those without CM or CMV, prematurity was associated with an increased risk for abnormality (p < .001 between groups), specifically subependymal hemorrhage, ventricular dilation, and porencephalic cysts. Five CMV-positive neonates showed periventricular, echogenic foci mainly in the area of the frontal horn. Two new findings with SGA were caudate nucleus echogenicity and a "moth-eaten" appearance of the thalamus, each found in three infants. Neurosonographic imaging is useful in the evaluation of SGA neonates. Focal echolucencies and caudate echogenicity suggest maternal cocaine use, and periventricular echogenic foci strongly suggest fetal CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Dogra
- Department of Radiology, St. Louis Regional Medical Center, Missouri 63112
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Tangrea JA, Edwards BK, Taylor PR, Hartman AM, Peck GL, Salasche SJ, Menon PA, Benson PM, Mellette JR, Guill MA. Long-term therapy with low-dose isotretinoin for prevention of basal cell carcinoma: a multicenter clinical trial. Isotretinoin-Basal Cell Carcinoma Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84:328-32. [PMID: 1738183 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/84.5.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-dose isotretinoin has been reported to have a prophylactic effect on nonmelanoma skin cancer, although it is associated with significant toxicity. PURPOSE To test the effectiveness of the long-term administration of low-dose isotretinoin in reducing the occurrence of basal cell carcinoma at a new site in patients with previously treated basal cell carcinomas and to measure the toxicity associated with this regimen, we conducted a clinical trial at eight cancer centers. METHODS Nine hundred and eighty-one patients with two or more previously confirmed basal cell carcinomas were randomly assigned to receive either 10 mg of isotretinoin or a placebo daily. Patients were followed for 36 months and monitored at 6-month intervals for skin cancer and toxic effects. RESULTS After 36 months of treatment, no statistically significant difference in either the cumulative percent of patients with an occurrence of basal cell carcinoma at a new site or the annual rate of basal cell carcinoma formation existed between patients receiving isotretinoin and those receiving the placebo. Elevated serum triglycerides, hyperostotic axial skeletal changes, and mucocutaneous reactions were more frequent in the group receiving isotretinoin than in the control group, and these differences were all statistically significant (P less than .001). CONCLUSION This low-dose regimen of isotretinoin not only is ineffective in reducing the occurrence of basal cell carcinoma at new sites in patients with two or more previously treated basal cell carcinomas but also is associated with significant adverse systemic effects. IMPLICATION The toxicity associated with the long-term administration of isotretinoin, even at the low dose used in this trial, must be weighted in planning future prevention trials.
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Menon PA, Thach BT, Smith CH, Landt M, Roberts JL, Hillman RE, Hillman LS. Benzyl alcohol toxicity in a neonatal intensive care unit. Incidence, symptomatology, and mortality. Am J Perinatol 1984; 1:288-92. [PMID: 6440575 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We unknowingly "screened" all NICU infants for elevated levels of serum benzyl alcohol (Bz-OH) over a three-month period. The fortuitous "screening" procedure resulted from the interference by Bz-OH with a routine blood CO2 assay used for all infants; validity was proved by (1) replication of the interference pattern with Bz-OH or benzoic acid; (2) confirmation of elevated benzoic acid levels in serum in two of the four screening positive infants tested but not in control infants, and (3) disappearance of the interference patterns when Bz-OH solutions were discontinued in affected infants. Screened Bz-OH-positive infants were compared to screened negative control infants, matched for weight (less than 1000 g), severity of RDS (on respirators), exposure to Bz-OH, and survival for longer than 48 hours. Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), metabolic acidosis appearing prior to IVH, and mortality were increased in Bz-OH-positive infants (P less than .05 in each case); hyperbilirubinemia and thrombocytopenia were not. Gasping respirations were not a major symptom. It is concluded that Bz-OH poisoning was a major cause of morbidity and mortality in NICU infants weighing less than 1000 g at birth during the three-month screening period. A retrospective review of patient records covering a 16-month period showed significant improvement in the survival rate of infants weighing less than 1000 g following the discontinuation of Bz-OH solutions.
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MESH Headings
- Acidosis, Respiratory/chemically induced
- Acidosis, Respiratory/mortality
- Acidosis, Respiratory/pathology
- Benzoates/blood
- Benzoates/urine
- Benzoic Acid
- Benzyl Alcohols/adverse effects
- Benzyl Alcohols/blood
- Benzyl Compounds/adverse effects
- Blood Gas Analysis/instrumentation
- Carbon Dioxide/blood
- Catheters, Indwelling/adverse effects
- Cerebral Hemorrhage/etiology
- False Positive Reactions
- Hippurates/urine
- Humans
- Infant, Low Birth Weight
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/chemically induced
- Intensive Care Units, Neonatal
- Retrospective Studies
- Ventilators, Mechanical/adverse effects
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Menon PA, Wyre HW. Hot nail factitial dermatitis. Cutis 1982; 29:486-7. [PMID: 7094634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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