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Varma VR, An Y, Kac PR, Bilgel M, Moghekar A, Loeffler T, Amschl D, Troncoso J, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Ashton NJ, Resnick SM, Thambisetty M. Longitudinal progression of blood biomarkers reveals a key role of astrocyte reactivity in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. medRxiv 2024:2024.01.25.24301779. [PMID: 38343809 PMCID: PMC10854357 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.25.24301779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Defining the progression of blood biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is essential for targeting treatments in patients most likely to benefit from early intervention. We delineated the temporal ordering of blood biomarkers a decade prior to the onset of AD symptoms in participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. We show that increased astrocyte reactivity, assessed by elevated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels is an early event in the progression of blood biomarker changes in preclinical AD. In AD-converters who are initially cognitively unimpaired (N=158, 377 serial plasma samples), higher plasma GFAP levels are observed as early as 10-years prior to the onset of cognitive impairment due to incident AD compared to individuals who remain cognitively unimpaired (CU, N=160, 379 serial plasma samples). Plasma GFAP levels in AD-converters remain elevated 5-years prior to and coincident with the onset of cognitive impairment due to AD. In participants with neuropathologically confirmed AD, plasma GFAP levels are elevated relative to cognitively normal individuals and intermediate in those who remain cognitively unimpaired despite significant AD pathology (asymptomatic AD). Higher plasma GFAP levels at death are associated with greater severity of both neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In the 5XFAD transgenic model of AD, we observed greater GFAP levels in the cortex and hippocampus of transgenic mice relative to wild-type prior to the development of cognitive impairment. Reactive astrocytosis, an established biological response to neuronal injury, may be an early initiator of AD pathogenesis and a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Varma
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Y An
- Brain Aging and Behavior Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P R Kac
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - M Bilgel
- Brain Aging and Behavior Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Moghekar
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - T Loeffler
- Scantox Neuro GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074, Grambach, Austria
| | - D Amschl
- Scantox Neuro GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074, Grambach, Austria
| | - J Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - H Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - N J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience Maurice Wohl Institute Clinical Neuroscience Institute London UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation London UK
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - S M Resnick
- Brain Aging and Behavior Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Thambisetty
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Montoliu-Gaya L, Alcolea D, Ashton NJ, Pegueroles J, Levin J, Bosch B, Lantero-Rodriguez J, Carmona-Iragui M, Wagemann O, Balasa M, Kac PR, Barroeta I, Lladó A, Brum WS, Videla L, Gonzalez-Ortiz F, Benejam B, Arranz Martínez JJ, Karikari TK, Nübling G, Bejanin A, Benedet AL, Blesa R, Lleó A, Blennow K, Sánchez-Valle R, Zetterberg H, Fortea J. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid glial fibrillary acidic protein levels in adults with Down syndrome: a longitudinal cohort study. EBioMedicine 2023; 90:104547. [PMID: 37002988 PMCID: PMC10070083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of symptomatic Alzheimer's disease is a clinical challenge in adults with Down syndrome. Blood biomarkers would be of particular clinical importance in this population. The astrocytic Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) is a marker of astrogliosis associated with amyloid pathology, but its longitudinal changes, association with other biomarkers and cognitive performance have not been studied in individuals with Down syndrome. METHODS We performed a three-centre study of adults with Down syndrome, autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease and euploid individuals enrolled in Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona (Spain), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona (Spain) and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich (Germany). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma GFAP concentrations were quantified using Simoa. A subset of participants had PET 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, amyloid tracers and MRI measurements. FINDINGS This study included 997 individuals, 585 participants with Down syndrome, 61 Familial Alzheimer's disease mutation carriers and 351 euploid individuals along the Alzheimer's disease continuum, recruited between November 2008 and May 2022. Participants with Down syndrome were clinically classified at baseline as asymptomatic, prodromal Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease dementia. Plasma GFAP levels were significantly increased in prodromal and Alzheimer's disease dementia compared to asymptomatic individuals and increased in parallel to CSF Aβ changes, ten years prior to amyloid PET positivity. Plasma GFAP presented the highest diagnostic performance to discriminate symptomatic from asymptomatic groups (AUC = 0.93, 95% CI 0.9-0.95) and its concentrations were significantly higher in progressors vs non-progressors (p < 0.001), showing an increase of 19.8% (11.8-33.0) per year in participants with dementia. Finally, plasma GFAP levels were highly correlated with cortical thinning and brain amyloid pathology. INTERPRETATION Our findings support the utility of plasma GFAP as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down syndrome, with possible applications in clinical practice and clinical trials. FUNDING AC Immune, La Caixa Foundation, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, National Institute on Aging, Wellcome Trust, Jérôme Lejeune Foundation, Medical Research Council, Alzheimer's Association, National Institute for Health Research, EU Joint Programme-Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Alzheimer's Society, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Stiftung für die Erforschung von Verhaltens, Fundación Tatiana Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno & European Union's Horizon 2020 und Umwelteinflüssen auf die menschliche Gesundheit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Montoliu-Gaya
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Jordi Pegueroles
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Beatriz Bosch
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Lantero-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - María Carmona-Iragui
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivia Wagemann
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Mircea Balasa
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Przemyslaw Radoslaw Kac
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Isabel Barroeta
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Lladó
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wagner S Brum
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura Videla
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Gonzalez-Ortiz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Bessy Benejam
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier José Arranz Martínez
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas K Karikari
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Georg Nübling
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandre Bejanin
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea L Benedet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rafael Blesa
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juan Fortea
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Kac PR, González‐Ortiz F, Simrén J, Vanmechelen E, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Ashton NJ, Karikari TK. Diagnostic value of serum versus plasma phospho‐tau for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.067140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Radoslaw Kac
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
| | - Fernándo González‐Ortiz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation Barcelona Spain
| | - Joel Simrén
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal Sweden
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology Queen Square London United Kingdom
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay Hong Kong China
- UCL Institute of Neurology London United Kingdom
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal Sweden
| | - Nicholas J. Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation London United Kingdom
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine; University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute London United Kingdom
| | - Thomas K Karikari
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh PA USA
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Suárez‐Calvet M, Ashton NJ, Puig‐Pijoan A, Milà‐Alomà M, Fernández‐Lebrero A, García‐Escobar G, González‐Ortiz F, Kac PR, Brum WS, Benedet AL, Rodriguez JL, Day TA, Dage JL, Vanbrabant J, Stoops E, Vanmechelen E, Triana‐Baltzer G, Moughadam S, Kolb HC, Ortiz‐Romero P, Karikari TK, Minguillón C, Sánchez JJH, Navalpotro‐Gómez I, Grau‐Rivera O, Manero RM, Puente‐Periz V, de la Torre R, Roquer J, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. A head‐to‐head comparison of plasma phosphorylated tau assays in the real‐world memory clinic. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.065391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Suárez‐Calvet
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM) Barcelona Spain
- Servei de Neurologia, Hospital del Mar Barcelona Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) Madrid Spain
| | - Nicholas J. Ashton
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation London United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine; University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute London United Kingdom
| | - Albert Puig‐Pijoan
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM) Barcelona Spain
- Servei de Neurologia, Hospital del Mar Barcelona Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Marta Milà‐Alomà
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) Madrid Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Greta García‐Escobar
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM) Barcelona Spain
- Servei de Neurologia, Hospital del Mar Barcelona Spain
| | - Fernándo González‐Ortiz
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation Barcelona Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
| | - Przemyslaw Radoslaw Kac
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
| | - Wagner Scheeren Brum
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Andréa Lessa Benedet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
| | - Juan Lantero Rodriguez
- Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
| | - Theresa A. Day
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Dage
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA
- Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis IN USA
| | | | - Erik Stoops
- ADx NeuroSciences NV, Technologiepark 94 Ghent 9052 Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Paula Ortiz‐Romero
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation Barcelona Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) Barcelona Spain
| | - Thomas K Karikari
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
| | - Carolina Minguillón
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM) Barcelona Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) Madrid Spain
| | | | - Irene Navalpotro‐Gómez
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM) Barcelona Spain
- Servei de Neurologia, Hospital del Mar Barcelona Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation Barcelona Spain
| | - Oriol Grau‐Rivera
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM) Barcelona Spain
- Servei de Neurologia, Hospital del Mar Barcelona Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) Madrid Spain
| | - Rosa María Manero
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM) Barcelona Spain
- Servei de Neurologia, Hospital del Mar Barcelona Spain
| | - Víctor Puente‐Periz
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM) Barcelona Spain
- Servei de Neurologia, Hospital del Mar Barcelona Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM) Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN) Madrid Spain
| | - Jaume Roquer
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM) Barcelona Spain
- Servei de Neurologia, Hospital del Mar Barcelona Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal Sweden
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Clear Water Bay Hong Kong
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square London United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL London United Kingdom
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal Sweden
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