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Li Z, Liu X, Lin L, Jiang M, Hou J, Wang S, Chai Q, Li L, Liu Q. The grading diagnostic strategy of molecular autopsy combined with pathological autopsy in the forensic diagnosis of cardiomyopathy. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2024; 68:102380. [PMID: 38237273 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The diagnosis of cardiomyopathy often relies on the subjective judgment of pathologists due to the variety of morphologic changes in the condition and its low specificity. This uncertainty can contribute to unexplained sudden cardiac deaths (USCD). To enhance the accuracy of hereditary cardiomyopathy diagnosis in forensic medicine, we proposed a combination of molecular autopsy and pathologic autopsy. By analyzing 16 deceased patients suspected of cardiomyopathy, using whole exome sequencing (WES) in molecular autopsy, and applying a combined diagnostic strategy, the study found pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in 6 cases. Out of the 16 cases, cardiomyopathy was confirmed in 3, while 3 exhibited conditions consistent with it. Data for 4 cases was inconclusive, and cardiomyopathy was ruled out in 6. Notably, a novel variant of the TTN gene was identified. This research suggests that a grading diagnostic strategy, combining molecular and pathological evidence, can improve the accuracy of forensic cardiomyopathy diagnosis. This approach provides a practical model and strategy for precise forensic cause-of-death determination, addressing the limitations of relying solely on morphologic assessments in cardiomyopathy cases, and integrating genetic information for a more comprehensive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lihua Lin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaqi Hou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianqian Chai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianjie Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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2
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Cheng Z, Qiu X, Li A, Chai Q, Shi X, Ge Y, Koenig TK, Zheng Y, Chen S, Hu M, Ye C, Cheung RKY, Modini RL, Chen Q, Shang J, Zhu T. Heterogeneous reactions significantly contribute to the atmospheric formation of nitrated aromatic compounds during the haze episode in urban Beijing. Sci Total Environ 2024; 917:170612. [PMID: 38307269 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) are key components of air pollution; however, due to the presence of complex mixtures of primary and secondary species, especially in urban environments, their atmospheric formation is poorly understood. Here we conducted a field campaign during a winter haze episode in urban Beijing, China to monitor gaseous and particulate NACs at 2-h time resolution. Through a standard-independent non-targeted approach, a total of 238 NACs were screened, of which 127 species were assigned chemical formula and 25 structures were confirmed. Four main classes were identified: nitrated aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrophenols, oxygenated nitrated aromatic compounds, and nitrated heterocyclic aromatic compounds. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed disparate temporal variances of diurnal or nocturnal elevation, among which different nitration formations were captured, i.e., daytime photochemical oxidation and nighttime heterogeneous reactions. Isomeric information, particularly the substitution position of the nitro group on biphenyl, further demonstrated a potential heterogeneous mechanism of electrophilic nitration by NO2+. Assisted by source apportionment, we found that nighttime heterogeneous reactions significantly contributed to NAC formation, e.g., 31.3 % and 60.8 %, respectively, to 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene, which were previously considered as classical daytime gas-phase products. This study provides comprehensive information on urban NAC species and highlights the importance of unheeded heterogeneous reactions in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cheng
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
| | - Ailin Li
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Qianqian Chai
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xiaodi Shi
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yanli Ge
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Theodore K Koenig
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yan Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Min Hu
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Chunxiang Ye
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Rico K Y Cheung
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Robin L Modini
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Qi Chen
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Jing Shang
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Tong Zhu
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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3
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Jiang X, Han Y, Qiu X, Chai Q, Zhang H, Chen X, Cheng Z, Wang Y, Fan Y, Xue T, Li W, Gong J, Zhu T. Organic Components of Personal PM 2.5 Exposure Associated with Inflammation: Evidence from an Untargeted Exposomic Approach. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:10589-10596. [PMID: 34297563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can promote chronic diseases through the fundamental mechanism of inflammation; however, systemic information is lacking on the inflammatory PM2.5 components. To decipher organic components from personal PM2.5 exposure that were associated with respiratory and circulatory inflammatory responses in older adults, we developed an exposomic approach using trace amounts of particles and applied it on 424 personal PM2.5 samples collected in a panel study in Beijing. Applying an integrated multivariate and univariate untargeted strategy, a total of 267 organic compounds were filtered and then chemically identified according to their association with exhaled nitric oxide (eNO)/interleukin (IL)-6 or serum IL-1β/IL-6, with monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic compounds (i.e., MACs and PACs) as the representatives. Indoor-derived species with medium volatility including MACs were mainly associated with systemic inflammation, while low-volatile ambient components that originate from combustion sources, such as PACs, were mostly associated with airway inflammation. Following ambient component exposure, we found an inverted U-shaped relationship on change of eNO with insulin resistance, suggesting a higher risk of cardiopulmonary dysfunction for individuals with homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels > 2.3. Overall, this study provided a practical untargeted strategy for the systemic investigation of PM2.5 components and proposed source-specific inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Han
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, U.K
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Chai
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Hanxiyue Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yanwen Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Fan
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xue
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Weiju Li
- Peking University Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jicheng Gong
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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4
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Yang Y, Bao H, Chai Q, Wang Z, Sun Z, Fu C, Liu Z, Liu Z, Meng X, Liu T. Toxicity, biodistribution and oxidative damage caused by zirconia nanoparticles after intravenous injection. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:5175-5186. [PMID: 31409986 PMCID: PMC6645603 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s197565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: As a promising nanomaterial for biomedical applications, zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO2) have aroused concern recently, but the toxicity of ZrO2 in vivo has received little attention. Purpose: The aim of this study is to demonstrate the systematic single dose toxicity, biodistribution and oxidative damage of ZrO2 in vivo after intravenous injection in mice. Materials and methods: Ten ICR mice were used at the high dose of ZrO2 including 600, 500, 400 and 300mg/kg. Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 150 nm ZrO2 was determined as 500mg/kg. Hematology analysis and blood biochemical assay were determined for the evaluation of oxidative damage caused by ZrO2. Biodistribution of ZrO2 was investigated by ICP-OES and TEM. Results: Mice treated with higher dose (500mg/kg) showed significant spread in white blood cell counts (p<0.05). Especially, the serum ALT levels of 500mg/kg groups increased significantly (p<0.05) compared with the control group. ZrO2 particles would not induce any changes in appearance and micromorphology of liver at 100 and 350mg/kg. Spleen samples showed no significant changes in micromorphology of the lymphoid follicles and in the size of the red pulp after injection of ZrO2 at all doses. The serum of ZrO2-treated animals (350 and 500mg/kg) has reduced levels of SOD compared to the control group (p<0.05). ZrO2 persists in membrane-enclosed vesicles called lysosomes in the liver and spleen macrophages without abnormal changes of ultrastructure. Conclusion: These findings would contribute to the future development of ZrO2-based drug delivery system and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Bao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Chai
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenning Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhui Fu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoping Liu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianwei Meng
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianlong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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5
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Liang RX, Shi XY, Zhang YH, Su ZL, Zhang F, Chai Q, Gong JL, Wang ZG. [Etiology and clinical analysis of central nervous system infection caused by Coxsackievirus B5 in severe hand, foot and mouth disease in Qingdao City, 2013-2014]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2018; 52:1168-1172. [PMID: 30419703 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To illuminate the gene characteristics and clinical characterization of Coxsackievirus B5 (CV-B5) strains isolated from patients with sevre hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Qingdao city. Methods: A total of 1 844 patients of HFMD were consecutively admitted to Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital from 2013 to 2014. Information of the study population described above was collected retrospectively. The samples were collected from at least 1 site (throat swab, cerebrospinal fluid), which viral nucleic acid extracted and the entire VP1 gene sequences of CV-B5 isolates were amplified and sequenced, then the homology and phylogeny analysis were conducted by MEGA7.0. The prototype Faulkner strain and other VP1 amino acid sequences were derived from the GenBank database. Results: A total of 8 CV-B5 positive cases were obtained, including 4 males and 4 females; 6 severe hospitalized cases and 2 outpatients. The age of 6 hospitalized patients ranged from 3 to 48 months, with a median of 26 months. For the six inpatients, fever, convulsions vomiting, diarrhea and rash were the main clinical manifestation, and all combined with viral encephalitis. Compared with the prototype strain Faulkner, in the VP1 region,the nucleotide and the amino acid homologies was 77.3%-78.8% and 95.5%-97.0% respectively. Five out of the six severe cases with substitution of serine (S) to asparagine (N) at amino acid site 95 in the VP1 region. The sequences of 8 CV-B5 strains were classified into genogroup D. Conclusion: Hand, foot and mouth disease associated with CV-B5 virus infection can result in nervous system involvement and the main complication was viral encephalitis. The CV-B5 strains associated with severe hand, foot and mouth disease had high nucleotide homology and present a certain regional aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R X Liang
- College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
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6
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Cai R, Zhou Z, Chai Q, Zhu Y, Xu R. Copper-catalyzed C–S direct cross-coupling of thiols with 5-arylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid ethyl ester. RSC Adv 2018; 8:26828-26836. [PMID: 35541071 PMCID: PMC9083087 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05311a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A selective copper (Cu)-catalyzed C–S bond direct cross-coupling of thiols with 5-arylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid ethyl ester was developed. Notably, various biologically active 5-phenyl-3-phenylsulfanylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid ethyl ester derivatives were efficiently synthesized under moderate conditions. Finally, a plausible Cu(i)/Cu(iii) reaction mechanism was proposed. A selective copper (Cu)-catalyzed C–S bond direct cross-coupling of thiols with 5-arylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid ethyl ester was developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Cai
- Department of Biology and Environment
- Jiyang College of Zhejiang A & F University
- Shaoxing 311800
- China
| | - Zhuoda Zhou
- Department of Biology and Environment
- Jiyang College of Zhejiang A & F University
- Shaoxing 311800
- China
| | - Qianqian Chai
- Department of Biology and Environment
- Jiyang College of Zhejiang A & F University
- Shaoxing 311800
- China
| | - Yueer Zhu
- Department of Biology and Environment
- Jiyang College of Zhejiang A & F University
- Shaoxing 311800
- China
| | - Runsheng Xu
- Department of Biology and Environment
- Jiyang College of Zhejiang A & F University
- Shaoxing 311800
- China
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7
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Chai Q, Wu Q, Liu T, Tan L, Fu C, Ren X, Yang Y, Meng X. Enhanced antibacterial activity of silica nanorattles with ZnO combination nanoparticles against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:1207-1215. [PMID: 36659515 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanorattles (SNs) with zinc oxide (ZnO) combination nanoparticles are reported to inhibit methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) for the first time. SNs loaded with ZnO nanoparticles, which can produce free radicals, can cause severe damage to bacteria. ZnO nanoparticles not only provide free radicals in the combined nanostructures, which can inhibit the growth of bacteria, but also form nanorough surfaces with an irregular distribution of spikes on the SNs, which can enhance their adhesion to bacteria. Nanorough silica shell surfaces maintain the high activity and stability of small-sized ZnO nanoparticles and gather ZnO nanoparticles together to enhance production, which improves the efficiency of free radicals against the cytomembranes of bacterial cells. The enhanced adhesion of ZnO@SN nanoparticles to MRSA cells shortens the effective touching distance between free radicals and MRSA, which also improves antibacterial activity. As we expected, the ZnO@SN nanoparticles exhibit a better antibacterial effect than free ZnO nanoparticles against MRSA in vitro and in vivo. We also demonstrate that SNs loaded with ZnO nanoparticles can accelerate wound healing in MRSA skin inflammation models. This method of multilevel functionalization will be potentially applicable to the antibacterial field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Chai
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianlong Liu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Longfei Tan
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Changhui Fu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiangling Ren
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xianwei Meng
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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8
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Froning KJ, Leaver-Fay A, Wu X, Phan S, Gao L, Huang F, Pustilnik A, Bacica M, Houlihan K, Chai Q, Fitchett JR, Hendle J, Kuhlman B, Demarest SJ. Computational design of a specific heavy chain/κ light chain interface for expressing fully IgG bispecific antibodies. Protein Sci 2017; 26:2021-2038. [PMID: 28726352 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The use of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) to treat human diseases is on the rise. Increasingly complex and powerful therapeutic mechanisms made possible by BsAbs are spurring innovation of novel BsAb formats and methods for their production. The long-lived in vivo pharmacokinetics, optimal biophysical properties and potential effector functions of natural IgG monoclonal (and monospecific) antibodies has resulted in a push to generate fully IgG BsAb formats with the same quaternary structure as monoclonal IgGs. The production of fully IgG BsAbs is challenging because of the highly heterogeneous pairing of heavy chains (HCs) and light chains (LCs) when produced in mammalian cells with two IgG HCs and two LCs. A solution to the HC heterodimerization aspect of IgG BsAb production was first discovered two decades ago; however, addressing the LC mispairing issue has remained intractable until recently. Here, we use computational and rational engineering to develop novel designs to the HC/LC pairing issue, and particularly for κ LCs. Crystal structures of these designs highlight the interactions that provide HC/LC specificity. We produce and characterize multiple fully IgG BsAbs using these novel designs. We demonstrate the importance of specificity engineering in both the variable and constant domains to achieve robust HC/LC specificity within all the BsAbs. These solutions facilitate the production of fully IgG BsAbs for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Froning
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - A Leaver-Fay
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - X Wu
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - S Phan
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - L Gao
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - F Huang
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - A Pustilnik
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - M Bacica
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - K Houlihan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Q Chai
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - J R Fitchett
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - J Hendle
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - B Kuhlman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - S J Demarest
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California, 92121
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9
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Tang S, Fu C, Tan L, Liu T, Mao J, Ren X, Su H, Long D, Chai Q, Huang Z, Chen X, Wang J, Ren J, Meng X. Imaging-guided synergetic therapy of orthotopic transplantation tumor by superselectively arterial administration of microwave-induced microcapsules. Biomaterials 2017; 133:144-153. [PMID: 28437625 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
It is an ambitious target to improve overall Hepatocellular Carcinoma therapeutic effects. Recently, MW ablation has emerged as a powerful thermal ablation technique, affording favorable survival with excellent local tumor control. To achieve better therapeutic effects of MW ablation, MW sensitizers are prepared for enhanced MW ablation to preferentially heat tumor territory. However, it is still not practicable for treatment of the orthotopic transplantation tumor. Herein, biocompatible and degradable methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (mPEG-PLGA) microcapsules with hierarchical structure have been designed for microwave-induced tumor therapy. Chemical drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX·HCl), microwave (MW) sensitizers and CT imaging contrast MoS2 nanosheets and MR imaging contrast Fe3O4 nanoparticles are co-incorporated into the microcapsules. In vitro/vivo MR/CT dual-modal imaging results prove the potential application for guiding synergetic therapy and predicting post-therapy tumor progression in the orthotopic transplantation tumor model. After blocking the tumor-feeding arteries, these microcapsules not only exclude the cooling effect by cutting off the blood flow but also enhance MW heating conversion at tumor site. The focused MW heating makes microcapsules mollescent or ruptured and releases DOX·HCl from the microcapsules, achieving the controlled release of drugs for chemical therapy. Compared with MW ablation, 29.4% increase of necrosis diameter of normal liver in rabbit is obtained under MW ablation combined with transcatheter arterial blocking, and the average size of necrosis and inhibition rate of VX-2 liver orthotopic transplantation tumor in rabbit has increased by 129.33% and 73.46%. Moreover, it is proved that the superselectively arterial administration of the as-prepared microcapsules has no recognizable toxicity on the animals. Therefore, this research provides a novel strategy for the construction of MW-induced microcapsules for orthotopic transplantation tumor ablation with the properties of MW sensitizing, superselective arterial blocking, control release and enhanced accumulation of DOX·HCl, and MR/CT dual-modal imaging, which exhibits great potential applications in the field of HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsong Tang
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Changhui Fu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Longfei Tan
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Tianlong Liu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Jingsong Mao
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, PR China
| | - Xiangling Ren
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Hongying Su
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, PR China
| | - Dan Long
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Qianqian Chai
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Zhongbing Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China.
| | - Xudong Chen
- 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 518020, PR China.
| | - Jingzhuo Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, PR China
| | - Jun Ren
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Xianwei Meng
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China.
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10
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Abstract
Shape memory foams have been prepared using a heparin-inspired polyurea/urethane that displays excellent resistance to platelet adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. Chai
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - Y. Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - T. L. Kirley
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics
- College of Medicine
- The University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - N. Ayres
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
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11
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Qian LL, Wang RX, Sun MQ, Xia DY, Tang X, Ji Y, Wu Y, Liu XY, Dang SP, Chai Q, Lu T. [Composition of potassium channels in normal rat coronary smooth muscle cells and activation effects of docosahexaenoic acid]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2016; 44:600-4. [PMID: 27530945 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3758.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the composition of potassium channels in normal rat coronary smooth muscle cells (CASMCs) and the activation effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). METHODS CASMCs were isolated by enzyme digestion.Effects of different types of potassium channel blockers and/or DHA on potassium channels currents were studied by whole-cell patch clamp technique. RESULTS Potassium currents were significantly increased with 5 μmol/L DHA perfusion (P<0.05). The current density was increased from (52.80±6.68) pA/pF to (110.09±13.39) pA/pF (P<0.05) after DHA perfusion when the stimulation voltage was 100 mV.Compared with baseline, potassium currents were significantly decreased by various inhibitor perfusion (tetraethylammonium: (49.63±5.75) pA/pF vs. (13.96±2.18) pA/pF; ibritoxin: (50.67±7.89) pA/pF vs. (26.53±4.68) pA/pF; TRAM-34: (52.60±7.02) pA/pF vs. (46.05±7.60) pA/pF; apamin: (51.97±3.83) pA/pF vs. (44.89±5.04) pA/pF; 4-aminopyridine: (51.19±3.44) pA/pF vs. (29.92±2.81) pA/pF; glyburide: (49.67±1.77) pA/pF vs. (49.61±1.87) pA/pF, all P<0.05). In presence of different inhibitors, potassium channel current densities were increased after DHA perfusion except tetraethylammonium (tetraethylammonium: ( 12.79±1.89) pA/pF; ibritoxin: (67.08±5.54) pA/pF; TRAM-34: (117.91±21.79) pA/pF; apamin: (108.33±7.06) pA/pF; 4-aminopyridine: (127.73±20.56) pA/pF; glyburide: (121.53±13.83) pA/pF, all P<0.05 compared with baseline). CONCLUSIONS Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel and voltage-gated potassium channel are the major constituents of potassium channels in CASMCs.DHA can activate potassium channels in CASMCs, mainly the large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, thus dilate coronary arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China
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12
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Sun MQ, Qian LL, Dang SP, Wu Y, Tang X, Ji Y, Wang XY, Xia DY, Wang W, Chai Q, Lu T, Wang RX. [Docosahexaenoic acids activate large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels via phospholipase C- inositol triphosphate- calcium pathway in normal rat coronary smooth muscle cells]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2016; 44:530-5. [PMID: 27346268 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3758.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanisms of docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) on activating large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BK channels) in normal rat coronary smooth muscle cells. METHODS Normal coronary smooth muscle cells were isolated by enzyme digestion from Sprague-Dawley rats. BK currents were recorded by patch clamp in whole cell and single channel configurations, respectively. The effects of DHA on cytosolic calcium concentrations were examined by recording the changes of fluorescence intensity ratios. RESULTS DHA (1 μmol/L) could activate BK channels. Open probabilities (NP0) of BK channels at test potential 60 mV, and calcium concentrations in external solution at 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 3, 10, 50 and 100 μmol/L were 0.002 7±0.000 4, 0.006 0±0.001 4, 0.097 2±0.010 6, 0.137 9±0.032 9, 0.468 7±0.163 7, 2.097 1±0.310 4 and 3.120 4±0.242 7, respectively (P<0.05, n=4). Before DHA perfusion, the fluorescence intensity ratio was 0.51±0.01, and the ratios were 0.53±0.02 and 0.55±0.01 after 0.001 and 0.01 μmol/L DHA perfusion, respectively (P>0.05, n≥5). The ratios were 0.64±0.01, 0.65±0.01, 0.70±0.01, 0.69±0.01, 0.68±0.01 and 0.67±0.02 after 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 5 and 10 μmol/L DHA perfusion, respectively, and EC50 was (0.04±0.02) μmol/L(P<0.05, n≥4). They were all higher than that before DHA perfusion. After incubating with phospholipase C (PLC) blocker U73122 and inositol triphosphate (IP3) blocker 2-APB, the ratios were 0.52±0.01 and 0.49±0.02 on the setting of 0.1 μmol/L DHA, respectively. Compared with control group(0.64±0.01), the ratios decreased after incubating with blockers (P<0.05, n≥4). CONCLUSIONS Docosahexaenoic acids can activate large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels by the pathway of PLC-IP3-Ca(2+) to increase cytosolic calcium concentration in normal coronary smooth muscle cells, dilate the coronary vessels and bestow protective effects on cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Q Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China
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13
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Rosengarten JA, Scott PA, Larkin SE, Garbis S, Curzen NP, Townsend PA, Morgan JM, Lee H, Ling TY, Wang XL, Chai Q, Lau TW, Koestler CM, Park SJ, Daly RC, Greason KL, Cha YM. Main Session: Molecular mechanisms in cardiomyopathies. Europace 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eut194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Chen WL, Huang ZQ, Chai Q, Zhang DM, Wang YY, Wang HJ, Wang L, Fan S. Percutaneous sclerotherapy of massive macrocystic lymphatic malformations of the face and neck using fibrin glue with OK-432 and bleomycin. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 40:572-6. [PMID: 21367582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Picibanil (OK-432) and bleomycin have been used as alternative sclerosing agents for lymphatic malformations. This study evaluated the clinical curative effect of sclerotherapy using fibrin glue combined with OK-432 and bleomycin for the treatment of macrocystic lymphatic malformations of the face and neck. Fifteen paediatric patients (6 males; 9 females, aged 13 months to 14 years) who had received percutaneous sclerotherapy for massive macrocystic lymphatic malformations of the face and neck were retrospectively reviewed. Affected regions included the neck, parotid region and parapharynx, mouth floor, face and cheek, and orbital regions. All patients showed preoperative symptoms of space-occupying lesions between 4 cm × 5 cm and 12 cm × 16 cm in size. Fibrin glue with OK-432 and bleomycin was injected under general anaesthesia. All patients received preoperative and follow-up CT scans. Outcomes were assessed by three surgeons. All patients exhibited mid-facial swelling for 3-4 weeks after surgery, but no major complications. Follow-up periods ranged from 8 to 16 months. Eight lesions were completely involuted, five were mostly involuted, and two were partially involuted. Percutaneous sclerotherapy using fibrin glue with OK-432 and bleomycin provided a simple, safe, and reliable alternative treatment for massive macrocystic lymphatic malformations of the face and neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-l Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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15
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Xue B, Li J, Chai Q, Liu Z, Chen L. Effect of total flavonoid fraction of Astragalus complanatus R. Brown on angiotensin II-induced portal-vein contraction in hypertensive rats. Phytomedicine 2008; 15:759-762. [PMID: 18406589 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to examine further the underlying mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of the total flavonoid (TF), extracted from the seed of Astragalus complanatus R.Brown. Renovascular hypertension rats (RHR) were established by the two-kidney one clip (2K1C) method. The effect of TF on the contraction of portal vein was studied in an isolated preparation. The response of portal vein to angiotensin II (Ang II) was expressed as a percentage of the 100 mmol/l KCl induced maximum contraction. We took the dose-response curve of portal vein to Ang II (from 10(-9) to 10(-6) mmol/l) as the control and then observed the change of curve after TF and Valsartan (Ang II receptor blocker) administration. Ang II induced a concentration-dependent increase of the contraction amplitude (maximal increase, 46.53+/-5.15% of 100 mmol/l KCl induced contraction at Ang II 10(-6) mmol/l in RHR). The Ang II-induced portal vein contraction was prevented by TF with a concentration related manner (maximal inhibition amplitude from 46.53+/-5.15% to 22.525+/-4.67% of 100 mmol/l KCl contraction at 10(-6)mmol/l Ang II and 3.12 x 10(-1) mg/l TF in RHR). The effect of TF on Ang II-induced portal vein contraction was similar to Valsartan. These results showed that the antihypertensive action of TF was attributed to the dilation of vessels and is related to the blockade of the Ang II receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Xue
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
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16
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Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most common diseases leading to fibrosis and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) world wide. Under normal conditions, a delicate equilibrium exists between synthesis, composition, and removal of extracellular matrix (ECM). If this is disturbed, ECM accumulation and fibrosis may result. The fragile balance between synthesis and removal of ECM is crucial for the prognosis of glomerular as well as interstitial pathological processes. Some features may favor ECM accumulation and progression to ESRD (dialysis and transplantation), whereas other elements may favor ECM removal and resolution (recovery). Pathogenetic mechanisms and the cellular sources of ECM in the glomerular basement membrane as well as in the tubulointerstitial space are still under investigation. Among several growth factors, transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) plays a major role. We consider the use of living animals necessary for our understanding of the complex biological processes that occur during the development of ESRD. The present review will discuss the glomerular as well as interstitial accumulation of ECM and the use of transgenic animals in studying the pathogenetic mechanisms with special emphasis on diabetic kidney disease and TGF-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wogensen
- Research Laboratory of Biochemical Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, 44 Nørrebrogade, Building 3B, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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17
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Chai Q, Qiu J, Chapados BR, Shen B. Archaeoglobus fulgidus RNase HII in DNA replication: enzymological functions and activity regulation via metal cofactors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 286:1073-81. [PMID: 11527410 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RNA primer removal during DNA replication is dependent on ribonucleotide- and structure-specific RNase H and FEN-1 nuclease activities. A specific RNase H involved in this reaction has long been sought. RNase HII is the only open reading frame in Archaeoglobus fulgidus genome, while multiple RNases H exist in eukaryotic cells. Data presented here show that RNase HII from A. fulgidus (aRNase HII) specifically recognizes RNA-DNA junctions and generates products suited for the FEN-1 nuclease, indicating its role in DNA replication. Biochemical characterization of aRNase HII activity in the presence of various divalent metal ions reveals a broad metal tolerance with a preference for Mg(2+) and Mn(2+). Combined mutagenesis, biochemical competitions, and metal-dependent activity assays further clarify the functions of the identified amino acid residues in substrate binding or catalysis, respectively. These experiments also reveal that Asp129 form a second-metal binding site, and thus contribute to activity attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Chai
- Department of Cell and Tumor Biology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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18
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Chapados BR, Chai Q, Hosfield DJ, Qiu J, Shen B, Tainer JA. Structural biochemistry of a type 2 RNase H: RNA primer recognition and removal during DNA replication. J Mol Biol 2001; 307:541-56. [PMID: 11254381 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication and cellular survival requires efficient removal of RNA primers during lagging strand DNA synthesis. In eukaryotes, RNA primer removal is initiated by type 2 RNase H, which specifically cleaves the RNA portion of an RNA-DNA/DNA hybrid duplex. This conserved type 2 RNase H family of replicative enzymes shares little sequence similarity with the well-characterized prokaryotic type 1 RNase H enzymes, yet both possess similar enzymatic properties. Crystal structures and structure-based mutational analysis of RNase HII from Archaeoglobus fulgidus, both with and without a bound metal ion, identify the active site for type 2 RNase H enzymes that provides the general nuclease activity necessary for catalysis. The two-domain architecture of type 2 RNase H creates a positively charged binding groove and links the unique C-terminal helix-loop-helix cap domain to the active site catalytic domain. This architectural arrangement apparently couples directional A-form duplex binding, by a hydrogen-bonding Arg-Lys phosphate ruler motif, to substrate-discrimination, by a tyrosine finger motif, thereby providing substrate-specific catalytic activity. Combined kinetic and mutational analyses of structurally implicated substrate binding residues validate this binding mode. These structural and mutational results together suggest a molecular mechanism for type 2 RNase H enzymes for the specific recognition and cleavage of RNA in the RNA-DNA junction within hybrid duplexes, which reconciles the broad substrate binding affinity with the catalytic specificity observed in biochemical assays. In combination with a recent independent structural analysis, these results furthermore identify testable molecular hypotheses for the activity and function of the type 2 RNase H family of enzymes, including structural complementarity, substrate-mediated conformational changes and coordination with subsequent FEN-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Chapados
- Department of Molecular Biology, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Krag S, Osterby R, Chai Q, Nielsen CB, Hermans C, Wogensen L. TGF-beta1-induced glomerular disorder is associated with impaired concentrating ability mimicking primary glomerular disease with renal failure in man. J Transl Med 2000; 80:1855-68. [PMID: 11140698 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) may play a major role in the pathogenesis of glomerulopathy and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The aim of this study was to explore the functional consequences of localized overproduction of TGF-beta1 in relation to glomerular ultrastructure and the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the inner medulla. We used a transgenic mouse with overexpression of TGF-beta1 targeted to the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) by the Ren-1c promoter. The kidney function was evaluated using urine production and metabolite excretion over a 24-hour period, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and concentrating ability. The glomerular structure was analyzed in terms of volume, ie, the volume of the mesangium per glomerulus (Vv[mes/glom]) and the volume of the matrix per glomerulus (Vv[matrix/glom]), ECM per glomerulus, the area of the filtration surface, and the thickness of the peripheral basement membrane (PBM). Immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization was used to examine the expression of aquaporin 2 (AQP2), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and the composition of the ECM in the inner medulla. The mice exhibited polyuria, reduced concentrating ability, decreased GFR, and albuminuria paralleled by increased glomerular volume, with increased volume of ECM, decreased filtration surface, and thickening of the PBM being detectable between 1 and 2 months of age. The deposition of glomerular ECM was accompanied by increased levels of PAI-1. As estimated by excretion of Clara cell protein-1 (CC16) and lysozyme, tubular damage occurred only in older mice. Collagen Type I was deposited in the inner medulla in the presence of normal AQP2-expression in the collecting ducts. This study reached the following conclusions: (a) TGF-beta1 reduces the GFR and the glomerular filtration surface, (b) TGF-beta1 induces albuminuria in association with widening of the PBM, (c) expansion of the mesangial volume seems to precede the widening of the PBM, (d) TGF-beta1-induced accumulation of glomerular ECM is partly explained by increased PAI-1 expression, (e) Decreased concentrating ability and polyuria caused by accumulation of ECM in the inner medulla may be an early marker of glomerular diseases associated with increased expression of TGF-beta1 in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Krag
- The Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, The Institute of Experimental Clinical Research, Aarhus Kommunehospital, Denmark
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20
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Chai Q, Zeng XR. [Effect of cGMP on calcium-activated potassium channels in primary cultured porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells]. Sheng Li Xue Bao 1998; 50:115-9. [PMID: 11324512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) is capable of relaxing vascular smooth muscle through activating calcium-activated potassium channels (KCa channel) in the vascular smooth muscle cell membrane. But regarding the mechanism it is still under debate. In the present work the mechanism of the effect of cGMP on KCa channel in primary cultured porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells using patch clamp technique was investigated. Experimental results showed that (1) different concentrations of 8-bromo-cGMP (0.25 mmol/L, 0.50 mmol/L, 1.00 mmol/L), serving as a membrane permeable analogue, could activate KCa channels, and (2) 1.00 mmol/L 8-bromo-cGMP could not activate such kind of channels in inside-out patch under the same condition. These results suggested that the activating effect of cGMP on KCa channels was indirect, being mediated by some intracellular process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Chai
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan 250062
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21
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Wang L, Zhao A, Wang F, Chai Q, Chai X. [Protective effect of puerarin on acute cerebral ischemia in rats]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1997; 22:752-4, 765. [PMID: 11243176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute incomplete brain ischemia in rats was induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion(BCAO). BCAO results in severe suppression of EEG and increase of brain water content. Left middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) in rats by electrical coagulation results in increase of brain water content of ipsilateral hemisphere and contralateral hemiparesis. The typical ischemic neuropathological damage emerges in both BCAO and MCAO models. Intraperitoneal injection of puerarin significantly helps improve all these brain ischemic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062
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22
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Abstract
Angiotensin II is the major effector peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, and it exerts its physiologic functions via a G protein-coupled cell surface receptor called AT1. We found that in rat aortic smooth muscle cells, angiotensin II stimulated the formation of Ras-GTP, Ras-Raf-1 complex formation, and the tyrosine phosphorylation of two important Ras GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), p120 Ras-GAP and p190 Rho-GAP. Electroporation of anti-pp60c-src antibody into cultured, adherent smooth muscle cells blocked the angiotensin II stimulation of Ras-GAP and Rho-GAP tyrosine phosphorylation. In contrast electroporation of antibodies against c-Yes or c-Fyn had no effect. Anti-pp60c-src antibody also blocked angiotensin II-stimulated Ras activation and Ras-Raf-1 complex formation. These data strongly suggest that a G protein-coupled receptor such as the AT1 receptor can activate the Ras protein cascade via the tyrosine kinase pp60c-src.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schieffer
- Department of Pathology Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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23
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Chen L, Chai Q, Zhao A, Chai X. [Effect of puerarin on cerebral blood flow in dogs]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1995; 20:560-2, inside backcover. [PMID: 8679097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The hemodynamics of left intra- and extracranial arteries was determined by a pulsatile Doppler flowmeter and a transcranial Doppler system simultaneously in anesthetized dogs. Low doses of puerarin (50mg/kg, iv) did not alter the cerebral perfusion pressure, but reduced the flow velocities of both middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery. The globle cerebral blood flow was enhanced due to dilatation of the intracranial arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Medical University, Jinan
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