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Keathley PD, Putnam WP, Vasireddy P, Hobbs RG, Yang Y, Berggren KK, Kärtner FX. Vanishing Carrier-Envelope-Phase-Sensitive Response in Optical-Field Photoemission from Plasmonic Nanoantennas. Nat Phys 2019; 15:1128-1133. [PMID: 31700524 PMCID: PMC6837889 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-019-0613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. D. Keathley
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - W. P. Putnam
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Northrop Grumman Corporation, NG Next, 1 Space Park Blvd., Redondo Beach, CA 90278, USA
| | - P. Vasireddy
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - R. G. Hobbs
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Advanced Materials and Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), and School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Y. Yang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - K. K. Berggren
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - F. X. Kärtner
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science and Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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Kruit P, Hobbs RG, Kim CS, Yang Y, Manfrinato VR, Hammer J, Thomas S, Weber P, Klopfer B, Kohstall C, Juffmann T, Kasevich MA, Hommelhoff P, Berggren KK. Designs for a quantum electron microscope. Ultramicroscopy 2016. [PMID: 26998703 DOI: 10.1016/i.ultramic.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the astounding consequences of quantum mechanics is that it allows the detection of a target using an incident probe, with only a low probability of interaction of the probe and the target. This 'quantum weirdness' could be applied in the field of electron microscopy to generate images of beam-sensitive specimens with substantially reduced damage to the specimen. A reduction of beam-induced damage to specimens is especially of great importance if it can enable imaging of biological specimens with atomic resolution. Following a recent suggestion that interaction-free measurements are possible with electrons, we now analyze the difficulties of actually building an atomic resolution interaction-free electron microscope, or "quantum electron microscope". A quantum electron microscope would require a number of unique components not found in conventional transmission electron microscopes. These components include a coherent electron beam-splitter or two-state-coupler, and a resonator structure to allow each electron to interrogate the specimen multiple times, thus supporting high success probabilities for interaction-free detection of the specimen. Different system designs are presented here, which are based on four different choices of two-state-couplers: a thin crystal, a grating mirror, a standing light wave and an electro-dynamical pseudopotential. Challenges for the detailed electron optical design are identified as future directions for development. While it is concluded that it should be possible to build an atomic resolution quantum electron microscope, we have also identified a number of hurdles to the development of such a microscope and further theoretical investigations that will be required to enable a complete interpretation of the images produced by such a microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kruit
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - R G Hobbs
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - C-S Kim
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Y Yang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - V R Manfrinato
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - J Hammer
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstrasse 1, d-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Thomas
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstrasse 1, d-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Weber
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstrasse 1, d-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - B Klopfer
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - C Kohstall
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - T Juffmann
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - M A Kasevich
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - P Hommelhoff
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstrasse 1, d-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - K K Berggren
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Hobbs RG, Yang Y, Keathley PD, Swanwick ME, Velásquez-Garcíia LF, Kärtner FX, Graves WS, Berggren KK. High-density Au nanorod optical field-emitter arrays. Nanotechnology 2014; 25:465304. [PMID: 25354583 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/46/465304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the design, fabrication, characterization, and operation of high-density arrays of Au nanorod electron emitters, fabricated by high-resolution electron beam lithography, and excited by ultrafast femtosecond near-infrared radiation. Electron emission characteristic of multiphoton absorption has been observed at low laser fluence, as indicated by the power-law scaling of emission current with applied optical power. The onset of space-charge-limited current and strong optical field emission has been investigated so as to determine the mechanism of electron emission at high incident laser fluence. Laser-induced structural damage has been observed at applied optical fields above 5 GV m(-1), and energy spectra of emitted electrons have been measured using an electron time-of-flight spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Hobbs
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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