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Kohler TA, Bird D, Bocinsky RK, Reese K, Gillreath-Brown AD. Wealth inequality in the prehispanic northern US Southwest: from Malthus to Tyche. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220298. [PMID: 37381850 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent differences in wealth and power among prehispanic Pueblo societies are visible from the late AD 800s through the late 1200s, after which large portions of the northern US Southwest were depopulated. In this paper we measure these differences in wealth using Gini coefficients based on house size, and show that high Ginis (large wealth differences) are positively related to persistence in settlements and inversely related to an annual measure of the size of the unoccupied dry-farming niche. We argue that wealth inequality in this record is due first to processes inherent in village life which have internally different distributions of the most productive maize fields, exacerbated by the dynamics of systems of balanced reciprocity; and second to decreasing ability to escape village life owing to shrinking availability of unoccupied places within the maize dry-farming niche as villages get enmeshed in regional systems of tribute or taxation. We embed this analytical reconstruction in the model of an 'Abrupt imposition of Malthusian equilibrium in a natural-fertility, agrarian society' proposed by Puleston et al. (Puleston C, Tuljapurkar S, Winterhalder B. 2014 PLoS ONE 9, e87541 (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087541)), but show that the transition to Malthusian dynamics in this area is not abrupt but extends over centuries This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolutionary ecology of inequality'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Kohler
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87506, USA
- Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, CO 81321, USA
- Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Darcy Bird
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - R Kyle Bocinsky
- Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, CO 81321, USA
- WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Kelsey Reese
- Environmental Stewardship Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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Hoylman ZH, Bocinsky RK, Jencso KG. Drought assessment has been outpaced by climate change: empirical arguments for a paradigm shift. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2715. [PMID: 35581261 PMCID: PMC9114319 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the acceleration of climate change, erroneous assumptions of climate stationarity are still inculcated in the management of water resources in the United States (US). The US system for drought detection, which triggers billions of dollars in emergency resources, adheres to this assumption with preference towards 60-year (or longer) record lengths for drought characterization. Using observed data from 1,934 Global Historical Climate Network (GHCN) sites across the US, we show that conclusions based on long climate records can substantially bias assessment of drought severity. Bias emerges by assuming that conditions from the early and mid 20th century are as likely to occur in today’s climate. Numerical simulations reveal that drought assessment error is relatively low with limited climatology lengths (~30 year) and that error increases with longer record lengths where climate is changing rapidly. We assert that non-stationarity in climate must be accounted for in contemporary assessments to more accurately portray present drought risk. Climate has changed over the last century, yet this change is seldom accounted for in drought assessment. This study quantifies drought bias due to climate change and suggests adjustment to align monitoring with contemporary risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary H Hoylman
- Montana Climate Office, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr., Missoula, MT, 59812, USA. .,Department of Forest Management, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr., Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
| | - R Kyle Bocinsky
- Montana Climate Office, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr., Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.,Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, CO, 81321, USA
| | - Kelsey G Jencso
- Montana Climate Office, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr., Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.,Department of Forest Management, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr., Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
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3
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Bird D, Miranda L, Vander Linden M, Robinson E, Bocinsky RK, Nicholson C, Capriles JM, Finley JB, Gayo EM, Gil A, d'Alpoim Guedes J, Hoggarth JA, Kay A, Loftus E, Lombardo U, Mackie M, Palmisano A, Solheim S, Kelly RL, Freeman J. p3k14c, a synthetic global database of archaeological radiocarbon dates. Sci Data 2022; 9:27. [PMID: 35087092 PMCID: PMC8795199 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Bird
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, USA.
| | - Lux Miranda
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA
| | - Marc Vander Linden
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - Erick Robinson
- Department of Anthropology, Boise State University, Boise, USA
| | - R Kyle Bocinsky
- Montana Climate Office, WA Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, USA
| | - Chris Nicholson
- Center for Digital Antiquity, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - José M Capriles
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, USA
| | | | - Eugenia M Gayo
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) & Nucleo Milenio UPWELL, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adolfo Gil
- Instituto de Evolución, Ecología Histórica y Ambiente (CONICET & UTN), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Jade d'Alpoim Guedes
- Department of Anthropology, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California - San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Julie A Hoggarth
- Department of Anthropology & Institute of Archaeology, Baylor University, Waco, USA
| | - Andrea Kay
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Emma Loftus
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Madeline Mackie
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Weber State University, Ogden, USA
| | - Alessio Palmisano
- Department of Ancient History, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Steinar Solheim
- Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert L Kelly
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | - Jacob Freeman
- Anthropology Program, Utah State University, Logan, USA.
- The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, USA.
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4
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Robinson E, Bocinsky RK, Bird D, Freeman J, Kelly RL. Dendrochronological dates confirm a Late Prehistoric population decline in the American Southwest derived from radiocarbon dates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 376:20190718. [PMID: 33250020 PMCID: PMC7741101 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The northern American Southwest provides one of the most well-documented cases of human population growth and decline in the world. The geographic extent of this decline in North America is unknown owing to the lack of high-resolution palaeodemographic data from regions across and beyond the greater Southwest, where archaeological radiocarbon data are often the only available proxy for investigating these palaeodemographic processes. Radiocarbon time series across and beyond the greater Southwest suggest widespread population collapses from AD 1300 to 1600. However, radiocarbon data have potential biases caused by variable radiocarbon sample preservation, sample collection and the nonlinearity of the radiocarbon calibration curve. In order to be confident in the wider trends seen in radiocarbon time series across and beyond the greater Southwest, here we focus on regions that have multiple palaeodemographic proxies and compare those proxies to radiocarbon time series. We develop a new method for time series analysis and comparison between dendrochronological data and radiocarbon data. Results confirm a multiple proxy decline in human populations across the Upland US Southwest, Central Mesa Verde and Northern Rio Grande from AD 1300 to 1600. These results lend confidence to single proxy radiocarbon-based reconstructions of palaeodemography outside the Southwest that suggest post-AD 1300 population declines in many parts of North America. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cross-disciplinary approaches to prehistoric demography’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Robinson
- Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology, Utah State University, 0730 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0730, USA
| | - R Kyle Bocinsky
- Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, 23390 Road K, Cortez, CO 81321, USA
| | - Darcy Bird
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, College Hall 150, PO Box 644910, Pullman, WA 99164-4910, USA
| | - Jacob Freeman
- Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology, Utah State University, 0730 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0730, USA
| | - Robert L Kelly
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Laramie, WY 82070, USA
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5
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Gutaker RM, Groen SC, Bellis ES, Choi JY, Pires IS, Bocinsky RK, Slayton ER, Wilkins O, Castillo CC, Negrão S, Oliveira MM, Fuller DQ, Guedes JAD, Lasky JR, Purugganan MD. Genomic history and ecology of the geographic spread of rice. Nat Plants 2020; 6:492-502. [PMID: 32415291 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the world's most important food crops, and is comprised largely of japonica and indica subspecies. Here, we reconstruct the history of rice dispersal in Asia using whole-genome sequences of more than 1,400 landraces, coupled with geographic, environmental, archaeobotanical and paleoclimate data. Originating around 9,000 yr ago in the Yangtze Valley, rice diversified into temperate and tropical japonica rice during a global cooling event about 4,200 yr ago. Soon after, tropical japonica rice reached Southeast Asia, where it rapidly diversified, starting about 2,500 yr BP. The history of indica rice dispersal appears more complicated, moving into China around 2,000 yr BP. We also identify extrinsic factors that influence genome diversity, with temperature being a leading abiotic factor. Reconstructing the dispersal history of rice and its climatic correlates may help identify genetic adaptations associated with the spread of a key domesticated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal M Gutaker
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simon C Groen
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily S Bellis
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jae Y Choi
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Inês S Pires
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Emma R Slayton
- Carnegie Mellon University Libraries, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Olivia Wilkins
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Cristina C Castillo
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Cultural Heritage, North-West University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sónia Negrão
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Margarida Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dorian Q Fuller
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Cultural Heritage, North-West University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jade A d'Alpoim Guedes
- Department of Anthropology and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jesse R Lasky
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Michael D Purugganan
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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6
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d’Alpoim Guedes J, Bocinsky RK. Climate change stimulated agricultural innovation and exchange across Asia. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaar4491. [PMID: 30402535 PMCID: PMC6209390 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar4491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ancient farmers experienced climate change at the local level through variations in the yields of their staple crops. However, archaeologists have had difficulty in determining where, when, and how changes in climate affected ancient farmers. We model how several key transitions in temperature affected the productivity of six grain crops across Eurasia. Cooling events between 3750 and 3000 cal. BP lead humans in parts of the Tibetan Plateau and in Central Asia to diversify their crops. A second event at 2000 cal. BP leads farmers in central China to also diversify their cropping systems and to develop systems that allowed transport of grains from southern to northern China. In other areas where crop returns fared even worse, humans reduced their risk by increasing investment in nomadic pastoralism and developing long-distance networks of trade. By translating changes in climatic variables into factors that mattered to ancient farmers, we situate the adaptive strategies they developed to deal with variance in crop returns in the context of environmental and climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade d’Alpoim Guedes
- Department of Anthropology and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - R. Kyle Bocinsky
- Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, CO 81321, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Montana Climate Office, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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7
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d’Alpoim Guedes J, Bocinsky RK. A Reply to Bellezza. Current Anthropology 2017. [DOI: 10.1086/692996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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10
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d'Alpoim Guedes JA, Crabtree SA, Bocinsky RK, Kohler TA. Twenty-first century approaches to ancient problems: Climate and society. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14483-14491. [PMID: 27956613 PMCID: PMC5187725 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616188113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
By documenting how humans adapted to changes in their environment that are often much greater than those experienced in the instrumental record, archaeology provides our only deep-time laboratory for highlighting the circumstances under which humans managed or failed to find to adaptive solutions to changing climate, not just over a few generations but over the longue durée Patterning between climate-mediated environmental change and change in human societies has, however, been murky because of low spatial and temporal resolution in available datasets, and because of failure to model the effects of climate change on local resources important to human societies. In this paper we review recent advances in computational modeling that, in conjunction with improving data, address these limitations. These advances include network analysis, niche and species distribution modeling, and agent-based modeling. These studies demonstrate the utility of deep-time modeling for calibrating our understanding of how climate is influencing societies today and may in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefani A Crabtree
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163
- Université de Franche-Comté, Maison des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement C. N. Ledoux (MSHE), 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - R Kyle Bocinsky
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163
- Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, CO 81321
| | - Timothy A Kohler
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163
- Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, CO 81321
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501
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11
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12
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Bocinsky RK, Rush J, Kintigh KW, Kohler TA. Exploration and exploitation in the macrohistory of the pre-Hispanic Pueblo Southwest. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1501532. [PMID: 27051879 PMCID: PMC4820384 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cycles of demographic and organizational change are well documented in Neolithic societies, but the social and ecological processes underlying them are debated. Such periodicities are implicit in the "Pecos classification," a chronology for the pre-Hispanic U.S. Southwest introduced in Science in 1927 which is still widely used. To understand these periodicities, we analyzed 29,311 archaeological tree-ring dates from A.D. 500 to 1400 in the context of a novel high spatial resolution, annual reconstruction of the maize dry-farming niche for this same period. We argue that each of the Pecos periods initially incorporates an "exploration" phase, followed by a phase of "exploitation" of niches that are simultaneously ecological, cultural, and organizational. Exploitation phases characterized by demographic expansion and aggregation ended with climatically driven downturns in agricultural favorability, undermining important bases for social consensus. Exploration phases were times of socio-ecological niche discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Kyle Bocinsky
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164–4910, USA
- Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, CO 81321, USA
| | - Johnathan Rush
- CyberGIS Center for Advanced Digital and Spatial Studies, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Keith W. Kintigh
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Timothy A. Kohler
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164–4910, USA
- Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, CO 81321, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
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Schwindt DM, Bocinsky RK, Ortman S, Glowacki DM, Varien MD, Kohler TA. THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE CENTRAL MESA VERDE REGION. Am Antiq 2016; 81:74-96. [PMID: 33001060 PMCID: PMC7523884 DOI: 10.7183/0002-7316.81.1.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of climate change vary over space and time. Effective studies of human responses to climatically induced environmental change must therefore sample the environmental diversity experienced by specific societies. We reconstruct population histories from A.D. 600 to 1280 in six environmentally distinct portions of the central Mesa Verde region in southwestern Colorado, relating these to climate-driven changes in agricultural potential. In all but one subregion, increases in maize-niche size led to increases in population size. Maize-niche size is also positively correlated with regional estimates of birth rates. High birth rates continued to accompany high population levels even as productive conditions declined in the A.D. 1200s. We reconstruct prominent imbalances between the maize-niche size and population densities in two subregions from A.D. 1140 to 1180 and from A.D. 1225-1260. We propose that human responses in those subregions, beginning by the mid-A.D. 1200s, contributed to violence and social collapse across the entire society. Our findings are relevant to discussions of how climate change will affect contemporary societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M Schwindt
- Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, 23390 Road K, Cortez, CO 81321
| | - R Kyle Bocinsky
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4910, and Crow Canyon Archaeological Center
| | - Scott Ortman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, 233 UCB, Boulder, CO 80303 and Santa Fe Institute
| | - Donna M Glowacki
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556
| | - Mark D Varien
- Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, 23390 Road K, Cortez, CO 81321
| | - Timothy A Kohler
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4910, Santa Fe Institute, and Crow Canyon Archaeological Center
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d’Alpoim Guedes J, Jin G, Bocinsky RK. The Impact of Climate on the Spread of Rice to North-Eastern China: A New Look at the Data from Shandong Province. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130430. [PMID: 26125619 PMCID: PMC4488397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Moving crops outside of their original centers of domestication was sometimes a challenging process. Because of its substantial heat requirements, moving rice agriculture outside of its homelands of domestication was not an easy process for farmers in the past. Using crop niche models, we examine the constraints faced by ancient farmers and foragers as they moved rice to its most northerly extent in Ancient China: Shandong province. Contrary to previous arguments, we find that during the climatic optimum rice could have been grown in the region. Climatic cooling following this date had a clear impact on the distribution of rice, one that may have placed adaptive pressure on rice to develop a temperate phenotype. Following the development of this temperate phenotype, rice agriculture could once again become implanted in select areas of north-eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade d’Alpoim Guedes
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Guiyun Jin
- School of History and Culture, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
| | - R. Kyle Bocinsky
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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15
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Guedes JD, Bocinsky RK, Butler EE. Asian archaeology. Comment on "Agriculture facilitated permanent human occupation of the Tibetan Plateau after 3600 B.P. ". Science 2015; 348:872. [PMID: 25999499 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa4819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chen et al. (Reports, 16 January 2015, p. 248) argued that early Tibetan agriculturalists pushed the limits of farming up to 4000 meters above sea level. We contend that this argument is incompatible with the growing requirements of barley. It is necessary to clearly define past crop niches to create better models for the complex history of the occupation of the plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade d'Alpoim Guedes
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - R Kyle Bocinsky
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Ethan E Butler
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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16
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McPhillips T, Song T, Kolisnik T, Aulenbach S, Belhajjame K, Bocinsky RK, Cao Y, Cheney J, Chirigati F, Dey S, Freire J, Jones C, Hanken J, Kintigh KW, Kohler TA, Koop D, Macklin JA, Missier P, Schildhauer M, Schwalm C, Wei Y, Bieda M, Ludäscher B. YesWorkflow: A User-Oriented, Language-Independent Tool for Recovering Workflow Information from Scripts. IJDC 2015. [DOI: 10.2218/ijdc.v10i1.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific workflow management systems offer features for composing complex computational pipelines from modular building blocks, executing the resulting automated workflows, and recording the provenance of data products resulting from workflow runs. Despite the advantages such features provide, many automated workflows continue to be implemented and executed outside of scientific workflow systems due to the convenience and familiarity of scripting languages (such as Perl, Python, R, and MATLAB), and to the high productivity many scientists experience when using these languages. YesWorkflow is a set of software tools that aim to provide such users of scripting languages with many of the benefits of scientific workflow systems. YesWorkflow requires neither the use of a workflow engine nor the overhead of adapting code to run effectively in such a system. Instead, YesWorkflow enables scientists to annotate existing scripts with special comments that reveal the computational modules and dataflows otherwise implicit in these scripts. YesWorkflow tools extract and analyze these comments, represent the scripts in terms of entities based on the typical scientific workflow model, and provide graphical renderings of this workflow-like view of the scripts. Future version of YesWorkflow will also allow the prospective provenance of the data products of these scripts to be queried in ways similar to those available to users of scientific workflow systems.
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