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Lang J, Jeschke S, Müller RM, Herziger B, Bertsche T, Neininger MP, Bertsche A. Knowledge and attitudes towards epilepsy: A survey of people with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2022; 184:106964. [PMID: 35691219 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Many studies focus on knowledge and attitudes of unaffected people towards epilepsy and people with epilepsy (PWE). The perspective of PWE themselves is much less explored. METHODS We invited PWE in Germany to answer a questionnaire on their knowledge and attitudes towards epilepsy and PWE. RESULTS The questionnaire was completed by 230 PWE (median age: 40 years; min./max.: 19/83; 66 % female). Of PWE, 22 % thought that PWE are more helpful, and 10 % thought that PWE are friendlier than other people. Nevertheless, reservations about relationships and friendships with other PWE existed: of the participants, only 74 % would definitely go on a date with another PWE, and 90 % would definitely include another PWE they liked into their circle of friends. Swimming was judged as more dangerous for PWE than for healthy people by 71 % of PWE. Of PWE, 86 % correctly assumed it was not useful to hold a person having a seizure to the ground. Putting a solid object in the mouth was considered not useful by 85 % of PWE. Of PWE, 20 % would definitely administer an available emergency medication if another PWE had a seizure. For 67 % of PWE, certain preconditions should have to be fulfilled such as an available document with instructions. Of PWE, 11 % stated they would not administer an available emergency medication if another PWE had a seizure. CONCLUSION Although positive attitudes of PWE towards other PWE exist, we also found some reservations calling for psychosocial support. Most PWE had sufficient knowledge about risks of certain activities and about measures to be taken during a seizure. Nevertheless, a small group of PWE showed knowledge gaps. Thus, educational support still seems essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lang
- Neuropaediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 8, Rostock 18057, Germany.
| | - S Jeschke
- Neuropaediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 8, Rostock 18057, Germany.
| | - R M Müller
- Neuropaediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 8, Rostock 18057, Germany.
| | - B Herziger
- Neuropaediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 8, Rostock 18057, Germany.
| | - T Bertsche
- Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, and Drug Safety Center, Leipzig University and Leipzig University Hospital, Bruederstrasse 32, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - M P Neininger
- Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, and Drug Safety Center, Leipzig University and Leipzig University Hospital, Bruederstrasse 32, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - A Bertsche
- Neuropaediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 8, Rostock 18057, Germany.
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Müller RM, Herziger B, Jeschke S, Neininger MP, Bertsche T, Bertsche A. Knowledge of epilepsy among German pharmacists. Epilepsy Res 2021; 172:106587. [PMID: 33647738 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Pharmacists can have a large impact on attitude, acceptance and adherence in patients with long-term conditions. They should be able to give appropriate advice. METHODS We invited pharmacists in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Saxony, Germany, to complete a questionnaire mainly containing multiple-choice-questions. RESULTS Overall, 238 pharmacists took part in the survey. 199 (84%) said they were insecure counselling people with epilepsy or had no experience at all. 205 (86%) rightly assumed a seizure can result in death. Concerning an acute seizure, administration of a rescue medication was considered as possible useful measure by 127 (53%) participants. Of the participants, 206 (87%) stated a physician should be consulted for every first afebrile seizure, 188 (79%) for every first febrile seizure. Exanthema as especially clinically relevant adverse drug event was rightly chosen for carbamazepine by 18 (8%) and for lamotrigine by 12 (5%) participants. 60 (25%) rightly chose liver toxicity for valproate. The increase of carbamazepine plasma concentration when adding erythromycin was chosen by 66 (28%) of pharmacists. 13 (5%) knew about the reduction of effectiveness of lamotrigine when adding hormonal contraceptives. For valproate, 201 (84%) stated that it is important to counsel patients concerning contraception. CONCLUSION Pharmacists are insecure counselling people with epilepsy. Some of them would not suggest to seek medical advice for every first seizure. This can lead to reduced patient safety. The adverse drug events of valproate are well known, important adverse drug events and interactions of other anticonvulsants are less present to the pharmacists and should be regularly addressed in training courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Müller
- Neuropaediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - B Herziger
- Neuropaediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - S Jeschke
- Neuropaediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - M P Neininger
- Drug Safety Center and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - T Bertsche
- Drug Safety Center and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - A Bertsche
- Neuropaediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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Schärli AM, van de Langenberg R, Murer K, Müller RM. Postural control and head stability during natural gaze behaviour in 6- to 12-year-old children. Exp Brain Res 2013; 227:523-34. [PMID: 23625047 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia is a common entity among the aging male population. Its prevalence is increasing with age and is around 80% in the over 80-years old. The androgen-estrogen ratio changes in favor of the estrogens, which leads to a growth of prostatic tissue, presenting histologically as hyperplasia. BPH can cause irritative or obstructive symptoms or both. Nowadays we speak of bladder storage or bladder voiding symptoms, summarised as LUTS (Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms). LUTS has a structural and a functional component, the structural being caused by the size of the adenoma itself the functional depending on the muscle tone of the bladder neck and the prostatic urethra. To investigate LUTS, we use validated symptom scores, sonography for residual urine and eventually a urodynamic evaluation. There are 3 grades of BPH. The indication for an interventional therapy is relative in BPH II, and absolute in BPH III. Prior to treatment, other diseases mimicking the same symptoms, have to be ruled out and adequatly treated. Electro-resection of the prostate (TUR-P) remains the standard therapy and the benchmark any new technology has to compete with. TUR-P has good short- and longterm results, but can be associated with a considerable perioperative morbidity, and the learning curve for the operator is long. The most promising of the newer techniques is the Holmium-Laser-Enucleation of the prostate (Laser-TUR-P), showing at least identical short- and median-term results, but a lower perioperative morbidity than TUR-P For several minimally-invasive techniques, indications are limited. TUMT TUNA, WIT and laser-coagulation all produce a coagulation necrosis of the prostatic tissue by thermic damage with secondary tissue shrinking. Urodynamic results however, are not comparable to TUR-P or Laser-TUR-P, and significantly more secondary interventions within 2 to 5 years are required. Minimal-invasive techniques present a favorable alternative for younger patients without complications of BPH, and for older patients with relevant comorbidities, and can usually be performed under local anaesthesia. The morbidity is low and further therapies remain possible later, if necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Müller
- Urologische Universitätsklinik Bern, Bern
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Strehlocke K, Kühn MU, Müller RM. Epidemiologische Untersuchungen zum Larynxkarzinom. Laryngorhinootologie 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-823386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Müller RM. Bestehen bei Kindern mit einer Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumen-Spalte im Vorschulalter noch abweichende phoniatrisch-logopädische Befunde? Laryngorhinootologie 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-823568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fingerle J, Müller RM, Kuhn H, Pech M, Baumgartner HR. Mechanism of inhibition of neointimal formation by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor cilazapril. A study in balloon catheter-injured rat carotid arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995; 15:1945-50. [PMID: 7583575 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.15.11.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism of inhibition of neointima formation by the angiotensin-covering enzyme the carotid artery. We looked for the effects of cilazapril on all phases of the response to injury, ie, on proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the media, their migration, their proliferation in the neointima, and their disposition of extracellular matrix in the neointima. Although treatment was discontinued after 2 weeks, the inhibitory effect of cilazapril on neointimal formation was evident even 52 weeks after injury. The amount of extracellular matrix deposited in the intima during cilazapril treatment was decreased by 20% 2 weeks after injury, but no effect was seen if tissues were analyzed at 4 or 52 weeks. [3H]Thymidine-labeled cells (pulse labeling as well as 14-day continuous labeling) showed a decrease in SMC labeling in the tunica medica by 50%, but no inhibition in the labeling indices was seen in the neointima. The fraction of unlabeled neointimal cells in the cilazapril-treated rats as judged from continuous labeling experiments was inhibited by 86%. Taken together, these data suggest an antiproliferative effect on medial SMCs and an inhibition of SMC migration into the intima by cilazapril. Since intimal extracellular matrix deposition was only delayed, the decrease in medial SMC proliferation and subsequent migration seems to be the main reason for the reduction of neointima formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fingerle
- Pharma Division, Preclinical Research, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Basel, Switzerland
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Störk TV, Möckel M, Eichstädt H, Müller RM, Hochrein H. Noninvasive assessment by pulsed Doppler ultrasound of left ventricular filling behavior in long distance runners during marathon race. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68:1237-41. [PMID: 1951089 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(91)90203-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T V Störk
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Rudolf Virchow, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
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Störk TV, Müller RM, Piske GJ, Ewert CO, Wienhold S, Hochrein H. Noninvasive determination of pulmonary artery wedge pressure: comparative analysis of pulsed Doppler echocardiography and right heart catheterization. Crit Care Med 1990; 18:1158-63. [PMID: 2209047 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199010000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To compare left ventricular filling variables as derived by transmitral pulsed Doppler echocardiography (tpDE) and hemodynamic variables as assessed at right heart catheterization (RHC), 104 ICU patients (64 male, 40 female) aged 26 to 73 yr (mean 54.6 +/- 10.3) without valvular heart disease were examined. Simultaneously with RHC, transmitral flow velocity profiles were obtained by tpDE, and the ratio of the velocity-time integrals of late diastolic active (A wave) and early diastolic passive inflow into the left ventricle (E wave) was calculated (A/E ratio). Invasively determined pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (WP) ranged from 3 to 36 mm Hg (median 13.35, 5%/95% 6/31 mm Hg). Linear regression analysis showed a highly significant correlation between the A/E ratio and WP (r = .98, p less than .001, standard error of the estimate [SEE] = 0.10). The A/E ratio also correlated with other hemodynamic variables such as cardiac output (r = -.68, p less than .001, SEE = 0.33), cardiac index (r = -.74, p less than .001, SEE = 0.31), and stroke volume index (r = -.68, p less than .001, SEE = 0.34). The interobserver agreement (derived by intraclass correlation analysis between two examiners) on the A/E ratio was high (r = .95, p less than .001, n = 26). We conclude that WP can be accurately determined noninvasively by tpDE. For the assessment of systolic ventricular function, tpDE is of limited diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Störk
- Department of Cardiology/Intensive Care, University Hospital Rudolf Virchow, Free University of Berlin, FRG
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Hjelte L, Strandvik B, Müller RM, Sagström S, Roomans GM. Essential fatty acid deficient rats in the study of cystic fibrosis: an X-ray microanalytical and ultrastructural study in chronically reserpinized rats. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 1990; 22:409-14. [PMID: 2390763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency has been proposed as a major pathogenic mechanism for cystic fibrosis (CF) and EFA-deficient animals have been proposed as an animal model for CF. In the present study, the elemental composition and ultrastructure of the acinar cells of the submandibular and parotid gland of the pancreas of EFA-deficient rats were investigated by X-ray microanalysis and electron microscopy. The effects of EFA-deficiency were compared to changes in these exocrine glands in chronically reserpine-treated rats, an established animal model for CF. EFA-deficiency did not cause any significant changes in the elemental composition of the acinar cells of the submandibular or parotid gland, or of the pancreas. The changes in elemental composition induced by reserpine treatment were only slightly modified by EFA-deficiency, mainly towards normalization. EFA-deficiency resulted in the presence of abnormal, electron translucent, zymogen granules in the parotid gland and in a reduction of the number of zymogen granules in pancreatic acinar cells. Since EFA-deficiency in rats only causes minor changes in structure and elemental composition of salivary glands and pancreas, and does not potentiate the effect of chronic reserpine treatment on these tissues, it is concluded that EFA-deficiency is likely to be of minor importance in the exocrine gland disturbances in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hjelte
- Department of Pediatrics, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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Westlind-Danielsson A, Müller RM, Bartfai T. Atropine treatment induced cholinergic supersensitivity at receptor and second messenger levels in the rat salivary gland. Acta Physiol Scand 1990; 138:431-41. [PMID: 2162126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1990.tb08870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Physiological, biochemical and morphological correlates of chronic treatment of rats with the classical muscarinic antagonist atropine for 14 days (20 mg kg-1 day-1 s.c.) were studied in submandibular salivary glands. The amount of saliva collected from submandibular glands following a single injection of isoproterenol (30 mg kg-1 i.p.) was significantly larger and had higher protein concentration in rats treated with atropine than in saline-treated animals. In the glands of atropine-treated rats a conspicuous increase in the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) along with a decrease in the mucous volume was observed in the acinus when examined by light microscopy. Several biochemical changes were observed in an enriched plasma membrane fraction from the submandibular gland of the atropine-treated rats: (1) an increase in the number of muscarinic antagonist binding sites (31 + 3.4%), (2) a decrease in the specific activity of basal adenylate cyclase, (3) a significantly lower Vmax of the adenylate cyclase in the presence of GTP (10 microM) and varying concentrations of Mg2+ (0-22.5 mM) with no apparent change in affinity of the enzyme for Mg2+ but (4) higher magnitude of stimulation in the presence of GTP (100 microM), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (5 microM), isoproterenol (100 microM), NaF (10 microM) and forskolin (10 microM). There was however no change in the density of beta-adrenergic receptors upon atropine treatment. In tissue slices from the submandibular glands of atropine-treated rats we found lower basal cAMP levels (decrease 29 +/- 6.9%) and no significant change in the phosphatidylinositol breakdown stimulated by carbachol (10(-6) to 10(-4) M). It appears that chronic blockade of an inhibitory muscarinic input to the adenylate cyclase system is compensated by lowered adenylate cyclase activity. Phosphoinositide metabolism is not subject to the same adaptation, suggesting that cAMP may be the pivotal second messenger in the supersensitive salivary response.
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Abstract
In 54 consecutive patients, ages 59 +/- 11 years, the transmitral diastolic flow velocity profile was derived by means of pulsed Doppler echocardiography simultaneously with right-sided heart catheterization. In 30 of them, ages 57 +/- 10 years, left-sided heart catheterization was performed at the same time. The sample volume was positioned exactly in the mitral anulus plane, bisecting the anulus. The ratio of the time-velocity integrals of the A wave (atrial contraction) and E wave (early filling) was calculated (A/E ratio of integrals). Linear regression analysis showed a highly significant linear correlation of the A/E ratio of integrals with regard to left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure (r = 0.98, p less than 0.001) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (r = 0.98, p less than 0.001). The A/E ratio of integrals also correlated with other hemodynamic parameters, such as cardiac output (r = -0.73, p less than 0.001), cardiac index (r = -0.74, p less than 0.001) and stroke volume index (r = -0.65, p less than 0.001). For 19 additional patients, ages 55 +/- 8 years, the values of LV end-diastolic pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were calculated by means of the corresponding formulas from the first data set. The correlation between the calculated and invasively measured LV filling pressures expressed in terms of intraclass correlation coefficients shows highly significant correlations for both LV end-diastolic pressure (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99, p less than 0.001) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99, p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Störk
- Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital Rudolf Virchow, Free University of Berlin, West Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
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Sagulin GB, Müller RM, Westlind-Danielsson A, Nilsson T, Berggren PO, Roomans GM. Mechanism of action of calcitonin on secretion in rat submandibular gland. Acta Physiol Scand 1989; 136:435-42. [PMID: 2546373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Calcitonin (CT) was found to reduce the initial flow of pilocarpine-stimulated saliva from the submandibular glands in the rat. Although there was a concomitant increase of the concentration of calcium and protein in the saliva, the calcium/protein ratio was not significantly affected. CT also caused a significant increase of the potassium concentration in submandibular saliva. Both in vivo and in vitro, CT inhibited the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) both in the absence and in the presence of forskolin. This decrease in intracellular cAMP levels could result in an inhibition of mucus secretion, which would explain the previously observed calcitonin-induced intracellular accumulation of mucus in the submandibular gland acinar cells. CT did not affect the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration (as measured with fura 2) in isolated submandibular acini either in the absence or in the presence of cholinergic or adrenergic agonists. These results indicate that the inhibition of fluid secretion in the submandibular gland by calcitonin must be located distal to changes in [Ca2+]i. It can be concluded that CT affects both mucus and fluid secretion in the submandibular gland, but that only the inhibition of mucus secretion can as yet be explained by an effect at the level of the second messenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Sagulin
- Department of Prosthodontics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sato M, Fukushi Y, Ishizawa S, Okinaga S, Müller RM, Shibahara S. Transcriptional control of the rat heme oxygenase gene by a nuclear protein that interacts with adenovirus 2 major late promoter. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:10251-60. [PMID: 2722866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of rat heme oxygenase is mediated by at least two factors: its substrate heme and heat shock (Shibahara, S., Müller, R.M., and Taguchi, H. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 12889-12892). We have identified the cis-acting element of the rat heme oxygenase gene (HO gene), that was specifically bound by a nuclear protein prepared from rat glioma cells. We have termed this protein as heme oxygenase transcription factor (HOTF), whose estimated molecular weight is about 40,000. The element identified is CCACCACGTGACTCGAG (-51/-35) located just upstream of TATA-like sequence. The functional studies indicate that this sequence is required for the accurate and efficient initiation of transcription from the HO gene promoter. Since the HOTF-binding element is similar to the upstream promoter sequence (UPS) of the adenovirus 2 major late promoter (Ad2MLP), we examined whether rat HOTF is homologous to the upstream stimulatory factor (USF) or major late transcription factor previously identified in HeLa cells, which interacts with the UPS and activates the transcription from the Ad2MLP. HOTF specifically binds to the UPS of Ad2MLP, whereas HOTF failed to form a stable complex with the mutated HOTF-binding element lacking a GTGA sequence (-44/-42 of the HO gene), the sequence of which is identical to a core sequence of the USF-binding sites. Moreover, we show that like USF, HOTF is heat stable. These results suggest that HOTF may be homologous to USF or the major late transcription factor. Since USF is present in uninfected cells, it is conceivable that the expression of the HO gene is regulated at least in part by USF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sato
- Friedrich Miescher-Institut, Basel, Switzerland
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Sato M, Fukushi Y, Ishizawa S, Okinaga S, Müller RM, Shibahara S. Transcriptional control of the rat heme oxygenase gene by a nuclear protein that interacts with adenovirus 2 major late promoter. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)81792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Roomans GM, Müller RM, Sagström S, Sagulin GB, Scarlett SM, Wroblewski J, Albertsson M. X-ray microanalysis of mammalian salivary glands. Scanning Microsc 1989; 3:225-39; discussion 239-41. [PMID: 2662397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
X-ray microanalysis was used to study the elemental composition of major salivary glands in rat and man. The elemental composition of the acinar cells is influenced by a variety of factors. Stimulation of fluid secretion by cholinergic, alpha-adrenergic or peptidergic agonists leads to a sustained increase of the Na/K ratio. The elemental composition and ultrastructure of the acinar cells of rat submandibular gland, as well as flow rate and composition of pilocarpinestimulated submandibular saliva are significantly affected by thyroxine, but less by the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Hypercalcemia (induced by chronic vitamin D treatment) as well as hypocalcemia (induced by calcitonin) cause accumulation of intracellular mucus in the submandibular acinar cells, with concurrent increase in the cellular calcium concentration, and a significantly decreased flow rate after pilocarpine stimulation. Several animal models have been proposed for the generalized exocrinopathy cystic fibrosis (CF), which may be caused by a defective regulation of chloride transport in epithelial cells. A potential new model is proposed: the chronically furosemide-treated rat, which shows several abnormalities in salivary gland structure and function that parallel the abnormalities found in the human disease. Another experimental model of potential interest in the study of CF is short-term treatment of experimental animals with the adenylate-cyclase inhibitor alloxan.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Roomans
- Department of Ultrastructure Research, University of Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
A cDNA clone, pHT gamma 1, representing human tyrosinase mRNA was isolated by screening a melanoma cDNA library with a synthetic oligonucleotide complementary to a segment of the human tyrosinase cDNA, Pmel 34 [Kwon et al. (1987) Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 7473-7477]. However, there are a number of differences in the nucleotide sequence between two cDNAs, pHT gamma 1 and Pmel 34, particularly in the region coding for the carboxyl terminus of the enzyme (putative exon 5). We therefore cloned the genomic DNA segment carrying the exon 5 of the human tyrosinase gene by screening a human placental genomic DNA library with a cloned cDNA probe. The nucleotide sequences of human tyrosinase cDNA as well as part of its gene were determined. Mature human tyrosinase is composed of 511 amino acids with a molecular weight of 58,000. We provide evidence for the presence of at least two species of human tyrosinase mRNA generated by alternative splicing in human pigmented melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shibahara
- Friedrich Miescher-Institut, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Hemin treatment increased both activity and mRNA level of heme oxygenase in human macrophages. Using poly(A)-rich RNA prepared from human macrophages treated with hemin, we have constructed a cDNA library in the Okayama-Berg vector. The human heme oxygenase cDNA was isolated by screening this library with a rat cDNA and was subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis. The deduced human heme oxygenase is composed of 288 amino acids with a molecular mass of 32,800 Da. The homology in amino acid sequences between rat and human heme oxygenase is 80%. Like rat heme oxygenase, human enzyme has a putative membrane segment at its carboxyl terminus, which is probably essential for the insertion of heme oxygenase into endoplasmic reticulum. Both rat and human heme oxygenase have no cysteine residues. Recently we have shown that rat heme oxygenase is a heat-shock protein [J. Biol. Chem. 262, 12889-12892 (1987)], and therefore we examined the effects of heat treatment on the induction of heme oxygenase in human macrophages and glioma cells. In contrast to hemin treatment, heat treatment had no apparent effects in either human cell line on the activity of heme oxygenase and its mRNA levels. These results suggest that human heme oxygenase may not be a heat-shock protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yoshida
- Friedrich-Miescher-Institut, Basel, Switzerland
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Versura P, Maltarello MC, Müller RM, Roomans GM. Changes in glycoconjugates in rat submandibular gland after chronic treatment with reserpine and isoproterenol. Histochemistry 1988; 90:285-8. [PMID: 3230050 DOI: 10.1007/bf00495972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic treatment of rats with reserpine, isoproterenol, or a combination of these two agents has been suggested as a means to produce an experimental animal model for the chronic exocrinopathy cystic fibrosis. The effect of these treatments on glycoconjugate distribution in rat submandibular gland acinar cells was investigated by quantitative lectin cytochemistry. Significant changes in wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA), soy bean agglutinin (SBA) and concanavalin A (Con A) binding sites in the mucus granules were observed, but peanut agglutinin (PNA) binding was not significantly affected. The quantitative changes in glycoconjugates in the acinar cells of the submandibular gland could be a possible explanation for the increased binding of calcium by the intracellular mucus noted in previous studies on these animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Versura
- Institute of Clinical Electron Microscopy, University of Bologna, Italy
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Shibahara S, Müller RM, Taguchi H. Transcriptional control of rat heme oxygenase by heat shock. J Biol Chem 1987; 262:12889-92. [PMID: 3654594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A heat shock element is located in the 5'-flanking region of the rat heme oxygenase gene (HO gene). The incubation of rat glioma cells at 42 degrees C or with hemin at 37 degrees C increased the levels of heme oxygenase mRNA within 1 h and produced a maximum at 3 h (at least a 20-fold increase). In both treatments, the heme oxygenase activity started to increase after a lag period of about 1 h and reached a maximum value at 5 h. There was an apparent additive effect of both treatments on the heme oxygenase induction. Studies with actinomycin D and cycloheximide suggested that both heat shock and hemin acted at the transcriptional level to induce heme oxygenase. Therefore, we analyzed the transient expression of chimeric fusion genes harboring the promoter of the rat HO gene ligated to the Escherichia coli gene gpt in rat glioma cells and in K1735 mouse amelanotic melanoma cells. The 5'-flanking region of the rat HO gene bearing the heat shock element conferred the heat inducibility of gpt RNA production in both cell lines; however, hemin treatment did not induce gpt RNA. These results indicate that rat heme oxygenase is a heat shock protein and that hemin induces heme oxygenase through a different mechanism from heat shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shibahara
- Friedrich Miescher-Institut, Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
The uptake and efflux of the isotopic tracer 45Ca were compared in dispersed submandibular acini of both control rats and rats treated with seven daily doses of reserpine (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.). Tracer uptake occurred in a time-dependent manner in both types of acini and reached 8.4 +/- 0.2 and 8.0 +/- 0.2 pmol/mg protein, respectively, in acini from control and treated animals after 60 min of incubation. Uptake of tracer was 2.35 nmol/mg DNA in control cells and 4 nmol/mg DNA in cells from treated rats at 60 min. 45Ca uptake (per mg protein) was enhanced in control acini 48% by 20 mumol/L epinephrine; 38% by 50 mumol/L carbachol; and 23% by 10 mumol/L isoproterenol. A similar order of potency was observed when uptake was expressed per mg DNA. In acini from reserpine-treated rats, 45Ca uptake (per mg protein) was increased 53% by epinephrine, 39% by isoproterenol, and only 8% by carbachol. The same enhanced effect of isoproterenol and lack of effect of carbachol were observed when uptake was calculated per mg DNA. In the absence of secretagogue, efflux of 45Ca from tracer-pre-loaded acini was larger in acini from reserpine-treated rats (53%) than in control acini (36%). Whether expressed in terms of mg protein or mg DNA, this efflux was increased in control acini 35% by epinephrine, from 25 to 28% by isoproterenol, and 17% by carbachol. In acini of reserpine-treated rats, epinephrine increased 45Ca efflux 20%, isoproterenol from 25 to 28%, and carbachol from 14 to 15%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Müller RM, Taguchi H, Shibahara S. Nucleotide sequence and organization of the rat heme oxygenase gene. J Biol Chem 1987; 262:6795-802. [PMID: 3032976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase, an essential enzyme of heme catabolism, is inducible by its substrate heme, by heavy metals, and by various other substances. To study the molecular mechanisms of the induction of heme oxygenase, we isolated the heme oxygenase gene from a rat genomic DNA library using cloned cDNA as hybridization probes and determined its complete nucleotide sequence. The gene is composed of 6830 nucleotides, and is organized in four introns and five exons. The transcription initiation site was identified by S1 nuclease mapping analysis. Using HeLa cell lysate, we confirmed that the transcription of cloned heme oxygenase gene is initiated accurately at the assigned initiation site. In the 5'-flanking region of the heme oxygenase gene, we found several potential binding sites for different transcription factors: a transcription factor Sp1, a positive regulator for the control of amino acid synthesis (GCN4), a heat shock transcription factor, and a metal-dependent transcription factor. Furthermore, the intron 1 contains the sequence that shows about 65% homology to that of the neuronal identifier sequence, a possible enhancer element.
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Müller RM, Roomans GM. Effects of reserpine treatment on the ultrastructure of rat parotid and submandibular gland. J Submicrosc Cytol 1987; 19:283-9. [PMID: 3599127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The chronically reserpine-treated rat has been used as an animal model for the disease cystic fibrosis, a generalized exocrinopathy. Ultrastructural changes in the parotid and submandibular gland occurring during the seven-day treatment with reserpine were studied by transmission electron microscopy. In the parotid gland, marked changes were observed in the size and structure of the zymogen granules. In fasted control animals, most parotid acinar cells have granules with a virtually homogeneous, electron-dense appearance. During the first three days of treatment, most cells have enlarged, electron-translucent granules. After the third day, and most pronounced at day six and seven, many granules are irregularly electron-dense. In the submandibular gland, reserpine causes a gradual increase in the relative volume of the cell that is occupied by mucus. The ultrastructural changes are discussed in relation to metabolic and biochemical effects of reserpine treatment on salivary glands.
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Roomans GM, von Euler AM, Müller RM, Gilljam H. X-ray microanalysis of goblet cells in bronchial epithelium of patients with cystic fibrosis. J Submicrosc Cytol 1986; 18:613-5. [PMID: 3746973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The elemental composition of goblet cells in bronchial epithelium was investigated by X-ray microanalysis. Biopsies were obtained from the left main bronchus, shock-frozen and freeze-substituted. In comparison to the control group (patients with chronic bronchitis), the goblet cells of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) contained significantly more calcium. The analysis also indicated higher sulphur levels and lower potassium levels in the goblet cells of CF patients. Detailed analysis of a control biopsy showed that the calcium level in the mucous cells of the submucosal glands was considerably higher than that in the goblet cells. Although the data point to a higher calcium content of goblet cell mucus in CF patients, the significance of this finding for the calcium content of the tracheobronchial secretions in CF patients is unclear.
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Müller RM, Kuijpers GA, Bardon A, Ceder O, Roomans GM. The chronically pilocarpine-treated rat in the study of cystic fibrosis: investigations on submandibular gland and pancreas. Exp Mol Pathol 1985; 43:97-106. [PMID: 4007143 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(85)90059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The chronically pilocarpine-treated rat has been proposed as an animal model for the disease cystic fibrosis, a generalized exocrinopathy. The effect of chronic pilocarpine treatment on structure, composition, and function of the acinar cells of rat submandibular gland and pancreas was investigated by electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, and biochemical analysis. The morphological effects of chronic pilocarpine treatment were most pronounced in the pancreas. The number and size of the zymogen granules was increased, and the granules had a less electron-dense appearance. X-ray microanalysis at the cellular level showed in both the submandibular gland and the pancreas a significant increase in calcium and a decrease in sodium. The increase in cellular calcium concentrations can be explained by an increase in the relative volume of secretory material in the cell (assessed by morphometry) and an increase in the local calcium concentration in the secretory material (assessed by X-ray microanalysis at the subcellular level). Chronic pilocarpine treatment caused a disturbance of glycolysis and energy metabolism in the submandibular gland, but no significant effects in this respect were noted in the pancreas. On the other hand, a nearly twofold increase of the pancreatic amylase activity was noted. The pancreas appeared somewhat hyperreactive towards cholinergic stimulation.
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Müller RM, Grundin TG, Roomans GM. Effects of reserpine and isoproterenol on elemental distribution in submandibular gland of rat. Acta Physiol Scand 1985; 123:383-91. [PMID: 3993398 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1985.tb07604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a single dose of reserpine or isoproterenol on the acinar cells of rat submandibular gland were investigated by electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. About 4 h after injection of reserpine, the cellular Ca concentration started to increase and at 24 h a level two to three times the control value was reached. The mucus content of the cells increased in parallel with the Ca concentrations. Isoproterenol stimulation depleted the acinar cells of their mucus. Resynthesis of mucus was visible at 8-12 h after injection. Changes in cellular Ca concentrations followed the mucus content of the cells. After 24 h both the mucus content and the Ca concentration were significantly increased over the control values. High-resolution X-ray microanalysis on thin cryosections showed that the calcium was accumulated in the mucus granules, both after reserpine and after isoproterenol administration. The newly synthesized mucus was also more calcium-rich than the original mucus. The effect of a single isoproterenol stimulation on elemental content of rat submandibular gland acinar cells was not significantly different from that of chronic isoproterenol treatment. Chronic treatment with reserpine resulted in a higher cellular Na/K ratio than a single dose.
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Bardoń A, Müller RM, Ceder O, Roomans GM. The chronically reserpinized rat: decreased glycolytic activity in the submandibular gland. Biochem Med 1985; 33:99-103. [PMID: 3994704 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(85)90131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Some of the enzymes and metabolites of the glycolytic pathway of an animal model for cystic fibrosis (the chronically reserpine-treated rat) were investigated. The activities of the enzymes phosphofructokinase (P less than 0.002), enolase (P less than 0.03), pyruvate kinase (P less than 0.005), and lactate dehydrogenase (P less than 0.009) were decreased whereas the activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was unaffected in the submandibular glands of the treated animals. For metabolites, the reserpine treatment resulted in an increased concentration of glycogen (P less than 0.0002) and phosphoenolpyruvate (P less than 0.001) and a decreased concentration of pyruvate (P less than 0.005) and lactate (P less than 0.002) in the glands. The concentration of glucose and glycerate-2-phosphate was unaffected. The perchloric acid-soluble part of the proteins was also increased (P less than 0.0001) in the submandibular glands of the reserpine-treated animals, as was the activity of ribonuclease. These findings point to a disturbance in the metabolism of glucose and a possible acidosis in the submandibular glands of this animal model for cystic fibrosis.
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Abstract
The effects of chronic treatment with isoproterenol, reserpine, prenalterol, and terbutaline on rat parotid gland were investigated by electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Chronic isoproterenol treatment induced lower potassium and calcium concentrations in the acinar cells. The cells were enlarged and contained more and larger zymogen granules than acinar cells in the controls. The zymogen granules contained markedly less sulfur, potassium, and calcium than in control animals. Prenalterol had effects similar to those of isoproterenol, but less pronounced, whereas terbutaline had no significant effects. Chronic treatment with reserpine caused a decrease in calcium levels but did not affect potassium levels. The changes in elemental composition in parotid acinar cells after chronic treatment with isoproterenol and reserpine differed from those induced by the same treatment in the submandibular gland of the rat.
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Müller RM, Roomans GM. The chronically isoproterenol-treated rat in the study of cystic fibrosis: X-ray microanalysis of the submandibular gland. Exp Mol Pathol 1984; 40:391-400. [PMID: 6723939 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(84)90056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The chronically isoproterenol-treated rat has been proposed as an animal model for cystic fibrosis. Ultrastructural studies showed enlarged cells with abnormally large mucus granules that were more often fused than in control animals. X-ray microanalysis of mucous acinar cells showed a significant increase in calcium levels, but unaffected magnesium levels. Combined treatment with isoproterenol and reserpine caused a very large increase in cellular calcium levels that appeared to be an addition of the single effects and increased magnesium levels (as in glands of rats treated with reserpine only). Chronic treatment with isoproterenol, reserpine, or both substances tended to decrease cellular potassium levels. Chronic exposure to the specific beta 1-agonist prenalterol or the specific beta 2-agonist terbutaline did not affect cellular calcium or potassium levels. It is concluded that chronic isoproterenol treatment affects the elemental composition of mucous acinar cells of rat submandibular gland differently from chronic reserpine treatment. The increase in cellular calcium concentration after chronic isoproterenol treatment does not appear to be due to an effect via beta-adrenergic receptors.
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von Euler AM, Müller RM, Roomans GM. Effects of cystic fibrosis serum and fibroblast culture medium on ion distribution in rat submandibular gland. Ultrastruct Pathol 1983; 5:37-44. [PMID: 6649088 DOI: 10.3109/01913128309141817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The effects of cystic fibrosis (CF) serum and culture medium from CF fibroblasts on ion distribution in rat submandibular gland cells were investigated by X-ray microanalysis. These effects were compared to the effects of normal serum and culture medium from normal fibroblasts, of cholinergic and adrenergic agonists, and of the uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol. Incubation of gland tissue with CF serum or normal serum caused a significant decrease in potassium and calcium concentrations and an increase in sodium in mucous acinar and serous granular duct cells. CF serum gave a significantly larger decrease of the potassium level than normal serum. Culture medium from CF fibroblasts altered the cellular ion content in a way similar to CF serum. Exposure to medium from cultured normal fibroblasts did not affect the elemental composition of the gland cells significantly, compared to incubation with fresh medium or buffer. Hence, fibroblast culture medium is more suitable than serum to test specific effects of CF-associated factors. The changes in elemental composition of gland cells caused by CF serum or CF fibroblast culture medium mimic some of the effects of the agonist carbachol. They could, however, also in part result from nonspecific changes in membrane permeability.
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Abstract
Methodological aspects of quantitative X-ray microanalysis of semi-thick cryosections (2--6 micrometers) of biological soft tissue were investigated. The preparation of a low background specimen holder is described. Scanning and scanning transmission images of the sections could be obtained, allowing identification and separate analysis of nuclei and cytoplasm. Parallel observations of histochemically stained adjacent sections in the light microscope allowed correlation of the microanalytical data with tissue morphology and histochemistry. Quantitative analysis could be carried out with the help of a standard: a gelatin/glycerol matrix containing mineral salts in known quantities, frozen and sectioned in the same way as the specimen. Mass loss under the electron beam was found to be comparable in specimen and standard. Comparison of various theoretical models for quantitative analysis showed that the 'P/B-method' (determination of the background intensity under the characteristic peak) is the most suitable for semi-thick sections. Factor determining the choice of accelerating voltage were analyzed. The usefulness of this specimen type is illustrated in some biological applications (human oral mucosa, rat salivary gland).
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Müller RM. [Foreign workers: migration and health problems (author's transl)]. Ther Umsch 1975; 32:542-6. [PMID: 1198374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Müller RM. [The diagnostic significance of splenic puncture]. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1971; 60:1678-85. [PMID: 5140325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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