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Premarathne S, Nanayakkara N, Chandrajith R, Rathnayake RMSK, Rathnathunga N, Badurdeen Z, Abeysundara H, Elladeniya N, Guruge K, Madushan S, Samrasiri U, Hewavitharane HPM. P0224THE POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN UNDETERMINED CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKDU) AND ACUTE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS (AIN) IN THE DRY ZONE REGIONS OF SRI LANKA. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa142.p0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background and Aims
An environmental nephropathy which is widely known as Chronic Kidney Disease of uncertain aetiology (CKDu) has been reported in dry zone of Sri Lanka and few other tropical countries. It is already become a major public health problem resulting immense social, economic and health impacts. In recent past, symptomatic presentation of CKDu with tubulitis (CKDuT)/ Acute Interstitial Nephritis indicating activity (AIN) has been reported from Sri Lanka and Central America. The AIN is a nonspecific response of kidney to an injurious agent. Usually the responsible aetiology is obvious in AIN, but not in CKDu cases, however, believed to be a sequel of interstitial nephritis. The aim of this study was to identify the occupational exposures or risk factors associated in AIN cases.
Method
In a two years of a comprehensive investigation, 60 individuals who reported with AIN were investigated. Once a case is reported, a home visit was carried out and behavioural pattern associated risk factors were assessed by a structured questionnaire in which working behaviours and conditions, spraying of agrochemical, usage of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and probable exposed environmental conditions were considered.
Results
Majority of AIN patients were male (90:10%) with the mean age of (44 ± 1.2) ranging from 26 - 62years. Among the study group, 53% were full time farmers while 77% of were doing farming either full time or part time. 55% of patients applied agrochemicals by themselves. 52% of individuals have used Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). 12% of individuals were sand miners while 7% and 5% were full time masons or labourers. 2% were engaged both farming and mason as full time employment. 15% were doing other employment except the above. Smoking, alcohol consumption and betel chewing were reported in the group as 50%, 57% and 72% respectively. Majority of patients were reported from Girandurukotte (17%), Wilgamuwa (32%) and Mahiyanganaya (35%) regions where CKDu are widely reported. Study indicated that there was no any significant pattern of AIN incidents over the study period.
Conclusion
Mean age of reported CKDuT were at least ten years younger than the mean age of CKDu. Comparatively higher number of sex ratio has been found in CKDuT indicating the male dominance. Some of the demographic features of AIN patients were similar with CKDu patients and both CKDu and AIN patients are engaged in farming either full time or part time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakila Premarathne
- Center for Education Research and Training on Kidney Diseases (CERTKID), Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Department of Microbiology, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Rohana Chandrajith
- Department Of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, Department of Geology, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Zeid Badurdeen
- Center for Education Research and Training on Kidney Diseases (CERTKID), Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Hemalika Abeysundara
- Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Department of Statistics ad Computer Sciences, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Kumudumali Guruge
- Centre for Education, Research and Training on Kidney Diseases, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - H P M Hewavitharane
- Centre for Education, Research and Training on Kidney Diseases, Community Medicine, Kandy, Sri Lanka
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Kumari SASM, Nakandala NDUS, Nawanjana PWI, Rathnayake RMSK, Senavirathna HMTN, Senevirathna RWKM, Wijesundara WMDA, Ranaweera LT, Mannanayake MADK, Weebadde CK, Sooriyapathirana SDSS. The establishment of the species-delimits and varietal-identities of the cultivated germplasm of Luffa acutangula and Luffa aegyptiaca in Sri Lanka using morphometric, organoleptic and phylogenetic approaches. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215176. [PMID: 30964918 PMCID: PMC6456250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Luffa acutangula and L. aegyptiaca are two vegetable species commonly found in South and South East Asia. L. acutangula is widely grown; however, L. aegyptiaca is considered as an underutilized crop. The species delimits, phylogenetic positions, and the varietal identities of L. acutangula and L. aegyptiaca in Sri Lanka are not known. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to establish the species delimits and varietal identities of L. acutangula and L. aegyptiaca varieties grown in Sri Lanka using morphometric, phylogenetic and organoleptic assessments. We assessed five varieties of L. acutangula and three varieties of L. aegyptiaca. The vegetative and reproductive data were collected for the morphometric analysis and DNA sequence polymorphism of the makers rbcL, trnH-psbA and ITS for the phylogenetic analysis. We also conducted an organoleptic assessment based on taste parameters; aroma, bitterness, color, texture, and overall preference using the dishes prepared according to the most common Sri Lankan recipe for Luffa. The variation of the vegetative and reproductive traits grouped L. acutangula varieties into two distinct clusters. The trnH-psbA polymorphism provided the basis for the species delimits of L. acutangula and L. aegyptiaca. The rbcL and ITS polymorphisms provided the basis for the identities of the varieties of L. aegyptiaca and L. acutangula respectively. In the phylogeny, the L. acutangula varieties of Sri Lanka formed a unique clade and the L. aegyptiaca varieties formed a reciprocal monophyletic group in comparison to worldwide L. aegyptiaca reported. The taste parameters aroma, texture, color, and overall preference were significantly different among the Luffa varieties. The L. aegyptiaca varieties received lower preference in the organoleptic assessment. The present study sets the species delimits, phylogenetic positions and the varietal identities of the cultivated germplasm of Luffa and revealed the distinct morphological and organoleptic properties of each variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. S. M. Kumari
- Regional Agriculture Research and Development Centre, Makandura, Gonawila, North Western Province, Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - N. D. U. S. Nakandala
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - P. W. I. Nawanjana
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - R. M. S. K. Rathnayake
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - H. M. T. N. Senavirathna
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - R. W. K. M. Senevirathna
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - W. M. D. A. Wijesundara
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - L. T. Ranaweera
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - M. A. D. K. Mannanayake
- Regional Agriculture Research and Development Centre, Makandura, Gonawila, North Western Province, Sri Lanka
| | - C. K. Weebadde
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - S. D. S. S. Sooriyapathirana
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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