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Heisler J, Glibert P, Burkholder J, Anderson D, Cochlan W, Dennison W, Gobler C, Dortch Q, Heil C, Humphries E, Lewitus A, Magnien R, Marshall H, Sellner K, Stockwell D, Stoecker D, Suddleson M. Eutrophication and Harmful Algal Blooms: A Scientific Consensus. Harmful Algae 2008; 8:3-13. [PMID: 28781587 PMCID: PMC5543702 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In January 2003, the US Environmental Protection Agency sponsored a "roundtable discussion" to develop a consensus on the relationship between eutrophication and harmful algal blooms (HABs), specifically targeting those relationships for which management actions may be appropriate. Academic, federal, and state agency representatives were in attendance. The following seven statements were unanimously adopted by attendees based on review and analysis of current as well as pertinent previous data: 1) Degraded water quality from increased nutrient pollution promotes the development and persistence of many HABs and is one of the reasons for their expansion in the U.S. and the world; 2) The composition - not just the total quantity - of the nutrient pool impacts HABs; 3) High biomass blooms must have exogenous nutrients to be sustained; 4) Both chronic and episodic nutrient delivery promote HAB development; 5) Recently developed tools and techniques are already improving the detection of some HABs, and emerging technologies are rapidly advancing toward operational status for the prediction of HABs and their toxins; 6) Experimental studies are critical to further the understanding of the role of nutrients in HAB expression, and will strengthen prediction and mitigation of HABs; and 7) Management of nutrient inputs to the watershed can lead to significant reduction in HABs. Supporting evidence and pertinent examples for each consensus statement is provided herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Heisler
- U.S. EPA, Oceans and Coastal Protection Division, Marine Pollution Control Branch, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20460
| | - P. Glibert
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, PO Box 775, Cambridge MD 21613
- Corresponding author. Telephone: 410-221-8422;
| | - J. Burkholder
- Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - D. Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - W. Cochlan
- Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA 94920
| | - W. Dennison
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, PO Box 775, Cambridge MD 21613
| | - C. Gobler
- Department of Biology, Southampton College – Long Island University, Southampton, NY 11968
| | - Q. Dortch
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - C. Heil
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701
| | - E. Humphries
- Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control – Division of Water Resources, Dover, DE 19901
| | - A. Lewitus
- Belle W. Baruch Institute of Marine Science and Coastal Research, and University of South Carolina, Baruch Marine Laboratory, Georgetown, SC 29442, and Marine Resources Research Institute, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412
| | - R. Magnien
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD 21401
| | - H. Marshall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529
| | - K. Sellner
- Chesapeake Research Consortium, Edgewater, MD 21037
| | - D. Stockwell
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775
| | - D. Stoecker
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, PO Box 775, Cambridge MD 21613
| | - M. Suddleson
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910
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Haselow DT, Brown E, Tracy JK, Magnien R, Grattan LM, Morris JG, Oldach DW. Gastrointestinal and respiratory tract symptoms following brief environmental exposure to aerosols during a pfiesteria-related fish kill. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2001; 63:553-564. [PMID: 11549115 DOI: 10.1080/152873901316857734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of illness with flulike symptoms among state workers responding to a Pfiesteria bloom that resulted in fish death and distress on the Chicamacomico River on Maryland's Eastern Shore was investigated. Using case-control methodology, seven workers present at the Chicamacomico were compared to seven occupationally matched controls not present. Participants completed questionnaires assessing their exposures to water and their symptom histories and were assessed with a standard neuropsychological test battery. Three months later, the same questionnaires and neuropsychological tests were repeated. Three of the seven exposed workers cited minimal direct contact with water and four cited none. During the event, four developed burning eyes or nares and six developed a headache or sore throat. Six developed crampy abdominal pain, nausea, or diarrhea within 4 h of their exposure. In contrast, the only aforementioned symptom reported by controls was headache in two individuals. Acute and follow-up neuropsychological tests showed no consistent pattern of deficiency among the exposed. In conclusion, a flulike clinical illness was observed following exposure to a Pfiesteria-related fish kill, possibly as a result of inhalation of toxic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Haselow
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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