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Simanjuntak C, Siburian R, Marpaung H, Tamrin. Properties of Mg/graphite and Mg/graphene as cathode electrode on primary cell battery. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03118. [PMID: 31909278 PMCID: PMC6938904 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since graphene was first isolated in 2004, it has become an attractive material on electrochemical energy storage devices. The purpose of this study is to compare Mg/graphite and Mg/graphene electrodes to commercial primary battery cathodes. This research is an experimental laboratory research. Graphene was synthesized with Hummer's method modified. Electrodes cathode of primary battery (Mg/graphite and Mg/graphene) were prepared using impregnation method. Graphene and electrodes cathode were analyzed with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) and conductivity, respectively. The XRD data of graphene show that there is a weak and sharp peak on 2θ = 26,5o, indicating graphene is formed. The peaks shape of 2θ = 35o are totally different for Mg/graphite and Mg/graphene. At Mg/graphite, the sharp and narrow peak appears on 2θ = 35o. It means Mg is well deposited on graphite. Interestingly, Mg/graphene has narrow and weak peak on 2θ = 35o, indicating the Mg was deposited on graphene and properties of Mg has been changed by graphene. This data is also well confirmed by EDX data. Mg atoms exist on graphene (1.47 wt%) (EDX data). SEM images of Mg/graphite and Mg/graphene are significantly different, probably support material effect. The properties of Mg/graphite and Mg/graphene comparing to commercial primary battery cathode were evaluated using conductivity. The conductivity of Mg/graphene (1080 μS/cm) is highest among Mg/graphite (90 μS/cm) and commercial battery cathode (10 μS/cm). All of data show that the Mg/graphene is potentially used as a primary battery cathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Simanjuntak
- Post Graduate School-Chemistry Department, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - R. Siburian
- Department of Chemistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
- Carbon Research Center, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - H. Marpaung
- Department of Chemistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Tamrin
- Department of Chemistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
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Lee PH, Perlis RH, Jung JY, Byrne EM, Rueckert E, Siburian R, Haddad S, Mayerfeld CE, Heath AC, Pergadia ML, Madden PAF, Boomsma DI, Penninx BW, Sklar P, Martin NG, Wray NR, Purcell SM, Smoller JW. Multi-locus genome-wide association analysis supports the role of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the etiology of major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e184. [PMID: 23149448 PMCID: PMC3565768 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric illness characterized by low mood and loss of interest in pleasurable activities. Despite years of effort, recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified few susceptibility variants or genes that are robustly associated with MDD. Standard single-SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism)-based GWAS analysis typically has limited power to deal with the extensive heterogeneity and substantial polygenic contribution of individually weak genetic effects underlying the pathogenesis of MDD. Here, we report an alternative, gene-set-based association analysis of MDD in an effort to identify groups of biologically related genetic variants that are involved in the same molecular function or cellular processes and exhibit a significant level of aggregated association with MDD. In particular, we used a text-mining-based data analysis to prioritize candidate gene sets implicated in MDD and conducted a multi-locus association analysis to look for enriched signals of nominally associated MDD susceptibility loci within each of the gene sets. Our primary analysis is based on the meta-analysis of three large MDD GWAS data sets (total N=4346 cases and 4430 controls). After correction for multiple testing, we found that genes involved in glutamatergic synaptic neurotransmission were significantly associated with MDD (set-based association P=6.9 × 10(-4)). This result is consistent with previous studies that support a role of the glutamatergic system in synaptic plasticity and MDD and support the potential utility of targeting glutamatergic neurotransmission in the treatment of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Lee
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R H Perlis
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Psychiatric Genetics Program in Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J-Y Jung
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E M Byrne
- Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - E Rueckert
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R Siburian
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Haddad
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C E Mayerfeld
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, MO, USA
| | - M L Pergadia
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, MO, USA
| | - P A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, MO, USA
| | - D I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B W Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Sklar
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - N G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N R Wray
- University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - S M Purcell
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J W Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Psychiatric Genetics Program in Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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